Unity University

College of Computer science

Course Title: Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn

Assignment on: Secondary and Tertiary economic activities in Ethiopia.

Section: N7

Prepared By:

S.No Students name ID. N

1 Abrham Tesfaye UU91155R
2 Robel Melkamu UU89889R
3 Moges Ambachew UU00300R
4 Feven Mulatu UU90214R
5 Robel Mendaye UU90475R
6 Abenezer Mesfen UU90215R
7 Simon Daniel UU90217R
8 Dawit Destalem UU91229R
9 Abdiwam Bekele UU90352R
10 Million Solomon UU90114R

Submitted to: Dodge Getachew (PhD.)

Date: 20/06/2022
Table of Content
1. Introduction to secondary and tertiary economic activities in Ethiopia......................................4
1.1 Manufacturing Industry in Ethiopia.......................................................................................5
1.1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Important characteristics of industrialization:.....................................................................5
1.1.3 The role of the industrial sector in the Ethiopian economy................................................6
1.1.4 Types and characteristics of manufacturing........................................................................6
1.1.4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................6
1.1.5 The Spatial Distribution of Manufacturing Industries in Ethiopia.....................................7
1.1.6 Contributions of Industrial Parks in Ethiopia.....................................................................9
1.1.7 Opportunities for the Manufacturing Sector in Ethiopia....................................................9
1.1.8 Challenges of the Manufacturing Sector in Ethiopia........................................................10
1.2 The Service Sector in Ethiopia................................................................................................10
1.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................10
1.2.2. The Role of the Service Sector in the Ethiopian Economy..............................................11
1.2.3 Education as component of service sector........................................................................11
1.2.4 Health Sector.....................................................................................................................11
1.2.4.1 The Health Sector Policies and Strategies.....................................................................12
1.2.4.2. Problems of and Possible Remedies for the Health Sector Problems...........................12
1.3 The Transport Sector...............................................................................................................13
1.3.1 The Contribution of Transportation to Socio- Economic Development...........................14
1.5 The Tourism Sector in Ethiopia...............................................................................................16
1.5.1. Types of Tourism.............................................................................................................16
1.5.2. Major Tourist attraction sites of Ethiopia........................................................................16
1.5.3 Tourism in Ethiopia contributes to the national economy in:...........................................17
Summary........................................................................................................................................18
List of tables

Table 1.1.5.1 Current Industrial parks in Ethiopia [7].....................................................................9

1. Introduction to secondary and tertiary economic activities in
Ethiopia
An economic activity is an activity of providing, making, buying, or selling of commodities or
services by people to satisfy their day-to-day needs of life. Economic activities include any
activity that deals with the manufacturing, distributing, or utilizing of products or services.
The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms
through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the next step after
primary. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of
manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example,
using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Using sugarcane as a raw
material, we make sugar or gur. We convert earth into bricks and use bricks to make houses and
buildings. Since this sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries
that came up, it is also called as industrial sector[1].
After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under tertiary sector
and is different from the above two. These are activities that help in the development of the
primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they
are an aid or a support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the
primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in
wholesale and retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns. We also may
need to talk to others over telephone or send letters (communication) or borrow money from
banks (banking) to help production and trade. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade
are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than
goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector[2].
1.1 Manufacturing Industry in Ethiopia
1.1.1 Introduction

Industrialization is a process of economic development in which a growing part of the national

resources are mobilized to develop a technically up-to-date, and diversified domestic economic
structure characterized by a dynamic manufacturing sector having and producing means of
production and consumer goods and capable of assuring a high rate of growth for the economy as
a whole and of achieving economic and social progress.

1.1.2 Important characteristics of industrialization:

 Industrialization is not a one-time or sudden occurrence but rather a sustained
process. This means it is a continuous process taking place over a long period of time.
 Industrialization requires the application of modern science and technology to the
production process.
 The manufacturing sector plays the most important and dynamic role in the
industrialization process;
 Industrialization brings about a structural transformation of the national economy,
especially in the composition of output and the pattern of employment.

Industrial sector in Ethiopia classified into sub sectors:

 Manufacturing,
 Mining, quarrying,
 Construction,
 Water and energy supply
Ethiopia has a long tradition in the development of handcrafts and cottage manufacturing
activities such as weaving, blacksmithing, pottery, and woodwork. The two major early 20th
century events contributed to the introduction of modern manufacturing industries in Ethiopia:
 The emergence of a strong central government, which resulted in political stability and
 The construction of the Ethio-Djibouti railway.
These events gave way to the establishment and expansion of cities and the settlement of
foreigners, mainly from Armenia, Greece, Italy, and India, which in turn increased the demand
for imported commodities and hence created the basis for industrial development. The domestic
production of manufactured goods was also necessitated by the increasing problems of
transporting bulky imported commodities such as wood, clay, printing products, etc.

1.1.3 The role of the industrial sector in the Ethiopian economy

According to the International Standards for Industrial Classification (ISIC), the Ethiopian
industrial sector is composed of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, water supply,
and construction. Since the manufacturing sub-sector is the most dominant and dynamic
component of the industrial sector, and also due to availability of time series data, we will
concentrate on this sub-sector as we analyze the contribution of the industrial sector to the
national economy.
Employment Contribution: the manufacturing sub-sector, in particular, serves as important
sources of employment, especially for the rapidly growing urban population in Ethiopia.
Foreign Exchange Contribution: The poorly developed industrial sector of Ethiopia
contributes very little to the foreign currency earnings of the nation.
Output Contribution: The manufacturing sector is characterized by the physical or chemical
transformation of materials or components into new products, whether the work is performed by
power-driven machines or by hand, and whether it is done in a factory or in the worker’s
home[3].

1.1.4 Types and characteristics of manufacturing

1.1.4.1 Introduction
Manufacturing is defined as physical or chemical transformation of material components into
new products. The definition also includes the assembly of component parts of manufactured
products as a manufacturing activity whether the production is done at factory or home, sold at
retail or wholesale, and whether power driven machine is used or not[4].
Manufacturing is a value-adding procedure that converts raw materials, components, or parts into
pre-designed goods, products, or merchandise that satisfies a customer’s expectations or
specifications. In earlier times, the word “manufacturing” connoted that these procedures were
predominately carried out by human power, thus the word contains two parts “manu” and
“facturing.” Today, much of manufacturing is being completed with the use of tools and
machines on much larger scales and to much higher precision. Manufactured goods or products
can be sold to other manufacturers for further processing or they can be sold to customers in
market places,
including wholesalers or retailers, then eventually to end users. To this end, manufacturing
efforts have the important objective of adding value. In view of its value-adding nature, the
processes and end results of manufacturing have to be competitive, as their values are often
judged and validated on open markets. The factors that determine the competitiveness, and thus
value, of manufacturing are the product quality, production cost, delivery time, safety, and
service and making profits, in that the prices of the products have to be higher than those of the
raw materials. This objective is an intrinsic attribute of manufacturing that sets it apart from
prototyping, research, or development
activities[5].

According to the Central Statistical Authority (CSA), the Ethiopian manufacturing sector is
classified into three, namely large- and medium-scale, small-scale and cottage/handcraft
manufacturing. This categorization is mainly based on the number of people employed and use
or non-use of power-driven machinery:
1. Large- and medium-scale manufacturing establishments use power-driven machinery
and employ 10 persons and above.
2. Small-scale industries are those establishments that employ less than 10 persons and use
power-driven machinery.
3. Cottage/handcrafts units are those establishments that produce goods and services
primarily for sale but do not use power-driven machinery in performing their main
activities, regardless of the number of persons employed[3].

1.1.5 The Spatial Distribution of Manufacturing Industries in Ethiopia

In 1957, Ethiopia initiated a series of five-year development plans. Throughout much of the
1960s and early 1970s, manufacturing activity increased as the government's five-year plans
diversified the economy by encouraging agro-industrial activity and by substituting domestically
produced goods for imported items. Thus, according to the World Bank, manufacturing
production increased at an annual rate of 6.1 percent between 1965 and 1973. During the same
period, agriculture grew at an annual 2.1 percent rate, and services grew at an annual 6.7 percent
rate. Despite this favorable growth rate, manufacturing in 1975 accounted for less than 5 percent
of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employed only about 60,000 people. Handicrafts, such
as weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, leather working, and jewelry making, along with other
small-scale industries, accounted for another 5 percent of GDP. In 1984/85 manufacturing and
handicrafts together accounted for 11.4 percent of GDP.
In 1975 the Derg nationalized more than 100 industries and took partial control of some of them.
The main characteristics of the manufacturing sector inherited by the revolution included: a
predominance of foreign ownership and foreign managerial, professional, and technical staffing;
great emphasis on light industries; inward orientation and relatively high tariffs; capital-
intensiveness; underutilized capacity; minimal linkage among the different sectors; and excessive
geographical concentration of industries in Addis Ababa, the capital city.
Following nationalization, there was an exodus of foreigners who had owned and operated the
industrial enterprises. The war in Eritrea and labor strikes and demonstrations also closed the
approximately 30 percent of the country's manufacturers that had been located in that region.
The economic dislocation that followed the revolution had a significant impact on the
manufacturing sector. Private sector capital investment ceased, and labor's marginal productivity
began to decline. In performance terms, the manufacturing sector's output after 1975 grew
haltingly. Manufacturing had grown at an average annual rate of 6.1 percent between 1965 and
1973. A period of decline from 1974/75 to 1977/78 and an average annual growth rate of 18.9
percent for 1978/79 and 1979/80 were followed by a reduction of the growth rate to about 3.1
percent per annum between 1980/81 and 1984/85 and 3.8 percent per annum from 1985/86 to
1988/89.
Finally, in March 1990 president Mengistu Haile Mariam announced the replacement of
Ethiopia's communist economic system with a socialist economic system. Among the proposed
changes were that private investors would be permitted to participate in all parts of the economy
with no limit on the amount of capital invested. Nearest years Addis Ababa and around Addis
Ababa like Burayu, Sululta, Sebeta, Mojo, and Ambo are current emerging industrial areas.[6].
The share of Addis Ababa also correspondingly declined to 40 per cent and 46 per cent
respectively in the same year. New industrial towns such as Burayu, Sululta, Sebeta, Mojo, and
Ambo are emerging around the capital city. Four of these were among the top ten industrial
towns in both 2003/04 and 2009/10.
Some of the current regional capitals such as Hawassa in the south, Dire Dawa in the east,
Mekelle in the north, and Bahr Dar in the northwest are also among the top ten towns hosting a
substantial number of industrial establishments [1].

Table 1.1.5.1 Current Industrial parks in Ethiopia[7].

1.1.6 Contributions of Industrial Parks in Ethiopia

Ethiopia's aim in building more industrial parks is to enable the manufacturing sector to
contribute to 20 percent of Ethiopia's GDP and 50 percent of the export volume by 2025,
according to the Ethiopian Investment Commission.
The Industrial parks have contributed to the national as well as local economy in terms
of employment generation, income tax, capital investment, and export and import substitution,
technology transfer and cultural integration.

1.1.7 Opportunities for the Manufacturing Sector in Ethiopia

A. Private sector friendly government.
B. Relatively cheap electricity charge in comparison to other African countries
C. Macroeconomic stability and rapidly growing economy
D. Relatively cheap labor force and rapidly increasing number of trained employees
E. Access to wide market which include large domestic market, COMESA, AGOA, EBA
opportunities and China market etc.
F. Competitive incentive packages which include export incentives.
G. The coming into being of Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks which facilitate one stop shopping
for all the services, to gain economies of scale, for bulk purchasing and selling, extension
services, and development of common infrastructure.
H. The country has gotten a strong global attention due to its remarkable economic growth and
credit worthiness.

1.1.8 Challenges of the Manufacturing Sector in Ethiopia

A. High logistics and transportation cost
B. Limited study and action on export incentives
C. Low labor productivities
D. High cost of imported raw materials for the manufacturing
E. Limited compliance to the international requirements and market
F. Limited research on manufacturing industries including end market study
G. Underdeveloped rural infrastructure which limits the expansion of manufacturing industries to
the potential areas
H. Weak supply chain integration
I. Low level of technology
J. Weak market institutions and information system.

1.2 The Service Sector in Ethiopia

1.2.1 Introduction
The service sector is composed of various sub-sectors likes: trade, hotels and restaurants,
transport and communication, education, banking and insurance, public administration and
defense, health, and other services. The service division includes a wide variety of industries, but
they can be categorized into primarily consumer-oriented (providing a service directly to a
consumer), primarily business-oriented (providing a service directly to another business) or
mixed (providing services to both businesses and individual consumers). Alternately, the
activities of the services division can be described in reference to their economic activities as:
physical, intellectual and aesthetic

1. Physical activities: involve working with objects; examples include repairing cars,
hairdressing, and cooking.
2. Intellectual activities: involve providing education or training at such levels as university and
vocational school.
3. The aesthetic activities: entail providing consumers with artistic experiences such as offered
by museums, theater performances, art shows, and musical performances

1.2.2. The Role of the Service Sector in the Ethiopian Economy

The service sector plays an important role in the country’s economy.
1. Output contribution: According to NBE (2019/20) Report service sector contributes about
39.8% of country GDP. This mainly the result of the fast growth of education, health, socio
services, tourism, transport service, construction and related engineering services, wholesaler and
retail trade, hotel and restaurant sub sectors.
2. Employment contribution: In Ethiopia, the service sector is the second largest sector, next to
agriculture, in terms of absorbing a significant part of the labor force. In Ethiopia, a significant
number of mostly permanent employment opportunities are being created because of the rapidly
growing economy.

3. Foreign exchange contribution: Foreign exchange income earned from service providers
such as Ethiopian Airlines and Ethiopian Shipping Lines, as well as from various service sub-
sectors such as tourism, communication, insurance and financial services.

1.2.3 Education as component of service sector

Education is the basic component of human resource development, which is a means of:
 Raising political and social consciousness;
 Increasing the number of skilled workers;
 Raising the level of trained manpower, thereby facilitating creativity and innovation;
 Increasing opportunities to individuals for better lives

1.2.4 Health Sector

The health status of many Ethiopians remains very poor. The major limitations of progress in the
sector are:
 High population growth;

 Low educational and income levels, especially among women;

  Lack of access to clean water and sanitation facilities;

 Nutritional disorders and insufficient access to health services.

1.2.4.1 The Health Sector Policies and Strategies

The health policy has also identified the priority intervention areas and strategies to be employed
to achieve the health policy objectives. Major components of the health care strategies are:
 Preventive and curative health service
 Curative and rehabilitative care
 Drugs and medical supplies
 Health information, documentation, and processing
 Organization and management of the health delivery system
 Human-resource development and management
 Research and development
 Financing the health care delivery system.

1.2.4.2. Problems of and Possible Remedies for the Health Sector Problems
 Limited physical access to health facilities, the absence of health care facilities.
 The available health care facilities are unevenly distributed across regions.
 Inadequate budgetary allocation and low levels of management.
 Low quality of the facilities.
 Maternal, infant, and child mortality rates are still high.
 Inadequate and poorly maintained infrastructure and equipment, shortage of trained
health personnel, and the unavailability of drugs and pharmaceutical supplies.

1.2.4.3 Possible Remedies

 Strengthen and expand existing health programs.
 Provide family planning services at all levels of health service delivery stations.
 Strengthen reproductive health content in health education programs.
 Strengthen and expand training of health personnel in collaboration with relevant
institutions.
 Set standards for the provision of family planning services[3].
1.3 The Transport Sector
Transportation can be defined as the movement of commodities, materials, people and animals
from one place to another with a specified objective. Transportation is fundamental to
civilization. The roles of transportation in socio-economic development are that it allows for:
Division of labor and labor specialization, Procurement of raw materials from various sources,
Dispatch of goods to marketplaces, etc. In Ethiopia, the early means of transportation were foot
and pack animals like donkeys, horses, and camels. However, this set of transportation constrains
the socio-economic development of the country because it is time-taking and tiresome.
1. Road Transport
The Ethiopian Road Transport Authority (RTA.) is a public authority responsible for the use of
all roads within Ethiopia, vehicles using these roads, and all matters relating to road transport
activities.
2. Railways Transport
For more than a century, the Ethio-Djibouti Railway has been the nation’s the only railway and
one of the most important means of transportation and link to the outside world for Ethiopia. The
railway company plays an important role in transporting import, export, and internal freight, and
passengers (international and local). In contrast to air transport, Ethiopia has a limited railway
service that stretches 781 km, linking Addis Ababa with the port of Djibouti via the eastern
Ethiopian cities of Dire Dawa and Adama.
3. Air Transport
According to Ethiopian Airlines Annual Report 2008/09, Ethiopian Airlines was founded on
December 29, 1945, by Emperor Haile Selassie I with assistance from Trans-Continental and
Western Airlines (TWA). It commenced operations on April 8, 1946, with weekly service
between Addis Ababa and Cairo with five Douglas DC-3 propeller-driven aircraft. The airline
started long-flight services to Frankfurt in 1958 and inaugurated its first jet service in January
1963 from Addis Ababa to Nairobi. In the early 1960s it provided some initial aviation support
to the Ethio-United States Mapping Mission in its operation to provide topographic maps of
Ethiopia. It is wholly owned by the government of Ethiopia and had 4,700 employees as of
March 2007.
4. Ethiopian Shipping Lines S.C.
The main purpose of the establishment of the company has been to: Render coastal and
international marine transport service, and engage in other related activities necessary for the
attainment of its charter[3].

1.3.1 The Contribution of Transportation to Socio- Economic Development

 The contribution of transportation to a country's development is high. Its share of
contribution to the GDP of a country.
 Transportation plays a big role in what is known in both national and international trade
as invisible trade.
 The role of transportation in the investment sector.
 In terms of creating job opportunities.
 The most salient feature observed in the transport sector in relation to growth in income
is the increase in the motorization of the public.

Transportation plays other important roles as well:

 it helps countries in maintaining a balance in the export market and generating foreign
currency;
 It serves as a source of income generation both for governments and the public;
 Highly contributes to the maintaining of a country's peace, political well being and
stability;
 Plays the role of linking rural areas and rural products to urban centers;
 Helps in increasing and interconnecting market outlets; it helps shorten travel time;
 Has the capacity to transport huge numbers of people and big volumes of cargo;
 makes big contribution to the development of tourism, entertainment, sports and peaceful
relationship among people[8].

1.4. The Communication Sector

Communication is one of the most fundamental elements necessary for the economic, social, and
political development of any country. Communication services include telecommunication,
postal and media services. Upgrading and expanding the telecommunications network and
services have been essential to modernizing the sector and bringing about national growth as
well as greatly supporting the rural economy. For example, having basic telephone access in
villages:
 Allows farmers to get information on prices for their crops and livestock products;
 Improves the efficiency of local administration;
 Encourages the development of trade and small businesses;
 Facilitates the provision of social services such as health, education, and agricultural
extension.

A. Telecommunication
In today’s world, the telecommunication infrastructure of a country is one of the most important
factors affecting development. It is therefore important to evaluate a country’s national
telecommunication infrastructure prior to embarking on a major national development program.
Telecommunication plays a major role in the exchange of views and in information
dissemination among various socio-cultural and economic groups. The Ethiopia
Telecommunication Corporation (ETC) has been expanding its network within the country and
to the rest of the world. A modern communication system, especially telecommunication, is one
of the conditions for attracting foreign capital and encouraging competition in the world market.
The Ethiopia telecommunication (ETC) is making continuous efforts to extend its services
throughout the country.

A. Postal Service

Postal services are important for expanding communication infrastructures. The Ethiopian Postal
Service was introduced in 1886 E.C. Even though the service has been in place for a long time,
its services are limited to only parts of in the country. Postal service has been expanding since
1991/92, with increasing volumes of both domestic and international postal traffic.

C. Broadcasting and Press

Broadcasting plays a vital role in reaching the masses living in remote areas. Although owning of
a radio and TV is not affordable for many Ethiopians, broadcasting definitely has a much bigger
audience than press, as illiteracy and physical inaccessibility do not seriously affect it[3].

1.5 The Tourism Sector in Ethiopia

Tourism deals with the movement of people away from their normal residence for: Business,
Transit, Conference, Visiting relatives, Vacation, Other purposes.
Tourism is the activity of providing services for these people, and it is also an important source
of foreign currency and employment for citizens of many countries. Ethiopia has great tourism
potential. It was the recognition of this great potential that encouraged Ethiopia in the 1960’s to
start a tourism industry. After an initial period of rapid growth, the industry underwent a fast
decline and stagnation for many years due to the political and economic problems that prevailed
for a long time in the history of the country.
During the Derg government (from 1974 to 1991), Ethiopia’s tourism industry suffered from the
adverse effects of a prolonged civil war, recurrent drought and famine, strained government
relations with tourist-generating countries, and restrictions on the entry and movements of
tourists.
However, tourism is now operating in a more conducive climate for growth and development, as
evidenced by statistics compiled by the Ethiopian Tourism Commission. Because Ethiopia has so
many historical and natural sites and diverse cultural tourism attractions, tourism should have
been one of the country’s largest industries, but unfortunately the country has been unable to
realize the economic benefits it deserves from the sector. Nonetheless, in recent years, due to the
development of infrastructures, like roads and hotels, and to the crucial role of the government in
marketing and changing the image of the country through its embassies, tourism has shown
significant growth despite the economic crisis in the world. But still there is a long way ahead
before we will fully exploit the benefits of the tourism sector efficiently and secure its
appropriate position in the economic sectors.

1.5.1. Types of Tourism

1.5.2. Major Tourist attraction sites of Ethiopia
A. Historic Attraction sites
The most famous tourist attractions of Ethiopia on the historical circuit are:
 The circular Ethiopian Orthodox Churches on islands in Lake Tana,
 The Blue Nile Falls, the castles of Gondar,
 The Stellea of Axum, the rock hewn churches of Tigray,
 The ancient temple of Yeha, and the rock hewn churches in Lalibela and The Walls of
Hara,
 Unity Park and Entoto Park).

B. Natural Attraction sites

 The Sof Omar Cave

 Blue Nile Falls
 Lower Valley of The Awash
 Lake Tana
 The Rift Valley
 The Danakil Depression
 Bale Mountains
 Simien Mountains
 National Parks.

1.5.3 Tourism in Ethiopia contributes to the national economy in:

 GDP
 Employment
 Foreign exchange earnings
 Development of new infrastructure in ways that complement or help to full fill local
needs (for example, water, transport, and electricity)
 Improving living standards and reducing poverty.

Challenges to tourism sectors are; shortage of tourist facilities, limited promotion, and lack of
professional and skilled personnel.
Remedies: Improving transportation facilities, allocating an adequate government budget,
Improving management to enhance the quality of the sector, providing manpower training and
promoting the country’s tourism resources[3].

Summary

The structure of the economy, in general, is decomposed into the three main sectors: the
primary-agricultural sector, the secondary-industrial (manufacturing) sector and the tertiary-
service sector.

The level of development of the manufacturing sector is at its infancy and the country’s
industrial base is at its lowest level. The manufacturing sector plays the most important and
dynamic role in the industrialization process. There are different types of manufacturing like:
Large- and medium-scale manufacturing, Small-scale industries and Cottage/handcrafts. Some of
the current regional capitals such as Hawassa in the south, Dire Dawa in the east, Mekelle in the
north, and Bahr Dar in the northwest are also among the top ten towns hosting a substantial
number of industrial establishments.

The service sub-sector includes such activities as tourism, health, education, transport and
communication.
Reference

[1] S. Banerjee, “Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector Linkages and Environmental
Management,” 2002, [Online]. Available: https://www.caluniv.ac.in/dj/BS-Journal/2002-
2004/primary_secondary.pdf.

[2] A. G. Chance, “Notes for the Teacher,” pp. 96–111, 2020.

[3] “The Agricultural Sector in the Ethiopian Economy,” pp. 1–54, 2000.

[4] M. K. Mishra, “Determinants of manufacturing sector growth in ethiopia,” vol. VI, no. 2,
2018.

[5] Y. Huang, L. Wang, and S. Y. Liang, “Overview of Manufacturing.”

[6] N. Exodus, R. See, W. Bank, and A. Ababa, “Manufacturing in Ethiopia,” 1957.

[7] UNDP, “Understanding African experiences in formulating and implementing plans for
emergence Growing Manufacturing Industry in Ethiopia,” p. 68, 2017, [Online].
Available: http://www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Understanding African
experiences in formulating and implementing plans for emergence Growing
Manufacturing Industry.pdf.

[8] E. Focus, “The Role of the Transport Sector in Ethiopia ’ s Economic Development E T H
I O P I A ’ S E C O N O M I C D E V E L O P M E N T *,” vol. 9, no. 4, 2020.