Ministry of Energy and Water

Applied Hydrology Presentation

Prepared by: Faridoon Danesh April 27, 2022

Hydrology Specialist – Technical Board
 Contents of The Presentation
1) Estimation of the Missing Data for a Gauge Station;
2) Catchment Area Ratio Method (CAR);
3) Evaporation;
4) Estimation of Evaporation from the water surface;
5) Evaporation Pan Method;
6) Empirical Method;
7) Land Evaporation and Transpiration;
8) Discharge Calculation for Dam Spillway Frequency Analysis;
9) Gumbel and Fuller Methods;
10) Probable Maximum Flood (PMF);
11) Hydrograph;
12) Unit Hydrograph;
13) Snyder’s Method;

2
Estimation of the Missing Data for a Gauge Station

1. Differences and Ratios Method: this is another method for finding the missed
rainfall data from a gauge station, and the below steps should be followed.

𝑿𝑩 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐁)

𝑿𝑨 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀
𝑿𝑨
𝑿𝒂 = 𝑷𝒂 𝒙 (for a missed year)
𝑿𝑩

Example 1: in the below table find the missed years data.

3
Solution: first find XA and XB 1 2 3
Year Annual Rainfall at the Annual Rainfall at the
Station A in (mm) Station B in (mm)
𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟕 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟔. 𝟒
𝑿𝑨 = = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟕, 𝑿𝑩 = = 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟗
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔 1350 272.1 310
1351 - 352

For the year of 1350 and 1359…: 1352 - 381

274.7 1353 - 430
X1350 = 310 x = 272.1 mm
312.9 1354 - 460
. 1355 280 370

. 1356 256 282

1357 255 251
.
1358 230 293
274.7
X1359 = 300 x = 263.4 mm 1359 263.4 300
312.9
1360 382 310
1361 310 365
1362 280 393
1363 250 310
1364 262 280
1365 242 275
4
2. Graph Method:
For finding the missed data by this method follow the steps.
a. Draw a courtesan coordinate system with X and Y
b. Plot the coordinates of the stations which the data are available
c. Find the absolute (+) values for the X and Y amounts.
1
d. Find w =
𝑋 2 +𝑌 2
σ(𝑃 𝑥 𝑤)
e. The mean rainfall data for the O station is 𝑃𝑜 = σ𝑤
Example 2: the rainfall data of March 1990 for the station O is missed, and
relatively we have the rainfall data for stations A, B, C, D, E, find the station O mean
rainfall data.

5
w = 1/(4^2+2^2)= 0.05
p.W = 0.05 X 16 = 0.8
Po = p.w/w = 5.677/0.334 = 17 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6
Stations P (mm) X Y w p.w
A 16 4 2 0.05 0.8

B 18 1 6 0.027 0.486

C 15 3 2 0.077 1.154

D 20 3 3 0.055 1.112

E 17 2 2 0.125 2.125

Total = 0.334 5.677

6
 Catchment Area Ratio Method (CAR)
The catchment area ratio method commonly is used to estimate stream flow for sites where no
streamflow data were collected.
The main equation for the CAR method when characteristic of the catchment is the same this
equation is used
𝑛
𝐴
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑔 𝑢
𝐴𝑔

Where, Qu is the discharge of ungauged station, Qg is the discharge of gauged station, and Au is
ungauged catchment area and Ag is gauged catchment area.

7
A research result on CAR method: If the factors like catchment area, main stream slope and rainfall
are significant variables, the formulas little change. For stream flow calculation of such catchments, three
American researchers have done and developed different equations in a specific area (Red River, North
Basin, USA).
(Douglas G. Emerson, Aldo V. Vecchia, and Ann L. Dahl) This research analysis is done for three
seasons of the year winter, spring and summer. The recorded data for this research is form 1971 – 2000.
The three main equations which are the result of their research are:

0.85
𝐴
𝑄𝑢 = 1 .24 𝑄𝑔 𝑢 , for Winter season (Jan, Feb, Nov, Dec)
𝐴𝑔

0.91
𝐴
𝑄𝑢 = 1 .02 𝑄𝑔 𝑢 , for Spring season (March, April, May)
𝐴𝑔

1.02
𝐴
𝑄𝑢 = 1 .06 𝑄𝑔 𝑢 , for Summer season (June, July, Aug, Sep, Oct)
𝐴𝑔

8
The second research result on CAR method: Another research is done in
Pennsylvanian U. S. A. by Yusuf M. Mohamoud, 2008.

His research result is based on linear and non-linear assumption. For the linear
assumption is when the (Ag/Au = 0.5 – 1.5) this is called linear assumption and the
formula is, n = 1 n
Au
Qu = Qg
Ag
When the area ration is less than 0.5 the non-linear equations should be used.

𝐴𝑢
Q u = Q g tan( )
𝐴𝑔
or
𝐴𝑢
Q u = Q g 𝑎𝑟ctan( )
𝐴𝑔

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Example 3: a gauged drainage area which has 2900 km2 and the mean monthly streamflow is
recorded in March -2000, 260 m3/s, in u/s of that gauged drainage area there is a smaller un-
gauged catchment which has 825 km2 area. Determine the stream flow in the same month in that
catchment. Use all formulas and compare

Solution: Ag = 2900 km2, Au = 825 km2, Qg = 260 m3/s, Qu = ?

a. First method:
825 1
Q u = 260 = 73.97 m3/s
2900
b. Second method: the rainfall is in March month and according to the second it is in spring season
and the formula is
825 0.91
𝑄𝑢 = 1 .02 𝑥 260 = 84.48 m3/s
2900

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 Evaporation
As the matter of fact, the water lost through evaporation and transpiration from all the
basins of regions (includes lakes, ocean, etc.) constitutes a very important of the
hydrologic cycle of the region, because it is the process by which the precipitation
coming to the region returns to the atmosphere for the precipitation, thereby maintaining
the hydrology cycle.

Although all the losses from a basin are strictly evaporative in character, yet they can
classified into the following three types.
1. Evaporation Losses from water surfaces;
2. Transpiration losses;
3. Land evaporation Losses;

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1. Evaporation Losses from Water Surface
Evaporation is the process by which water is changed to vapors at the
free surface, below the boiling point of water. The vapors go to
atmosphere and form clouds. Evaporation occurs when molecules of
attain high kinetic energy to eject themselves from the water surface into
the atmosphere.

The Factors Affects The Evaporation:

The rate of evaporation is depends upon a number of factors, including
the following:
1. Temperature 2. Wind 3. Atmospheric Pressure
4. Impurities in water 5. Surface Area
12
Estimation of Evaporation From the Water Surface

Estimation of amount of evaporation is required for the planning and

operation various irrigation and water resource schemes. Estimation and
control of evaporation is extremely in arid regions where the water
resources are limited. Evaporation is usually estimated as the depth of
water lost per year, month, day in (m, cm, mm). Unfortunately, it is not
possible to exact estimate the evaporation amount from a large body of
water such reservoir. The following methods are commonly used for the
estimation of evaporation.
1. Evaporation Pan Method
2. Empirical Method

13
1. Evaporation Pan Method
Evaporation Pans, also called evoporimeter, are shallow vessels
containing water. These are placed in open to measure the loss of water
by evaporation. These pans are inexpensive and simple instrument. The
Pans methods are as like
a. U. S. Class A Evaporation Pan
b. Colorado Sunk Pan
c. U. S. Geological Survey Floating Pan
d. IS Standard Pan
Only we consider the U.S. Class A Evaporation Pan

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A. U. S. Class A Evaporation Pan
This is perhaps the most commonly used evaporation pan. the pan consist of a
shallow vessel a bout 1.207 m diameter 25.5 cm in deep. the pan is made of
unpainted galvanize iron sheet. The water in the pan is filled to a depth 20 cm. when
the depth of water reduces to 18 cm, it is refilled. The water surface level measures
daily with a hook gauge installed in the stilling well.

15
Estimation of The Evaporation: the evaporation measured with an evaporation pan is
more than that from a reservoir or a lake.
Pan Coefficient : the pan coefficient is defined as the ratio of lake or reservoir evaporation
to the pan evaporation
Pan Coefficient = Lake Evaporation / Pan Evaporation
This coefficient is (K = 0.7) for U.S. Class A Method

𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑝𝑎𝑛
Example 4: the amount evaporation from Pan Class A for a day is 6.5 mm, estimate the
evaporation amount for a reservoir which has 7.0 hectare.

Solution:
E = 0.7 x 6.5 = 4.55 mm/day
E = 4.55 x 30 = 136.5mm /month
Ve = (136.5/1000)(7 x 10000) = 9,555 m3/month

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 2. Empirical Method:

Evaporation from lakes and reservoir is usually estimated by empirical

method base on the meteorological data. There are a large number of
empirical equations available in the literature. Most of these equations are
below.
Lake Hefner Formula: according to this formula, evaporation is given
by
𝐸 = 0.097 𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒8 𝑥 𝑉8

Where, E = the evaporation (cm/d),

es = the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature surface (mb) can be found from Metrologic table,
e8 = vapor pressure at 8 m above the water surface, and
V8 = is the wind velocity at the 8 m above the water surface in (m/s).

17
Mayer’s Formula:
𝑽𝟗
𝑬 = 𝑲𝒎 (𝒆𝒔 − 𝒆𝒂 )(𝟏 + )
𝟏𝟔
Where, E = evaporation from the water body (mm/day)
es = the saturation vapor pressure at the water surface temperature mm(HG)
ea = actual vapor pressure of overlying air in mm(HG) at the specific height 9 m
V9 = monthly mean wind velocity in (km/hr.) at the about 9 m above the ground level
Km = a coefficient, having values 0.36 for large deep waters, and 0.5 for small and shallow waters.

Mass Transfer Method: (when the water surface is (0.5 – 12000) hectares
𝐸 = 0.291(𝐴−0.05 )(𝑈2 )(𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 )
Where, E = evaporation from water surface (mm/day)
A = water surface catchment area (m2)
U2 = wind velocity in 2 m above the ground (m/sec)
es and ea = in (mb)

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Empirical Formula:
𝐔𝟐
𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐞𝐬 − 𝐞𝐚 𝟎. 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟔.𝟕𝟖𝐓−𝟏𝟏𝟔.𝟗
𝐞𝐬 − 𝐞𝐚 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐄𝐱𝐩 𝟏 − 𝐑𝐇Τ𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐓+𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟑

𝟎.𝟏𝟓
𝐇𝟐
𝐔𝟐 = 𝐔𝐚
𝐇𝐚
Where, E = evaporation from water surface in (mm/day), es - ea is the difference in saturated and
actual vapor pressure in mm(HG), U2 is the mean daily wind velocity 2 m above the ground surface
(mile/day), T is average daily temperature C, and RH is mean daily Relative humidity.

Example 5: a reservoir with 350 hectares the average daily temperature in April is 22 C, and relative
humidity is 45% and wind velocity in height of 10 m is 275 km/day estimate the evaporation amount
from the reservoir surface in a month.

19
Solution:
𝟏𝟔.𝟕𝟖(𝟐𝟐)−𝟏𝟏𝟔.𝟗
𝐞𝐬 − 𝐞𝐚 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐄𝐱𝐩 𝟏 − 𝟒𝟓Τ𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10.9 mm(Hg)
𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟑

U = 275 km/day = 275/1.609 = 171 mile/day

𝟐 𝟎.𝟏𝟓
𝐔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏 = 134.3 mile/day
𝟏𝟎

𝟏𝟑𝟒.𝟑
𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟓 + = 7.0 mm/day
𝟏𝟎𝟎

V = (7/1000)(350 x 10,000) x 30 = 0.735 Mm3/month

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Land Evaporation and Transpiration
When transpiration takes place from the plants in the field, the
surrounding soil also loses water by evaporation. Evapotranspiration (ET)
is the sum of total of water transpired by the plant and that evaporated
from the adjacent soil. In other world, the evapotranspiration is the total
water lost from the crop or forest land due to the evaporation from the
soil and transpiration by the plants.
Because the actual evapotranspiration (AET) is not possible and the
scientists recommend the use the Potential Evapotranspiration (PET).
Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is the max. evapotranspiration
which occurs if there is not deficiency of water available in the soil in a
full vegetative basin.

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Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration :
1. Meteorological factors like temperature, wind velocity, humidity, es
2. Density of vegetation
3. Soil moisture
4. Surface of leaves
5. Adjoining land

For the estimation of PET, there are few valid methods to be used and they
are:
a. Thornthwaite
b. Penman
c. Lowry Johnson
d. Jensen Haise

22
Thornthwaite Method: according to the Thornthwaite equation, the monthly
consumptive is given by
𝟏𝟎𝐓𝐦 𝐚
𝐏𝐄𝐓 = 𝟏𝟔𝐍𝐦 (mm/month)
𝐈

Where, Tm is mean monthly temperature (C) and I is the annual heat Index, which is obtained from
mean monthly heat index i of the year, and the Nm amount come from Table 4-6. Giving by

𝑻𝒎 𝟏.𝟓𝟏𝟒
𝐈 = σ𝟏𝟐
𝐧=𝟏 𝒊, 𝒊=( )
𝟓
The value of exponent a is obtained from the relation

𝐚 = (𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟖) 𝐈𝟑 − 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐈𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟏 𝐈 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐

If we assume that the every month is 30 days and in each day 12 hrs is sunshine the PET equation is
𝟏𝟎𝐓𝐦 𝐚 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐏𝐄𝐓 = 𝟏𝟔 (mm/month), 𝑁𝑚 =
𝐈 12 𝑥 30

23
Example 6: estimate the Potential evapotranspiration PET for the month of June and
using the following the data.
Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Temp. Tm -4 -2 5.5 12 18 25 28 23 18 10 7 3
(C)
Max. 210 190 290 320 380 370 380 380 350 280 210 230
sunshine
(hours)

Solution: first find i for each month

Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
i 0 0 1.15 3.76 6.95 11.43 13.58 10.08 6.95 2.86 1.66 0.46

Now find I for the year

I = 0 + 0 + 1.15 + 3.76 + 6.95 + 11.43 + 13.58 + 10.08 + 6.95 + 2.86 + 1.66 + 0.46 = 58.88

24
Now calculate a =
a = (67.5x10−8) 58.883 − 77.1x10−6 58.882 + 0.01791 58.88 + 0.492 =
a = 0.1378 - 0.268 + 1.0544 + 0.492 = 1.4162
Nm = 370 / 12x30 = 1.03
10 𝑥 25 1.4162
𝑷𝑬𝑻 = 16 𝑥 1.03 = 127.73 mm/month
58.88

So, the evapotranspiration amount for the June month is 127.73 mm and daily PET is 4.26 mm

25
Lowry – Johnson Method

𝐏𝐄𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟓𝐃𝐦 + 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒 (cm/ m month)

𝐅 = 𝟗ൗ𝟓 𝐱 𝐂 + 𝟑𝟐
Where, Dm is the cumulative of max. daily temperature in F.
Example 7: the max. daily temperature in Mar, April, and June is 20, 26 and 30 C. estimate the PET.
Solution: first convert the C into F,
68, 78, 86 F
Dm = (68+78+86) x 31 = 7192
PET = 0.004755 𝑥 7192 + 24.4 = 58.59 (cm /3 months)
PET = 195.33 mm/month

26
 Discharge Calculation for Dam Spillway
Frequency Analysis
For obtaining better results for large extrapolations, theoretical probability distribution have to be
used. Thus, for determining extreme flood events, specific extreme value distributions are assumed,
and the required statistical parameters are determined from the available data, from which the flood
magnitude (Q) for any specific return period (T) can be determined.

The basic statistical equation suggested by Chow 1951: as being the basic governing equation
for almost all the theoretical distribution methods, frequency is given as :

𝐗 = 𝐗 𝐚𝐯𝐞 + 𝐊𝛔
Where, X = any variable, Xave = mean of variate, σ = standard deviation of variate, K = A constant (read from table,
15.2 it is function of T and N),

27
For finding the predicted flood, PMP, wind velocity… values (max or min) with
different return period and 𝑵 values. there are some method as below:
1. Gumble’s Analytical Method
2. Normal Method
3. EVI Method,
4. Fuller’s Method;
5. Powell’s Method;
6. Ven. T Chow Method;
7. Stochastic Method;
8. Log –Pearson type 3;
9. Graph Method;
Among all these methods, we only explained two of them with examples.

28
Gumbel’s Method:
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 σ 𝑸𝒑 𝟐 σ 𝑸𝒑
𝝈= 𝑸𝒑 − 𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒆 , 𝑸𝒑 = , 𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏

When N amount is over 15

finding K from table 15.2 and
unless, use the equations.

29
 𝐲𝐭 − 𝐲𝐧 𝑻
𝐊=
𝐒𝐧
, 𝒚𝒕 = − 𝐥𝐧 . 𝐥𝐧
𝑻−𝟏
Where, Yn = reduced mean and Sn = Reduced standard deviation, are depending on N values which
are given from the below table.

30
 Year Flood Peak in M3/sec
Example 7: flood frequency records on a river have been collected for 15
years starting from 1951 to 1965, and the peak values of the floods 1951 3000
observed during each of these 15 years are tabulated in table . Estimate the 4400
1952
magnitude of flood having return periods 10, 100, 1000 years. 6000
1953
1954 3500
Solution: 1955 2900
σ 𝑸𝒑
Mean Peak Discharge, 𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 69100/15 = 4.61 x 10^3 4800
𝒏 1956
1957 3900
σ 𝑸𝒑 𝟐
Mean of Squares, 𝑸𝒑 𝟐 = = 355 x 10 ^6/15 = 23.7 x 10^6 1958 3300
𝒏
1959 6700
𝒏
Standard Deviation = 𝝈 = 𝑸𝒑 𝟐 − 𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟐 = 1619.50 1960 5400
𝒏−𝟏
1961 4300

1962 3700
Frequency Value of K
1963 4200
10 1.703 9000
1964
100 4.005 4000
1965
1000 6.265 Total = 69100 M3/sec
N =15
31
 𝑄10 = 4610 + 1.703 𝑥 1619.5 = 𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟐 𝒎𝟑/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑄100 = 4610 + 4.005 𝑥 1619.5 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟏 𝒎𝟑/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑄1000 = 4610 + 6.265 𝑥 1619.5 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎𝟑/𝒔𝒆𝒄

32
Fuller’s Formula:
ഥ 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐓
𝐐𝐓 = 𝐐
ഥ = mean value discharge, T = return period in year.
Where, 𝑸
Example 8: A station annual discharge is tabulated in below table, Order
Number
Year Max. Flood (m3/s)
calculate the flood magnitudes in different return periods 2, 5, 10, 25,
50…10,000 years. 1 1966 739

𝑄ത = 539.75 m3/sec 2 1967 588

3 1968 830
4 1969 640
T (Year) LogT 0.8 x LogT Qt (M3/sec) 5 1970 348

2 0.3010 0.2408 669.513 6 1971 340

5 0.6990 0.5592 841.287 7 1972 503

10 1.0 0.8000 971.229 8 1973 531

25 1.3979 1.1184 1143.002 9 1974 337

10 1975 450
50 1.6990 1.3592 1272.944
11 1976 450
100 2.0 1.6000 1402.886
1000 3.0 2.4000 1834.543 12 1977 600

10000 4.0 3.2000 2266.200 13 1978 390

14 1979 808
33
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)
For the design of spillway of large dams, PMF amount is required.
Because the failure of such dams cause heavy damage life and
property, the designer keeps the failure probability as low as possible.
For calculation of PMF, first PMP should be calculated then PMF.

34
A brief summary of the
Central Water Commission
(CWC) and USACE
guidelines for choosing
design flood values for
different types of hydraulic
structures is give in table
7.5.

35
 Hydrograph
It is the graph that shows the relation between discharge and time in a
coordinate system. the hydrograph determine the peak flow, flood
volume, flood duration, lag time, raising limb, recession limb, crest
segment.

36
 Unit Hydrograph
The concept of a unit hydrograph (U.H.),
is initially called a unit graph, was
propounded by Mr. L.K. Sherman in
1932, and provides a very versatile tool
for determining the hydrograph of surface
water runoff resulting from any given
amount of rainfall excess. The unit
hydrograph means that if the total
volume of a flood divide into the area of
the catchment the result should be a unit
(1 cm, 1 mm, 1 inch 1 foot).

37
There are many basins which are not gauged; but for which, unit graphs may
be required. For such basins synthetic methods should be used. In synthetic
method, the unit hydrograph is based on the catchment physical
characteristics and it doesn’t need the gauges station data. There are two
methods in synthetic unit hydrographs.
1. Snyder’s method 2. NRCS method

Snyder’s Method: the basin characteristics used in these empirical relations where
L, Lc, A, and coefficients Ct and Cp; whereas the unit graph characteristic were tp, B,
and Qp. The below steps should be followed up.
1. 𝒕𝒑 = 𝑪𝒕 𝑳 𝒙 𝑳𝒄 𝟎.𝟑
Where, tp = Basing lag time in hr., L = length of the main stream in the catchment in km, Lc = length
from the C.G of the stream to the outpoint of the catchment in km, Ct = catchment slope coefficient
which is generally (1.35 – 1.65) and in Appalachian U.S.A. it is (0.3 – 6.0)

38
2. Standard rainfall duration
𝒕𝒑
𝒕𝒓𝒆 =
𝟓. 𝟓
3. The peak discharge Qp of a unit hydrograph is given as:

𝑨
𝑸𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖 𝑪𝒑
𝒕𝒑
Where, Qp = peak discharge (m3/s) for a unit hydrograph, A = catchment area in km2, Cp =
coefficient related to the catchment area (0.56 – 0.93)

4. the rainfall duration t is not equal to standard rainfall tre, it is needed to estimate
the corrected lag time (Tb)
𝑻𝒑 = (𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐)𝒕𝒑 +𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝒕𝒓

5. Base time (Tb)

𝑻𝒃 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒑 + 𝟕𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟒 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒆
Where tpre = time of peak (hr.)
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6. Corrected base time (Tb)

𝑻𝒃 = 𝟓 𝑻𝒑 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒆
Where, tpre = peak time (hr.)

7. Peak time (tpre) in hr.

𝒕𝒓
𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒆 = + 𝒕𝒑
𝟐

8. Peak discharge per unit of catchment (q) in m3 / s / km2

𝑄𝑝
𝑞𝑝 =
𝐴

40
10. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
have further postulated the
width of the hydrograph at
discharge of 50% and 75% of
peak discharge as equal to:

5.87 𝑊
𝑊50 = 𝑞
𝑝
1.08 , 50
𝑊75 = 1.75

41
Example 9: A 1400 km2 catchment area which the mean stream length is 106 km
and Lc = 52 km, Cp = 0.9, Ct = 2.074, and rainfall duration is 6 hr. use Snyder
method and find the volume and peak discharge.

Solution:
t p = 2.074 106 x 52 0.3 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟗 𝐡

Rainfall Duration 6hr. Is not equal to standard rainfall 5 hr. so, it is needed to estimate the corrected
standard rainfall Tp.
Tp = (21/22)t p +0.25 x 6 = 27.74 h
The peak discharge of U.H.
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑸𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝟑/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟒

42
Time base
Tb = 5 27.74 + 0.5 x 6 = 153.7 h
tpre = 6/2 + 27.74 = 30.74 h
𝑊50 =
5.87
(126.7/1400)1.08
= 79 h
79
𝑊75 = = 𝟒𝟓 𝐡
1.75

Where, 0.5Qp = 63.13 m3/s

1/3 (79) = 26
2/3 (79) = 53
And 0.75Qp = 94.7 m3/s
1/3 (45) = 15
2/3 (45) = 30

43
 Sources

1. Dr. K. R. Arora (Irrigation Water Power and Water Resource Engineering)

2. H. M Raghunath (Hydrology, Principles, Analysis and Design)
3. Dr. Amin Alizada (Applied Hydrology)
4. Santosh Kumar Garg 2nd volume (Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures)
5. Frank Ferris (Hydrology)
6. Ven Te Chow, David R. Maidmen, Lorry W. Mays (Applied Hydrology)

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 Upcoming Presentation Contents

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Thanks for Your Attention

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