S.

3 Integrated Science – Biology Supplementary Notes

Name: _____________________ Class: _________ ( )

Ch 2 The cell as the basic unit of life

2.1 Chemicals of life
 The chemical constituents (化學成分) of organisms can be divided into two groups:
(1) _______________ (無機的) and (2) _______________ (有機的).

Inorganic constituents Organic constituents

carbohydrates
water (碳水化合物)

lipids
(脂質)

proteins
(蛋白質)

inorganic ions
(無機離子)
nucleic acids
(核酸)

 The main inorganic and organic constituents of organisms and their proportions by weight in the
human body

A Inorganic chemical constituents of organisms

1 Water
 Functions of water in organisms:
1 As a (3) _______________ (反應物) in some chemical reactions, e.g. photosynthesis
2 As a (4) _______________ for chemical reactions because water can dissolve many
substances
3 As a medium of (5) _______________ to transport substances
4 As a (6) _______________ agent (冷卻劑) to remove heat through evaporation
5 Provides support and gives shape to organisms
6 As a component of (7) _______________ (潤滑劑) to reduce friction (摩擦) during
movement

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2 Inorganic ions
Inorganic ion Function in animals Function in plants

 A source of nitrogen (氮)

(8) _______________
 for the synthesis of
(硝酸鹽)
(9) _______________

 Activates some  A component of

(10) _______________ (酶) (11) _______________
Magnesium (鎂)
(葉綠素)

 Activates some enzymes

 A component of  Activates some enzymes

(13) ______________
(12) ______________ (鐵)
(血紅蛋白) in red blood cells
 Activates some enzymes

 A component of  Helps strengthen cell walls

(15) _______________ and
teeth
 Needed for processes like
(14) ______________ (鈣)
blood clotting, muscle
contraction
and sending messages in
nervous system (神經系統)

 A component of bones and  A component of

teeth phospholipids and nucleic
Phosphate (磷酸鹽)  A component of acids
phospholipids (磷脂) and
nucleic acids

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B Organic chemical constituents of organisms

 The table below shows the major organic chemical constituents of organisms. All these
chemical constituents contain the element (16) _______________. They are often called
(17) _______________ (生物分子).

Biomolecule Example Function

(19) _______________ Acts as the main energy source for cells

(葡萄糖)

Starch (澱粉) Acts as an energy reserve (能量儲備) in

plants
(18) _______________
(20) _______________ Acts as an energy reserve in animals
(糖原)

(21) _______________ Forms plant cell walls

(纖維素)

(23) _______________ Act as an energy reserve, reduce heat

(甘油三酯) loss and protect internal organs
(22) _______________
Phospholipids Make up (24) _______________
_______________

Structural proteins Make up body tissues, e.g. hair

Enzymes Regulate chemical reactions in organisms

Hormones (激素) Help regulate body processes in

(25) _______________ organisms, e.g. growth

Antibodies (抗體) Help protect the body against

(26) _______________ (病原體)

Haemoglobin Carries oxygen

Deoxyribonucleic acid Carries (28) _______________

(27) _______________ (DNA 脫氧核糖核酸) _______________ (遺傳信息)

_______________ Ribonucleic acid Takes part in the synthesis of proteins

(RNA 核糖核酸)

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2.2 Discovery and early studies of cells

A Discovery of cells
 In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope designed by himself to examine a thin slice of cork,
a tissue of bark.
 He observed that cork seemed to be made up of many small irregular boxes. He named these
boxes ‘cells’, which were actually the (1) _______________ _______________ of dead cork
cells.

 Robert Hooke’s drawing of cork ‘cells’

B The Cell Theory

 In 1839, Theodor Schwann proposed the (2) _______________ _______________ (細胞學說).

 Theodor Schwann (1810–82)

 The Cell Theory states that:

 all organisms are made up of one or more (3) _______________.
 the cell is the (4) _______________ _______________ of life; it is the smallest unit that
shows all the characteristics of life.
 all cells come from (5) _______________ cells.

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2.3 Microscopes: tools for studying cells

A Types of microscopes

(1) _______________ Electron microscopes

microscopes (2) _______________ (3) _______________
electron microscopes electron microscopes
(透射電子顯微鏡, TEM) (掃描電子顯微鏡, SEM)

Working (4) _______________ (5) _______________ Electron beams scan over

principle passes through a ____________ (電子束) the surface of a specimen
specimen or a thin pass through a very thin to form an image.
slide of it to form an slide of a specimen to
image. form an image.

Maximum 1600 times 1 500 000 times 200 000 times

magnification

Appearance (6) _______________ Black and white Black and white

of the image image (7) _____-dimensional (8) _____-dimensional
produced image showing the image showing the
internal structures of external structures of the
the specimen specimen

Advantages Living specimens can Magnifications and resolution# (分辨率) of the

be observed and images produced are (9) _______________
specimens can be (higher / lower).
prepared easily.

#
The higher the resolution of an electron microscope, the image produced is clearer and shows
(10) _______________ (more / fewer) details.

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B Light microscopes
1 Different parts of a light microscope
 The light microscope is a compound microscope (複式顯微鏡). It consists of two sets of
(11) _______________: an eyepiece (目鏡) and an objective (物鏡).

A H

C I

D J

G
K

 Light microscope

Structure Function

A (12) _______________  It is a magnifying lens which our eyes look through.

(13) _______________  It holds the eyepiece and the objectives.

B
_______________ (鏡筒)

(14) _______________  We can rotate it to choose the objective required.

C
(物鏡轉換器)

D (15) _______________  It is a magnifying lens pointing to the specimen.

(16) _______________  It is a lens that (17) _______________ light onto the

E
(聚光器) specimen.

(18) _______________  We can adjust it to control the amount of

F
(光欄) (19) _______________ shone onto the specimen.

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 It provides (20) _______________ for viewing the

G Light source
specimen.

H Arm  We hold it to carry the microscope from place to place.

(21) _______________  We turn it to raise or lower the stage to get a

_______________ (22) _______________ (sharp / rough) focus.
I
_______________  Turning it causes a (23) _______________ (larger / smaller)
(粗調節器) movement of the stage.

(24) _______________  We turn it to raise or lower the stage to get a

_______________ (25) _______________ (sharp / rough) focus.
J
_______________  Turning it causes a (26) _______________ (larger / smaller)
(微調節器) movement of the stage.

 We clip the slide here for observation.

K Stage (載物台)
 It can be raised or lowered to focus.

L Base  It supports the whole microscope.

2 How a light microscope works

 The light from the light source penetrates the specimen and enters the objective, passes
through the eyepiece and finally enters our eye.
 The image observed is (27) _______________ (erect / inverted).

Practical 2.1 Observation with a light microscope

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3 Magnification of a light microscope

 (28) _______________ (放大率) represents how many times an image is larger than the object.
 The (29) _______________ magnification (總放大率) of a light microscope depends on the
objective and the eyepiece used. It can be calculated by:

Total magnification of = magnification of × magnification of

a microscope eyepiece objective

 Differences between observations at low-power magnification and high-power magnification

under a microscope:
Low-power magnification High-power magnification
e.g. ×100 e.g. ×400

Area of specimen observed Larger Smaller

(More cells are observed) (Fewer cells are observed)

Details of specimen observed (30) _______________ (31) _______________

(More / Fewer) (More / Fewer)

Brightness of image (32) _______________ (33) _______________

(Brighter / Dimmer) (Brighter / Dimmer)

Calculating the actual size of an object

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2.4 Structure of cells

A Animal cells and plant cells (Book 1A, p. 2-20)

cell membrane
(細胞膜)
cytoplasm
(細胞質)
nucleus
(細胞核)
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
(粗糙內質網)
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
(光滑內質網)
(×5000)
mitochondrion
(線粒體)
vacuole (液泡)

ribosome (核糖體)

 Drawing (left) and electron micrograph (right) of an animal cell

cell wall
(細胞壁)
chloroplast
(葉綠體)
large central
vacuole

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
(×4000)
mitochondrion

ribosome
 Drawing (left) and electron micrograph (right) of a plant cell

 Plant cells are generally (1) _______________ (larger / smaller) than animal cells and have a
(2) _______________ (more / less) regular shape.
 Plant cells have a (3) _______________ _______________ while animal cells do not.
 Some plant cells also have a large central vacuole and chloroplasts.

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Structure Feature and function

Nucleus  Spherical and bounded by the (4) _______________

(in both animal cells _______________ (核膜)
and plant cells)  Contains the genetic material – (5) _______________
 Controls activities of the cell

Cytoplasm  A jelly-like fluid consisting of mainly water and

(in both animal cells (6) _______________
and plant cells)  Holds (7) _______________ (細胞器) and provides a site for
(8) _______________ reactions to take place
 Allows the movement and transport of materials inside the cell

Cell membrane  Thin and flexible membrane mainly made up of phospholipids

(in both animal cells and proteins
and plant cells)  Encloses the cell and separates the cell contents from the outside
environment
 (9) _______________ permeable (差異透性的)
 Controls the (10) _______________ of substances into and out
of the cell

Cell wall  Thick, rigid outermost layer mainly made up of

(only in plant cells) (11) _______________
 (12) _______________ permeable
 Protects, supports and gives shape to the plant cell

(13) ______________  A network of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs

_______________ (ER)  Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and extends
(in both animal cells throughout the cytoplasm
and plant cells)  Rough ER (with (14) _______________ attached) is involved in
the synthesis of (15) _______________
 Abundant in cells that produce a
large amount of proteins
 Drawing of a section
of rough ER
 Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) is involved in the synthesis
of (16) _______________
 Abundant in cells that produce a
large amount of lipids  Drawing of a section
of smooth ER

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(17) ______________  A small particle not surrounded by a membrane

(in both animal cells  May be attached to rough ER or lying free in the cytoplasm
and plant cells)  Involved in the synthesis of proteins

(18) ______________  Bounded by a (19) _______________ (single / double)

(in both animal cells membrane with the inner membrane being highly folded
and plant cells)  Main site of (20) _______________ (呼吸作用) to release energy
 Abundant in cells that use a lot of energy

Chloroplast  Bounded by a double membrane

(only in green plant  Contains (21) _______________, a green pigment which captures
cells) light energy in (22) _______________
 Often contains starch grains

(23) ______________  Bounded by a single membrane

(small or absent in  Gives turgidity and provides support to the plants when it is full
animal cells; often large of water
in plant cells)

Drawing high-power biological diagrams

Practical 2.2 Preparation of temporary mounts and observation of animal cells

Practical 2.3 Preparation of temporary mounts and observation of plant cells

B Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

 Cells containing a true nucleus (i.e. a nucleus surrounded by the (24) _______________
_______________) and various membrane-bound organelles are called
(25) _______________ _______________ (真核細胞). Organisms consisting of these cells are
called (26) _______________ (真核生物).
 Plant cells and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
 Cells which do not have a true nucleus are called (27) _______________ _______________
(原核細胞). Organisms consisting of these cells are called (28) _______________ (原核生物).
 Bacterial cells are examples of prokaryotic cells.

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 Structure of prokaryotic cells:

cell wall

cell membrane

cytoplasm

(29) ______________
(genetic material)

(30) ______________ (×12 000)

 Drawing (left) and electron micrograph (right) of a prokaryotic cell

 Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane. Their genetic
material is DNA.
 Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Size  Usually smaller  Usually larger

Nucleus and genetic material  No true nucleus  Have a true nucleus

 DNA lying free in the  DNA enclosed in the
(31) ______________ (32) ______________

Membrane-bound organelles  Absent  Present

(e.g. ER, mitochondria,
chloroplasts)

Ribosomes  Lying free in the  Some are attached to

cytoplasm (33) _______________
_______________, some lying
free in the cytoplasm

Cell wall  May be present or  Present in

absent (34) ______________
 Does not contain (animal / plant) cells but
cellulose absent in
(35) ______________
(animal / plant) cells
 Most contain cellulose

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2.5 Levels of body organization

Cell
 The basic unit of
organisms
e.g. smooth muscle cell e.g. epithelial cell

(1) ______________ (組織)

 Similar cells work
together for one or
more particular e.g. smooth muscle tissue e.g. epithelial tissue

functions

(2) ______________ (器官)

 Different tissues work
together for one or more
particular functions
e.g. stomach

(3) ______________ (系統)

 Different organs work
together to perform a
liver
particular task
small intestine

e.g. digestive system

Organism
 Different systems work
together to maintain
life

e.g. human

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