SIGNATURE FOR

TRIGGER
VARIABLE OF *(1) RATED (hp
MACHINE CONNECTION THRESHOLD, DOMAIN *(2) SEVERITY (%) *(3) INVASIVE *(4) NOTES
DETECTION or V)
NAME OF THE
TECHNIQUE

(R): 2 cycles of frquency line after the fault initiation, (D): the model does
Stator Current (Motor
Negative Sequence not consider space harmonics, magnetizing currents. Use the steady state
DOL 1 Current Signature Time 1 0.75 hp 0.15, 5/648 at Zf=0,1 ohm no
Current model of the IM. Very simplified model !!!. Signal - Noise ratio problem in
Analysis)
adquisition. (T): The load used is a PM DC generator.

Stator Current (Motor

Negative Sequence (F): phase to phase phase to neutral, (D):depend on Estimating leakage
DOL 2 Current Signature Time 2 250V 30.00 no
Current inductance and coupling effect
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

Negative Sequence 1, 2 and 3 turns over unknown total Number of (T):Test at different Load Torques and source voltages, (IT) Neural
DOL 3 Current Signature Time 3 7.5 hp no
Current turns per winding Networks (NN)
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

Negative Sequence
DOL 4 Current Signature Time 4 2, 2.95, 4.3 hp 1.50 no (T):Test at different Load Torques (Full load and no load)
Current
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

Negative Sequence (D): The problem with the model is that requiere accurate knolegde of the
DOL 5 Current Signature Time 5 2 hp 5.5, 11, 16.5 no
Current machne design parameters, usually not available.
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

DOL 6 Current Signature Current Spectra Frequency 1 4 hp 8.00 no (T): loaded machine
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

DOL 7 Current Signature Current Spectra Frequency 2 200 ,40 hp *(5) NI no (T): loaded machine(D): no test under no load cond.
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor (T): loaded machine (IT): Uses unsupervises NN, do not requiere training
DOL 8 Current Signature Space Vector Current Time 6 1.34 hp 6, 20 no nor FFT analysis. It uses Hebiian adaptation. (D) no test under no load, no
Analysis) discrimination if unbalance power supply.
Stator Current (Motor
Open loop (F) Turn-Turn in the same phase (T):Test at different Load Torques, (IT):
Inverter-Fed 1 V-F Current Signature Current Envelope Time 7 5 hp NI yes, GMM test
Control Gausian mixture models (GMM) and Reconstruction phase space
Analysis)
Stator Current (Motor
DOL 9 Current Signature Current Park vector Time 8 20, 40 hp 0,02, 0,04, 0,122 no (L): just indicate fault or healthy
Analysis)
Stator Current (Motor
DOL 10 Current Signature DQ0 ref frame current Time 9 20 hp 0.68, 2.04, 4.08, 6.12, 3.4, 24.48 no (T):Test at different Load Torques
Analysis)
 Stator Current (Motor
Wavelet Analysis and
DOL 11 Current Signature Frequency 3 1.47 hp NI no (T):Test at different Load Torques
Power Spectral Density
Analysis)

Stator Current (Motor

Space Vector Angular
DOL 12 Current Signature Frequency 4 2, 2.9, 4 hp 1,2,3,4,5/252 no (R): few cycles
Fluctuation
Analysis)

Baldor 0.23, 0.46, 0.68,0.91; Reliance 0.14, 0.2,

Negative Sequence (D): The test need that the instrumentation is energized and stabilize over
DOL 13 Stator Impedance Time 10 5 hp 0.41, 0.61, 0.82; GE 0.44, 0.88, 1.31, 1.74, 2.18, no
Impedance 30min, the test run by one hour and repeated.
2.61, 3.05

Voltage Mismatch
DOL 14 Stator Impedance Time 11 2.68hp 25.00 no
Detectors

Off-diagonal Impedance
DOL 15 Stator Impedance Time 12 5 hp 0.46, 0.92, 1.38, 1.85, 2.31 no (T):Test at different Load Torques, (IT) use learning stage
term Matrix

Magnetic Field Pendulus 5 taps (2hp) 0.46, 0.92, 1.38, 1.85, 2.31
DOL 16 Stator Magnetic Field Time 13 2, 5 hp no (T): loaded machine
Oscillation 20 taps (5hp) 0.83, 1.66, 2.5, 3.33, 4.16, 5

DOL and Swing Angle of Magnetic 5 taps (2hp) 0.46, 0.92, 1.38, 1.85, 2.31
NI NI Stator Magnetic Field Time 14 2, 5 hp no (T): partial loaded machine
Inverter-Fed 1 Field Pendulus Oscillation 20 taps (5hp) 0.83, 1.66, 2.5, 3.33, 4.16, 5

yes (4 auxiliary
DOL 17 Stator Magnetic Field Axial Leakage Flux Frequency 5 200 hp NI (F):phase to ground, (T): loaded machine,
coils)

Summation of the 3 Line (D): The machine must be Y connected, with access to neutral (L) (T):
DOL 18 Stator Voltages Time 15 10 hp 0.69, 1.38, 2.08 no
Neutral Voltages loaded machine,

Phase Shift (current -

DOL 19 Phase Shift Time 16 1.47 hp 0.21 to 3.23 yes, NN tests (T):Test at different Load Torques, (IT): NN
voltage)

Observer based on linear

DOL 20 matrix Inequanity Time 17 2 hp 5, 25 % no (T):Test at different Load Torques
Approach

Parameter Estimation
Inverter-Fed 2 NI NI Ncck=fault%stator, Time 18 1.47 hp 3.87, 12.5 no Used Speed controller, OL or CL?
No=fault%rotor
 Extended Park Vector
DOL 21 Stator Current Frequency 6 20, 603, 6705 hp 2.04, 8.16, 24.48 no (T):Test at different Load Torques.
Approach

Current Negative Sequence

Inverter-Fed 3 Closed loop Stator Current Time 19 1.2, 2 hp 1/168, to 11/168 no (R): 2s
Regulator Current

Open loop Negative Sequence

Inverter-Fed 4 Stator Current Time 20 1.2 hp 1/168, to 11/168 no
Control Current

Instantaneous Active
Open loop
Inverter-Fed 5 Stator Power Power and Stator Time 21 NI 5% no (F): phase to phase and phase to ground, R: 10ms
Control
Voltages.

Open loop
Inverter-Fed 6 Air Gap Torque Air Gap Torque Time 22 5 hp NI no
Control

Inverter-Fed 7 NI NI Stator Magnetic Flux Stator Magnetic Flux Frequency 7 14.75 hp 1%, 6% no (T):Test at different Load Torques.

Field
Mean of the inverter
Inverter-Fed 8 Close loop Oriented Statistical Analysis Time 23 230.9 V x 9.24 A 0.75, 2.27% no (T): test at different load conditions.
output states
Control

Spectrum of the field

Inverter-Fed 9 Close loop FOC Stator Current current component in Frequency 8 2 hp 8.3%,16.6% no (T): it is not indicated. Grid connected and CL (FOC)
FOC

(IT): FFNN (T): test at different load condition. Also test unbalances
Inverter-Fed 10 Close loop FOC Statot Voltage Stator Voltage Time 24 7.5 hp NI no
voltages sources. At different frequencies also. Different Rf.

Third and Triplen Time and

Inverter-Fed 11 Close loop DTC Stator Current 20 hp 0.68, 2.04, 4.08, 8.16, 12.24 no (T):Tests at different load condition.
Harmonic Current Frequency 1

Time and
Inverter-Fed 12 Close loop DTC Stator Current DQ0 ref frame current 3 hp 0.308, 1.54, 16.6 no (T):Test at different Load Torques and different speeds
Frequency 2
 Internal Signals ex ey Spectrum of the internal
Inverter-Fed 13 Close loop DFOC Frequency 9 1.5kW NI no (T): test at different load conditions
Frefy signals

Observer based to
compute the vectorial
DOL 22 Time 24 5.5 kW 0.02 no (T): test at different load conditions
residual of the current
estimation

Parameter estimation of
DOL 23 Time 25 800 W 1 to 19% no (T): test at different load conditions
the stator currents

Power spectrum of FFT and wavelet

DOL 24 Frequency 10 250 W 0.05 no
stator current, approach

Zero sequence for delta

Spectrum of the currents connection and neutral
DOL 25 Frequency 11 1.1 kW 0.15 no
and voltage voltage for wye
connection.

estimating the rotor and

Inverter-Fed 14 Close loop DFOC Observer estimation Time 26 1.5 kW 1,2,4,8,10 and 16/412 no (T): test at different load conditions
stator winding resistance.

Negative Sequence
DOL 26 Statot Impedance Time 27 200 and 1000 hp NI no (T): test at different load conditions
Effective Impedance

Voltage Mismatch
DOL 27 Statot Impedance Time 28 2 k VA NI no
predictor

*(1) Field “Rated”: is the rated power or rated voltage (hp or V)

*(2) Field “Severity”: indicates the severity of the test, which is the ratio between the number of faulty turns and the total number of turns of one phase winding

*(3) Field “invasive”: indicates if the technique needs to include devices inside the machine for the detection or not.

*(4) Field Notes: indicates (F) Fault type: for all the methods the common fault is turn-to-turn in same winding. It is only indicated, when the fault analisys is phase-to-ground and/or phase-to-phase. (R) Reaction Time: time necessary for the method to detect the fault. (T) Test at different
Load Torques: indicate if the test is contstant load, no load or different loads. (IT) Intelligent Tecnhques: indicate if the method used intelligent algorithms. (D) Drawbacks . (L) limitations

*(5) NI: No indicated

 TYPE OF APPROACH
(Signal Analysis SA or
Signal Feature-
Extraction FExA, Model Number
REF SENSITIVITY (%) Sensors Quantity OTHERS SIGNATURE Paper Ref
Ref Approach MRA, paper
Knowkledge-base KBA,
injected signal approach
ISA)

Corrected Negative Sequence

Has a learning stage, based on current measurements. It is not intrusive. Purpose of tuning the
[4] 0.15 at Zf=0ohms Current based on a Negative Siwei 30 1
detection.
Sequence model.

For the experiments they used

Negative Sequence current to
Using a model based on the coupling impedances: stator-stator, stator-rotor, rotor-rotor and rotor-
[5] same as severity. compare with the model simulated Siwei 31 2
stator. The impedances contain the information of harmonic due to slots.
they develop. However they do not
propose any detection technique.

They present 3 techniques of commissioning the NN without the training. The NN learn the negative The trigger is the negative sequence
[6] 1 turn/Ntotal, Ntotal=unkown KBA Siwei 43 3
sequence circuit in healthy condition. Differences in the healthy condition will assume is a fault. current.

It found the negative seq current by Power Descomposition Technique, and no Symmetrical Neg Seq Current due to impedance
[7] 1,2,3 and4 4 turns over N=252 Pinjia 59 4
Components imbalance
This paper presents two techniques MCSA and signal injection. MCSA: It proposes an steady state
model in which includes a dummy winding with the same number of turns as the short circuit. Doing
MCSA: sesnsitity = severity analysis of impedance of the dummy coil, determine the current in the short circuited turns at different
Neg Seq Current from a model of
[8] Signal Injection= the technique frequencies (45, 25 and 10Hz). Them, by simmetric components determine neg and pos seq Bellini 29 5
the dummy coil
not succesful components In and Ip. Signal Injection: it is proposed the analysis of a steady state model of the
machine with the signal frequency fi=625Hz and the dummy coil. It is considered the voltage and
stator asymmetries however, the results are not satisfactory.

The paper makes a modeling of the induction machine based on winding functions, however the
50% of the coil that represensent resistenace matrix and indcutance matrix are presented with no clear explanation. Why should this Frequency Spectra of Stator
[9] Siwei 46 6
8% of the complete phase Ns matrix has this elements, it is not obviuos and it does not appear correct from a logic point of view, it Current
can be a typo.

The article study the permeance waves harmonics that are related with the MMF in the air gap
harmonics. They saw some harmonics rise when the ITSC is done for the two machines. No
[11] not mentioned MMF harmonics Nandi 23 7
modeling is presented for the ITSC as harmonics that will appear.However a conclusion from the 2
machines is presented. Machine loaded with a DC generator.
The method tranform currents from abc to alpha-beta. Then from alpha-beta to the principal Current Analysis in alpha-beta
6 and 20% in simulation, the
[12] KBA components e1 and e2 (PCA) and then calculates a ratio to know the severity of the fault. They use transformation using the Principal Pinjia 37 8
experiement is not mention.
load=electromagnetic brake Components Analysis
1-4 turns. But the total number of
[13] KBA This method is OPEN LOOP CONTROL: voltage-frequency controller (V-F). Stator Current Envelope Siwei 33 9
turns is not indicated.

The paper do not present any anaylisis, only the experimental results of several short circuits and its
[14] 3/147, 6/147, 18/147 Stator Current Park Vector Siwei 34 10
current vector parks approach.
The article is excelent. Presents a modeling of the ITSC following the one in Tallam, for a multiple
reference frame. The article also present a diagnostic detection using the multiple references frames Stator Current in Multiple reference
[15] 1, 3, 6, 9, 15, 36 /147 Siwei 37 11
and define and deduce a severitiy factor for the FDI. Presents simulation and experimental results and frames.
very good conclusions.
 The article study two faults: broken bars and short-circuit in the stator. It uses the frequency
technique of Wavelet and Power Spectral Density instead of STFT (short time FT) also called
Fourier-related transform, because STFT have to much processing. Table III present two wavelet Wavelet coefficient energy from the
[16] not mentioned SA Siwei 39 12
coefficients that appear to detect the ITSC under varing load torque, however, the authors makes current of the stator.
only one test of severity factor, and they even tell how much mu. Maybe as you vary the fault, the
wavelet coefficient is different. The results are not convincing, more test needed.

The technique used here is basically to study the double frequency of the power supply 2ws due to the
[17] 0,7, 1,05 1,4 % experimentally SA NS current. However expresed in the SVAF. Using the Goertzel Algorithm to calculate the DFT of Basically is the NS current. SVAF Nandi 25 13
one single frequency (2fs). The technique is also used for rotor fault detection.

Baldor 0.23, 0.46, 0.68,0.91;
Reliance 0.14, 0.2, 0.41, 0.61,
[18-19]
0.82; GE 0.44, 0.88, 1.31, 1.74,
2.18, 2.61, 3.05
PART I: The method is complete base on experiments, it do not present any theoretical analysis, but
many analysis come from the experimental results. The use 3 machines rated at the same power and
3 current sensors, 3 voltage make ITSC for all of them. They calculate many times the NSZ and make a statistic for fixed speed
SA NSZ Pinjia 60 14
sensors, 1 speed encoder and fixed ITSC. After the all the data adquisition, they make a curve fiting of the data to see the
tendency of they fault severity vs NSZ. They data present some problems when the ITSC is too small.
They work with very small ITSC in %. Which is good.

This paper presents an improved technique based on PART 1. The used the voltage mismatch
detector (VMD) to enhance the capabilities to detec fault under unbalance voltages and very low
severity faults. The VMD is a technique in which he impedance matriz is calculated when the machine
3 current sensors, 3 voltage
26 / 92 SA is healthy, then the symmetric components voltages are calculated (healthy). Later, the monitoring is Voltage Mismatch Detectors Pinjia 61 15
sensors, 1 speed encoder
to calculated the symmetric components voltages and compare with the healthy. If there is a
mismatch, then there is a fault. Other thing, the paper present one fault ITSC 25%, but changes de
fault resistance with a reostad and changes the deterioration Leakage Current. GOOD IDEA

This paper calculates the off diagonal component of the symmetric component impedance matrix and
based on a look up table (learning stage) where it was found the healthy off diagonal component of
Off diagonal component of the SC
[20] 1/216 MRA-KBA 2 currents, 2 voltages SC of Z, then a comparison of the actual with the healthy gives the condition of the stator. The Siwei 44 16
of the Impedance Matrix
advantages of the technique is that no knowlegde of the actual IM parameters is required. The
method is based on measurements and the knowledge of the model of the IM
swing angles, the maximum spread
In this article it is used the rotor magnetic field space vector magnitude and orientation to determine of the orientation of the rotor
[21] 2/240 - 1/216 SA-MRA 3 currents and 3 voltages. Siwei 47 17
the type of fault among: healthy, rotor broken bar, ITSC and source unbalance. Rf = 1ohm. magnetic field space vector
magnitude and orientation

swing angle, rotating magnetic field

[22] 2/240 - 1/216 SA-MRA 3 currents and 3 voltages. This technique is for grid connected machies and also inverter fed. Same as before Siwei 48 18
pendulous oscillations

[23] 2/108 it is not possible to detect
[24] 1/144
Test many severity factors for the
[26] NN, training and testing. Also new
severity factors with new machines.
This technique detect the fault and identify the location. The detection is based on the spectrum of
the axial flux while the location of the fault is deciphered by the triangulation of the the 4 search coils
SA-MRA magnetic field transducers axial flux spectrum Nandi 12 19
using Biot Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field. By a MMF analysis, some low order harmonics
can be predicted for the ITSC. Rf = 0.1 ohms
This technique is to detec insulation failure. Low processing, less sensitive to errors than NSC, summation of the instantaneous line
SA 3 voltage sensors Siwei 45 20
requieres one time calibration, no learning stage. neutral voltages
The paper makes simulation and experimental test with the NN included. The main drawback of this
Phase shifts between line current
KBA paper is only detects the in which phase is the ITSC. It do not indicate how much is the fault severity, Siwei 32 21
and voltage.
which actually is the most accurate response to the FDI.

This technique is for IM deta connected. Most of the papers are IM in star conenction.The technique
NI, but at least two currents and can estimate the speed of the motor, the amount of turns short-circuited and the current in the short- Observer from a Model of IM in Siwei 51,
[27] 5% MRA 22
two voltages for buiding the model circuit. The test were performed with a power supply that keeps a linear relation voltage frequency. delta connection. Kallese Delta
Experiments as 30Hz. Test under balance and unbalance power supply.

The article test defect in one phase, and two phases at the same time. Also proposes broken rotor
fault detection. The article is based on a mathematical model which includes two detection variables:
number of short circuited turns (which gives the severity factor) and the angle which identifies the Parameter Estimation: Ncc and
[28] 18, 29, 58/464 MRA Siwei 52 23
fault phase. The articles works with parameter estimation over this faulty model of the IM, however Theta_cc
many things can be critisized from the faulty model. See drawbacks. It uses a Speed Controller, it
does not say if OL or CL.
 The EPVA uses de modulus of the current park's vector spectral analysis to calculate an index = spectract analysis of the modulus of
[29] 3, 12, 36, 45/147 SA second current harmonic / DC level of the current. Test at no load, and with 4 different load toques. current park/s vector. Current Siwei 35 24
Test done in asynchronous and synchronous machines. This technique is GC vector radious.

The technique is based on injecting a high frequency signal for then later measure the negative
sequence impedance or NS current component. They say that the NS HF Z is independent of the
working condition of the IM, independent of the flux level, load level and excitation frequency. The
[53] NSC
HF carrier signal will noticiable reduce the influence of the current regulator on the NS Current inthe
[30-31] 1/168 ISA-KBA-MRA the sensors of the ADS. [54] HF low magnitude carrier Siwei 53, 54 25-26
VSI current regulated fed. They used a close loop current regulator in standard torque controlled ac
signal voltage
drives. This technique of injecting is similar to the offline methods. Normally the online technique only
senses, measure, adquire data and process it (passive technique). In this case there is an active
technique.

[32] 1/168 ISA-KBA-MRA the sensors of the ADS. same as siwei [53] NSC Pinjia 54 - Bellini 28 27

The technique detects faults before and during operation: in the off-line method the stator winding is
For the offline method, the variable
stressed with voltage pulses and its response is analyzed to detect unbalances in the motor. To avoid
is the instantaneous active power.
[33] > 2% SA 3 currents and 3 voltages. the motor movement the impulses are randonly generated. Siwei 41 28
For the online method, the
For the online method, the summation of the stator voltages should be zero. Advantages: say that the
summation of the stator voltages
method is insensitive to the load changes. Also it can work for Variable speed drives.

The technique is based on the airgap torque that represents the combined effects of all the flux
airgap torque sensor: torque linkages and currents in both the stator and the rotor of the entire motor. It is sensitive to unbalance
[34] NI SA-MRA gauge. 2 current and voltage created by defects as well as by unbalanced voltages.It tells distinctivelly wheaher the unbalance is air gap torque Siwei 42 29
sensors. caused by cracked rotor bars, stator unbalance associated with the windings defects or unbalanced
voltages.

This technique uses an external sensor to measure the stray magnetic field to detect stator and rotor
faults. They develop a small model for the magnetic field on both sides. The test the IM with
[35] 0.60% SA-MRA external flux sensor Stray magnetic field Nandi 13 30
sinusoidal power supply and a VSI but never indicates the type of control. So it is classified as
Uncontrolled Inverter Fed
The paper presents simulation and experimental resutls. The model is similar to the French people that
add a dummy winding. I don’t like. The proposed method is to calculate the mean or avergae of the
[36] 1-3/132 SA same as FOC Mean of the inverter output states Pinjia 63 31
output of the switching states. In a symmetrical IM this mean has to be close to zero. In asymmetrical
IM it is not. It is easy technique!
The article present a model composed of a healthy IM and a dummy winding that represents the fault.
No physical meaning in the mathematical development. The model has to many approximations. After
Do not say, assume the same used presenting the models for ITSC and broken rotor bar, the article make simulation and experimental
[37] 22 and 44/264 SA Stator Current Spectrum Siwei 55 32
in FOC results takin the spectrum of the stator current as signature for diagnostic. No relationship with the
model is found. The article present a series of frequencies signatures that can be used as detection
technique for grid connected IM and inverter connected, however, the results are not conclusive.

OL: negative sequence fault

1,2 and 3 turns / N, N not This research present a Feed forward NN for the FDI. It works with open loop and close loop drives.
[38] KBA 2 voltages and 2 currents. current. CL: negative sequence Siwei 56 33
mentioned In the open loop is used V-F control, for the closed-loop is used FOC.
fault voltage.

The diagnostic technique is based on the introduction of the third harmonic that the DTC provides by
itself. The technique is help by the multiple reference frame theory for the faulty IM. The other Third harmonic and fault severity
[39] 3 and 18/148 SA and MRA 2 currents and 1 Voltage DC technique is based on a model reference of the ITSC in the IM. The thrid harmonic detection from the multiple reference frame Siwei 57 34
technique is not for small power motor, only for high range of power motor where the residual model.
asymmetries are small. The multiple reference frame tehnique works for any power range of motor.

The article presents a signature, of the faulty current in DQ using clockwise transformation into the
2 currents and 1 Voltage DC, 1
[40] 1, 5, 54 / 324 mixed SA, AA synchronous reference frame of the current vector in DQ, filtering the DC component and later Faulty Current in DQ Siwei 36 35
speed encoder
transforming into the counter clockwise synchronous ref frame. Using superposition, eq 3 and 4 is left.

0-8 / N, N not mentioned SA 3 curents, 1 Vdc, 1 speed
The article present several things: present a model following tallam, but modifies the model and make
it more general that can be used for the location of the fault. Presetn simulation and experimental
Spectrum of internal control signals
results. Present two techniques, spectral analysis of the current in phase A where the fault is done, Wolkiewicz 36
ex ey and frefy.
they conclude that this is not the best technioque. Then they propose the internal signal ex ey and
frefy.

The residual generator uses the currents and voltages measurements to feed the observer which
estimates the stator and rotor fluxes and stator currents and with all that the vector residual. In this
MRA 3 currents and 3 voltage sensors DeAngelo 37
method the negative sequence component of the current estimation error is used as a fault estimator
to lower the sensitivity of the parameter change.

The technique is based on the sparse grid optimization method applied in the least squares estimation
of the circuit parameters that characterize the condition of the incipient fault. The kernel of the
1% MRA-AI 3 currents and 3 voltage sensors method is the search for the objective function minimum on the grid created by using the hyperbolic Duan 38
cross points. The technique is based on IM model implemented in Simulink and the least squares
parameter estimation. It was tested un VUF. The technique is compared to GA

This paper is based on simulation only. The model of the machine in based on Winding Functions.
5% FExA The model is a full model to obtain the frequency components. Uses FFT and wavelet of the stator Razafimahefa 39
currents.

This paper is based on simulation only. The model of the machine in based on Winding Functions.
15% FExA Maouche 40
The model is a full model to obtain the frequency components.

This paper applies the Extended Kalman Filter and Extended Luenberger Observer to analyze the
1 turn /412 MRA 2 currents and 1 speed sensor. Kowalski 41
fault estimating the rotor and stator winding resistance. Pure experimental results.

In that study Sottile etal used the change in the value of the negative sequence impedance as an
indicator for induction motor inter-turns fault even in the case of significant unbalance in the supply Negative Sequence Effective
NI FExA 3 currents and 3 voltage sensors Lee 5 42
voltage. However that methodology failed to distinguish between faulty and healthy conditions in case Impedance
of construction mismatches. The method is not affected by the VUF and loading condition.

This technique is based on Calculating the off diagonal terms of the NSZ. Have a learning stage to
calculate it in the healthy condition. Then, in the online operation measure the currents of the systems,
NI FExA 3 currents and 3 voltage sensors In and Ip. With this currents calculate the voltage Vnh and Vph and the impedance healthy matrix. Voltage Mismatch predictor Lee 15 43
Measure Vp and Vn and compare with the Vnh and Vph. This comparison is the voltage mistmatch.
They test VUF.

T) Test at different
 Title MODEL

A new approach to on-line turn fault detection in AC motors

Analysis of Cage Induction Motors with Stator Winding Faults

Self-commissioning training algorithms for neural networks with

applications to electric machine fault diagnostics

Online stator fault diagnosis in induction motors,

Induction drives diagnosis by signal injection: Effectiveness and

severity classification

The detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of

operating motors

Current monitoring for detecting inter-turn short circuits in induction

motors

Unsupervised Neural-Network-Based Algorithm for an On-Line

Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor Stator Fault

Induction Machine Broken Bar and Stator Short-Circuit Fault

Diagnostics Based on Three-Phase Stator Current Envelopes

Inter-turn stator winding fault diagnosis in three-phase induction

motors, by Park's vector approach

Multiple Reference Frames Theory: A New Method for the Diagnosis

of Stator Faults in Three-Phase Induction Motors
Fault Detection in Induction Machines Using Power Spectral Density in
Wavelet Decomposition

Induction motor fault detection by space vector angular fluctuation

Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors. Part I.

Experimental investigation of the effective negative-sequence
impedance detector

Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors.Part II -

Experimental Investigation of Voltage Mismatch Detectors.
Experimental Investigation of Online Methods for Incipient Fault
Detection

A robust, on-line turn-fault detection technique for induction machines

based on monitoring the sequence component impedance matrix

Interturn Fault Diagnosis in Induction Motors Using the Pendulous

Oscillation Phenomenon

On innovative methods of induction motor interturn and broken-bar

fault diagnostics

Detection and location of interturn short circuits in the stator windings

of operating motors

Insulation failure prediction in AC machines using line-neutral voltages

An Effective Neural Approach for the Automatic Location of Stator

Not complete
Interturn Faults in Induction Motor

Observer-Based Estimation of Stator-Winding Faults in Delta- complete

Connected Induction Motors: A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach dynamic model

Diagnosis by parameter estimation of stator and rotor faults occurring

in induction machines
Stator winding fault diagnosis in threephase synchronous and
asynchronous motors, by the extended Park's vector approach

Online stator winding fault diagnosis in inverter-fed AC machines using

high-frequency signal injection, High-Frequency Carrier-Signal
Voltage Selection for Stator Winding Fault Diagnosis in Inverter-Fed
AC Machines

Online diagnostics in inverter-fed induction machines using high-

frequency signal injection

"Protection of squirrel-cage induction motor utilizing instantaneous

power and phase information

Monitoring of defects in induction motors through air-gap torque

observation

A frequency-domain detection of stator winding faults in induction

machines using an external flux sensor

Inverter statistics for online detection of stator asymmetries in inverter-

fed induction motors

Closed loop control impact on the diagnosis of induction motors faults

Stator winding turn-fault detection for closed-loop induction motor

drives

Diagnosis of stator inter-turn short circuits in DTC induction motor

drives

DSP implementation of the multiple reference frames theory for the

diagnosis of stator faults in a DTC induction motor drive
Online Statot Interturn Short Circuits Monitoring in the DFOC
Induction Motor Drive

complete
Online Model based stator fault detection and identification in IM
dynamic model

Condition Monitoring of an IM stator winding via Global Optimization

based on the Hyperbolic Cross Points.

Modeling and Faults Detection of Small Power Wound Rotor Induction

Machine

Modeling and Simulation of Stator Turn Faults Detection based on

stator circular current and neutral voltage.

Stator and Rotor Fault Monitoring of the inverter Fed IM drive using
State Estimators.

An on-line method to detect incipient failure of turn insulation in

random-wound motors

Experimental Investigation of On-line Methods for incipient fault

detection