Name: ______________________________ ( ) Class: __________ Date: _________________

2 The cell as the basic unit of life

2.1 Chemicals of life (Book 1A, p. 2-3)
Objectives:
Knowledge: Identify the inorganic and organic chemical constituents of organisms
Skill: Distinguish inorganic and organic chemical by their function
Attitude: Appreciate the wonders and complexity of Nature

Keywords
Biomolecules 生物分子 bones 骨骼 buoyancy 浮力 Calcium 鈣
Carbohydrates 碳水化合物 carbon 碳 cell membranes 細胞膜 Cellulose 纖維素
chlorophyll 葉綠素 cooling 冷卻 genetic 遺傳 Glucose 葡萄糖
haemoglobin 血紅蛋白 Lipids 脂質 medium 介質 nitrogen 氮
Nucleic acids 核酸 Proteins 蛋白質 reactant 反應物 reserve 儲備
solvent 溶劑 support 支撐 transport 轉運 Triglycerides 甘油三酯

Preparations
A Inorganic chemical constituents of organisms (Book 1, p. 2-3)
1 Water

important
functions
of water

My flesh was made by you, and my parts joined together in my mother's body. My frame was not unseen by
you when I was made secretly, and strangely formed in the lowest parts of the earth. ( Psalms 139:13-14 )

- 1 -
 Quick check
True or false

For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).

1. Green plants can make food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis.
2. 99% of the human plasma is water.
3. Before oxygen can be absorbed by an organism, it must first be dissolved in water.
4. All enzymatic reactions take place in aqueous solution.
5. Fats dissolve in water and are transported by blood.
6. Water can absorb little heat with a large change in temperature.

Preparations
2 Function of inorganic ions

Inorganic ions

Nitrate (硝酸鹽) Magnesium (鎂) Calcium (鈣) Iron (鐵)

Quick check Fill in the blanks

1. Most minerals are found in the form of (a) in body cells or body fluids.
2. (b) is needed for muscle contraction and blood clotting.
3. (c) is the major component of chlorophyll.
4. (d) is needed in plants and animals to form proteins.
5. (e) is involved in the formation of haemoglobin of red blood cells.

- 2 -
B. Organic chemical constituents of organisms (Book 1A, p. 2-7)
Preparation

Organic chemical

all contain carbon

atoms

Biomolecule Groups Example Function

Monosaccharides _____________(葡萄糖)
Provides energy
Disaccharides Surcose(蔗糖)

(碳水化合物) Starch (澱粉) Acts as an energy _____________ in plants

Polysaccharides
_____________(纖維素) Forms plant cell walls
Quick check Fill in the blanks
1. The ratio of (a) to (b) in all carbohydrate molecules is 2:1.
2. (c) molecules are small enough to enter the body cells where they are broken down
during (d) to provide energy for various body activities.
3. In humans, glycogen is mainly found in the (e) cells and (f) _____cells.

4. When (g) is tested with Clinistix paper, the test end of the Clinistix paper will change
from (h) to blue or purple.

5. The presence of (i) will give the positive result of (j)

test in which a brick-red precipitate is formed.

True or false : For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).
1. Fructose is sweeter than glucose. Therefore, its energy value is higher than that of glucose.
2. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar and therefore it cannot be tested with Benedict’s solution.
3. Glycogen, starch and cellulose are all made up of glucose.
4. Glycogen is soluble in water.
5. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
Preparations
Biomolecule Example Function

_____________________ Act as an energy reserve, reduce heat loss and protect

___________(脂質) (甘油三酯) internal organs
Phospholipids (磷脂) Make up _____________ _______________

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Quick check True or false

1. Lipid molecules have a hydrogen-oxygen ratio much smaller than 2:1.

2. Lipids are made up of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen.
3. Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol.
4. A triglyceride molecule consists of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.
5. In a saturated fat molecule, all the fatty acids are saturated.
Preparations
Biomolecule Example Function

Structural proteins Make up body tissues (e.g. hair)

____________ ____(蛋白質) Enzymes (酶) Speed up reactions in the body

Antibodies (抗體) Defend the body against diseases

Quick checkMultiple choice

1. Which combination of chemical elements is present in protein molecules?
Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
A. ＋ ＋ ＋ －
B. ＋ － ＋ ＋
C. － ＋ ＋ －
D. ＋ ＋ ＋ ＋
Key: ‘＋’ = present
‘－’ = absent

□
2. Which of the following statements about proteins are correct?
(1) Each protein molecule consists of 20 amino acids.
(2) Many amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide chain.
(3) All enzymes are proteins.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

□
Preparations
Biomolecule Example Function

Deoxyribonucleic acid Carries___________ information (遺傳信息)

(DNA 脫氧核糖核酸)
___________ (核酸)
Ribonucleic acid Takes part in the synthesis of proteins
(RNA 核糖核酸)

- 4 -
Quick check Fill in the blanks
1. DNA is present in the (a) of a cell.
2. All nucleic acids are built up from similar repeating subunits called (b) .
3. DNA consists of two strands which wrap around each other to form a (c) .
Reflection

1. What are the components that make up a cell?

2.2 Studying cells using microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-9)

Objectives:
Knowledge:
⚫ Understand the technological development of microscopes , cell theory and types of microscopes
commonly used today
Skill:
⚫ Use microscopes to examine cell details and calculate the total magnification of a compound
microscopeand  differentiate between observations at low-power and high-power magnifications
Attitude:
⚫ Appreciate the wonders and complexity of Nature
Keywords
basic unit 基本單位 body tube 鏡筒 Clip 夾子 Coarse adjustment knob 粗調節器
cell walls 細胞壁 Condenser 聚光器 Diaphragm 光欄 Fine adjustment knob 微調節器
external 外部 Eyepiece 目鏡 focus 聚集 Nosepiece 物鏡轉換器
image 影像 laterally 上下左右 lenses 透鏡 pre-existing 原有的
object 物體 Objective 物鏡 reflects 反射 rough 粗略
Scanning 掃描 sharp 清晰 Transmission 透射 Two/three-dimensional 平面/立體
Preparations
A Early studies on cells (Book 1A, p. 2-9)
1 Discovery of cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke examined a thin slice of cork with a microscope. He named the
small irregular boxes he saw ‘cells’, which were actually the___________
_____________ of dead cork cells.
Robert Hooke’s drawing of cork ‘cells’ ►

2 The Cell Theory

In 1839, Schwann proposed the Cell Theory (細胞學說). The theory states that:
 ___________________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________________

- 5 -
 Flipped Classroom 2.1
Observation with a light microscope
(Bk 1A, Ch 2, p.16)

Quick check T/F: For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).

1. According to the cell theory, all organisms are made up of more than one cell. ______
2. According to the cell theory, cells arise only by the division of existing cells. ______
3. Robert Hooke used his microscope to observe beehive and found that it was made up of
many tiny boxes. He called these boxes ‘cells’.
4. A compound microscope has at least two lenses.
5. A scanning electron microscope produces three-dimensional images.

Pre-class Worksheet
Watch the video and answer the questions.
http://www.oupchina.com.hk/videos/nssbio2e/video2.1_e.html
(Duration 02:21)

Fill-in-the-blanks
1 Use the words below to label the parts of the light microscope.
coarse adjustment knob nosepiece objective condenser body tube
fine adjustment knob diaphragm eyepiece stage mirror

a ______________

b ______________
______________
______________
d ______________
c ______________
______________
e ______________ ______________

f ______________

g ______________

h ______________

i ______________

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Multiple-choice questions
2 Which of the following statements about different parts of a light microscope is correct?
A The condenser reflects light onto the specimen.
B The nosepiece holds objectives of different magnifications.
C The coarse adjustment knob should be used to focus only when we observe a specimen
under a high-power magnification.
D All light microscopes have a movable stage which can be raised or lowered.

3 Some steps in obtaining a clear image at a low-power magnification of a light microscope are shown
below.
(1) Clip a slide onto the stage.
(2) Lower the body tube until the objective nearly touches the slide.
(3) Slowly raise the body tube to focus.
(4) Select a low-power objective.
Which of the following sequences of the above steps is the most reasonable?
A (1) → (2) → (3) → (4)
B (1) → (4) → (2) → (3)
C (4) → (1) → (2) → (3)
D (4) → (1) → (3) → (2)


Write down any questions you would like to ask in class:

In-class Discussion
True or false (5 marks, 1 mark each)
Based on what you have learnt, state whether the following statements are true or false.
1 When an arrow ‘↙’ is observed under a light microscope, its image becomes ‘↗’.
2 When a 5X eyepiece and a 40X objective are used, the total magnification of the light
microscope is 45X.
3 When the 10X eyepiece of a light microscope is replaced with a 5X eyepiece, the length of
the images produced would be reduced by half.
4 The higher the magnification of a light microscope, the more cells of a piece of onion
epidermal tissue can be observed in a field of view.
5 When we switch from a 5X objective to a 40X objective, the amount of light entering the
objective would increase.

- 7 -
Conventional questions
6 The photomicrograph below shows a piece of onion epidermal tissue. The tissue was observed under a
light microscope with a 10X eyepiece and a 10X objective.

X Y

Calculate the actual length, XY, of the onion epidermal cell. Show your workings. (3 marks)

7 On leaf epidermis, there are pores called stomata and each is surrounded by two guard cells. A student
observed a piece of leaf epidermis using a light microscope with a total magnification of 100X. The
photomicrograph below shows what he observed.

stoma guard cells

He then changed the eyepiece so that the total magnification of the microscope became 50X.
a If 1 unit square of the leaf epidermis was observed at 100X magnification, what would be the area
observed at 50X magnification? Show your workings. (3 marks)

b How many stomata would he observe in a field of view at 50X magnification? Assume stomata
distributed evenly on the leaf epidermis. (1 mark)

He wanted to observe the guard cells in more detail, so he switched to a high-power observation.
Looking through the eyepiece, he turned the nosepiece to select a high-power objective, and then
turned the coarse adjustment knob to lower the body tube.
c State what is wrong in the above procedure and explain your answer. (2 marks)

- 8 -
 d Structures called mitochondria in the guard cells can be observed using an electron microscope but
not a light microscope. Suggest one reason why. (2 marks)

Notes:

B Modern microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-12)

Preparations

Type of microscope Feature

____________ ____________  Light is used to form an image

(光學顯微鏡)  Magnification: up to 1600 times

 Electron beams pass through the specimen to form an image

____________
electron microscope
 Used to study the internal structure of a specimen

(透射電子顯微鏡)  Produces_____________-dimensional, black and white images

 Magnification: up to 1 500 000 times
Electron
microscope  Electron beams scan over the surface of the specimen to form an
____________ image
electron microscope  Used to study the _______________ structure of a specimen
(掃描電子顯微鏡)
 produces ____________-dimensional, black and white images
 Magnification: up to 300 000 times

- 9 -
 C How to use a light microscope? (Book 1A, p. 2-14)
 The light microscope is a compound microscope (複式顯微鏡) consisting of two sets of___________: an
eyepiece (目鏡) and an objective (物鏡).
 Structure of a light microscope:
A

I
B
J
C
K
D

E L

H M

Structure Function

A __________________________ It is a magnifying glass which the eye can look through.

_____________ ____________ It holds the eyepiece and the nosepiece, and can be raised or
B
(鏡筒) lowered to focus.

_________________________ It carries different objectives and can be rotated to choose the

C
(物鏡轉換器) required objective.

D _________________________ It is the magnifying lens pointing to the specimen.

E ___________________ (載物台) The slide is placed here for observation.

F ___________________ (聚光器) It is a lens to _______________ light onto the specimen.

It regulates the amount of _______________ passing through the

G _____________________ (光欄)
condenser.

H __________________________ It _______________ light to the slide from a light source.

__________ _______________ It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a __________
I
___________ (粗調節器) focus.

- 10 -
 __________ _______________ It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a ______________
J
___________ (微調節器) focus.

K _________________________ We hold this to carry the microscope from place to place.

L _________________________ It holds the slide in position of the stage.

M _________________________ It supports the microscope.

The image observed under the microscope

 The total magnification (總放大率) of the microscope can be calculated by:

Total magnification of a = magnification of × magnification of

microscope eyepiece objective

size of the ____________

OR Magnification =
size of the ____________

 Go to
Practical 2.1 Observation with a light microscope (Book 1A, p. 2-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-1)

Quick check Short question

1. Fill in the blanks with the names of different parts of the microscope.

(a) reflects light to the specimen

(b) concentrates light reflected from the mirror to the specimen
(c) raises or lowers the body tube for rough focusing
(d) controls the amount of light passing through the condenser
(e) carries the objectives and can be rotated

Notes:

- 11 -
Reflection
1. A student is using a 10X eyepiece and a 5X objective to observe a stained specimen of cells under a
microscope.
a Why do we stain the specimen before observing it under a microscope? (1 mark)

b The magnifications of different eyepieces and objectives of a microscopes are listed below.
Eyepiece: 5X 10X 20X
Objective: 5X 40X 100X
If the student wants to observe a larger area of the specimen, which eyepiece and objective should
he choose? (2 marks)

c Give two reasons why we should cover the specimen with a cover slip when preparing a temporary
mount. (2 marks)

2.3 The basic structure of a cell (Book 1A, p. 2-19)

Objectives:
Knowledge: Describe the functions of different sub-cellular structures in cells
Skill: Differentiate between animal cells and plant cells
Attitude: Appreciate the wonders and complexity of Nature

Keywords

Cell membrane 細胞膜 Cell wall 細胞壁 cellulose 纖維素 double membrane 雙層薄膜
chemical 化學反應 chlorophyll 葉綠素 Chloroplast 葉綠體 Differentially permeable 差異透性
Cytoplasm 細胞質 Fully 全透 lipids 脂質 Endoplasmic reticulum 內質網
Mitochondrion 線粒體 nuclear membrane 核膜 organelles 細胞器 photosynthesis 光合作用
proteins 蛋白質 regular 規則 ribosomes 核糖體 Vacuole 液泡

Preparations
A What is the structure of animal cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-19)

cytoplasm (細胞質)
cell membrane (細胞膜)

mitochondrion (線粒體) nucleus (細胞核)

rough endoplasmic
reticulum (粗糙內質網)

ribosome (核糖體)
smooth endoplasmic vacuole (液泡)
reticulum (光滑內質網)

▲ Structure of an animal cell

- 12 -
 Animal cell structure Feature and function

Cell membrane 細胞膜

Cytoplasm 細胞質

Nucleus 細胞核

Mitochondrion 線粒體

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (rough ER)
粗糙內質網

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth ER)
光滑內質網

Concept Map:
Use the keywords provided to build a Concept Map or flow chat.

- 13 -
 1 Animal cells

0 0.02 mm

 Human cheek cells

a Name structures A to C. (3 marks)

A: ____________________ B: ___________________ C: ____________________

b State one function of each of the structures A, B and C. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

c Are the human cheek cells prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? With reference to the
photomicrograph, explain your answer. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

d From the scale provided, find out the magnification of the cheek cells. Show your calculation.
(2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________________

Total: 10 marks

- 14 -
B What is the structure of plant cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-22)

rough ER
cell membrane nucleus

smooth ER
chloroplast
(葉綠體)
vacuole
cytoplasm

mitochondrion cell wall (細胞壁)

▲ Structure of a plant cell

 Plant cells are generally ______________ than animal cells and have a more _______________shape.
 The basic structure of plant cells is similar to animal cells. They both have a cell membrane,
cytoplasm, a nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
 Structures in plant cells that are not found in animal cells:

Plant cell structure Feature and function

Cell wall 細胞壁

Large central Vacuole

(液泡)

Chloroplast 葉綠體

Notes:

- 15 -
Quick check
A. Matching
For each of the cell structures listed in column P, select the suitable description listed in column Q. Put the
appropriate letter in the box provided.
Column P Column Q
1. nucleolus □ A. to transport proteins
2. ribosome □ B. to make ribosomes
3. mitochondrion □ C. for protein synthesis
4. smooth ER □ D. to make and transport non-protein products
5. rough ER □ E. to carry out aerobic respiration
B. Fill in the blanks (5 marks)
1. Within the nucleus, DNA attaches to proteins to form (a) strands which condense
to form coiled threads called (b) during cell division.

2. A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the (c) , inside which is a fluid called
the (d) .

3. The plant cell wall is made up mainly of (e) .

Concept Map:
Use the keywords provided to build a Concept Map or flow chat.

- 16 -
 2 Plant cells

B
C

 Zebrina epidermal cells (× 100)

a Name structures A to D. (4 marks)

A: ____________ B: ____________ C: _____________ D: _____________

b Name the major polysaccharide of which structure A is made. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________________

c State one function of structure A. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________________

d Compare the permeability of structures A and D. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

e If the magnification of the eyepiece is 10, what is the magnification of the objective in giving
the above photomicrograph? Show your calculation. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________________

Total: 10 marks

- 17 -
Reflection
Structured question
1. The diagram below shows an animal cell and a plant cell.

cell wall chloroplast

cell membrane
cytoplasm

nucleus
vacuole
animal cell plant cell

(a) Complete the table below to show three differences between the animal cell and plant cell according to
the above diagram. (3 marks)

Animal cell Plant cell

(b) Name the pigment contained in the chloroplasts. Why is this pigment important to all living organisms?
(4 marks)

(c) Give one function for each of the following. (4 marks)

Structure Function

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

cell wall

 Go to
Practical 2.2 Preparation of temporary mounts of animal cells and tissues(Book 1A, p. 2-24;

Practical 2.3 Preparation of temporary mounts of plant cells and tissues (Book 1A, p. 2-25;

2.4 Levels of body organization (Book 1A, p. 2-29)

- 18 -
 Objectives:
Knowledge: Understand how cells are organized in multicellular organisms
Skill: Differentiate the levels of organisation in multicellular organisms.
Attitude: Appreciate the wonders and complexity of Nature

Keywords

tissue 組織 organ 器官 system 系統

_______________
cell e.g. smooth muscle tissue
e.g. smooth muscle cell
Similar cells group
together to form a…

_______________
organism e.g. stomach

Several organs work together

to form a…
Different systems work together
to support the life of an…

_______________
e.g. digestive system

Notes:

Quick check
Short question
1. Name the level of organisation that each description refers to in a multicellular organism.
(a) a group of similar cells working together

(b) a group of different types of cells, assembled to perform more complicated

functions

(c) a set of organs in a plant or animal concerned with a particular function ___________
Reflection

- 19 -
 Matching
For each of the terms listed in column M, select the suitable example listed in column N. Put the
appropriate letter in the box provided.
Column M Column N
1. organelle □ A. lymphocyte

2. organ □ B. chloroplast

3. system □ C. the association of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

4. cell □ D. flower

5. tissue □ E. epidermis of a leaf

2.5 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Book 1A, p. 2-30)

Objectives:
Knowledge: Understand the sub-cellular organisation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Skill: Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Attitude: Appreciate the wonders and complexity of Nature

Keywords

cytoplasm 細胞質 endoplasmic reticulum 內質網 eukaryotes 真核生物

eukaryotic cells 真核細胞 genetic material 遺傳物質 nuclear membrane 核膜
prokaryotes 原核生物 prokaryotic cells 原核細胞 ribosome 核糖體

 Cells containing a true nucleus (i.e. a nucleus surrounded by the ____________ _______________)
are called _______________ _______________ (真核細胞). Organisms consisting of these cells are
called _______________ (真核生物).
 Plant cells and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
 Cells which do not have a true nucleus are called _______________ _______________ (原核細胞).
Organisms consisting of these cells are called ______________ (原核生物)
 Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells.

(6) _______________
cell wall

(7) _______________
cytoplasm
_______________ (DNA)
cell membrane

▲ Basic structure of a prokaryotic cell (e.g. a bacterium)

 Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane. Their genetic material is

- 20 -
 DNA.
 Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Size

True nucleus

Genetic material

Cell wall

Organelles bounded by a
double membrane (e.g.
mitochondria, chloroplasts)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Quick check
Multiple choice
1. A bacterial cell differs from a mesophyll cell by
(1) being much smaller.
(2) having no cell membrane.
(3) having no nuclear membrane.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

□
2. The similarity between an animal cell and a prokaryotic cell is that they both have
A. no cell wall.
B. no flagella.
C. no mitochondria.
D. no chloroplasts.

□
3. A student wrote some features of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells in the following table.

- 21 -
 Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Size Usually smaller Usually larger
Genetic material DNA is absent in the cell DNA lying free in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria Present Present
Cellulose cell wall Present Present in plant cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Absent Present for synthesis of lipids

a There are some mistakes in the table above. Point them out and correct them. (5 marks)

b Give two similarities of these two types of cells. (2 marks)

Reflection
1. The diagram below shows the structure of a cell.

A
B

a Name the structures A to D. (4 marks)

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

b Is this cell a plant cell or an animal cell? Based on the diagram, give two reasons to support your
answer. (3 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

- 22 -
c Give two features shown in the diagram which support that the cell is eukaryotic. (2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

d Which organelle involved in respiration is not shown in the diagram? (1 mark)

____________________________________________________________________________
Total: 10 marks
我的肺腑是你所造的．我在母腹中、你已覆庇我。我要稱謝你、因我受造奇妙可畏．你的作為奇妙．
這是我心深知道的。(詩篇 139:13-14)

SELF-EVALUATION
Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes to indicate your understanding of each of the following sections.
(Note: 1 represents ‘do not understand at all’; and 5 represents ‘fully understand’.)

Level of understanding
Sections
1 2 3 4 5

3.1 Chemicals of life □ □ □ □ □

3.2 Studying cells using microscope □ □ □ □ □
3.3 The basic structure of a cell □ □ □ □ □
3.4 Levels of body organization □ □ □ □ □
3.5 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell □ □ □ □ □
Score: / 25

You can try the following exercise if your score is above 13. Otherwise you would have to do
further revision before doing the exercise.

- 23 -
 are can be observed with
basic unit of life Cells
are divided into
Concept map

(1)
(2) eukaryotic cells
contain

no nucleus or
membrane-bound nucleus (4) (5) (6)
organelles
contains

(3) contains
function controls the supports plant
movement of cells
controls the substances into
cell’ s organelles and out of cell
activities (12)

- 24 -
are grouped into

endoplasmic reticulum (9) (10) (11) organs

function contain contain which are grouped into

(7) (8) sites of chlorophyll (13)

respiration
function function
function function
traps light stores materials
synthesises synthesises and energy for and supports
and transports transports photosynthesis plant cells
proteins non-proteins
materials
 PART II CHAPTER EXERCISE Part total: / 62

A. Multiple choice Marks: / 14

1. The diagram below shows a plant cell. Which structures are selectively permeable?
1
2
3
4
5
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 5 only
C. 2, 3 and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

□
2. Which of the following are the components of cell membrane?
(1)proteins
(2)carbohydrates
(3)phospholipids
(4)glycogen
A. (1), (2) and (3) only
B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

□
3. Most chemical reactions of cells take place in the
A. nucleus.
B. cytoplasm.
C. vacuole.
D. mitochondria.

□
4. Which of the following cannot be observed under a light microscope?
A. Amoeba
B. bacteria
C. chloroplasts
D. viruses
□
5. Which of the following correctly states the example of tissues and its corresponding cells?
Tissues Corresponding cells
A. leaf epidermis mesophyll cells
B. blood lymphocytes
C. xylem guard cells
D. cornea rod cells □

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6. Which of the following statements concerning the discovery of cells are correct?
(1)Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term ‘cell’.
(2)Robert Hooke proposed the cell theory after his observation of a piece of cork.
(3)Schleiden and Schwann observed both plants and animals and came to the
conclusion that both plants and animals are composed of cells.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

□
7.Which of the following is not a precaution for examining cells under high power
magnification?
A. The cells should be focused under low power magnification first before switching
to high power magnification.
B. Focusing should be done using the fine adjustment only under high power
magnification.
C. The condenser should be adjusted so as to give maximum illumination.
D. The plane mirror should be used so as to give uniform illumination.

□
8. When the nucleus of a cell is removed, the cell
A. could not divide.
B. may die immediately.
C. could not obtain water from its surroundings.
D. could not secrete materials.

□
9. When a water molecule moves from the cell sap of a mesophyll cell to the outside, it might
meet the following structures during its journey:
(1) cell wall (2) cytoplasm (3) chloroplast (4) cell membrane (5)
tonoplast
The order in which it would meet these structures would be
A. (2), (3), (4), (5), (1).
B. (3), (5), (4), (2), (1).
C. (5), (4), (3), (2), (1).
D. (5), (2), (3), (4), (1).

□
10. When radioactively-labelled amino acids are introduced into an animal cell, in which of the
following cell structures will the radioactivity first appear?
A. mitochondria
B. nucleus
C. rough ER
D. smooth ER

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 11. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell because
A. it is responsible for producing enzymes and hormones.
B. it works like the ‘brain’ in the cell.
C. it carries genes to make the right kinds of enzymes which are used in metabolism.
D. it controls cell division which is the basic step in growth.

□
12. A microscope has an eyepiece giving a magnification of 5x. It has objective lenses with
magnification of 5x, 10x and 40x respectively. The greatest magnification of this
microscope is
A. 100x
B. 200x.
C. 250x.
D. 400x.

□
13. The diameter of the field of view of a microscope was measured and found to be 0.2 mm.
When certain animal cells were observed under the microscope, it was estimated that 4
cells lying edge-to-edge would occupy the diameter. The average diameter of each of these
cells was
A. 0.02 mm.
B. 0.05 mm.
C. 0.5 mm.
D. 0.8 mm.

□
14. Using the same microscope as in the above question, certain other cells were found to be
0.04 mm in length. The number of these cells that would have to put end-to-end to make a
row of cells 1 cm long would be
A. 2000.
B. 500.
C. 250.
D. 200.

□
B. Short questions Marks: / 13

1. You are given a short length of a young stem. How can you show the regions in the stem that store
starch?(6 marks)

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2. For each of the groups of organs listed in column P, select one type of system listed in column Q. Put
the appropriate letter in the box provided. (7 marks)
Column P Column Q

(i) lungs, trachea and diaphragm

□ A. nervous system

(ii) heart and blood vessels

□ B. excretory system

(iii) oesophagus, stomach, liver and intestines

□ C. reproductive system

(iv) brain, spinal cord and nerves

□ D. digestive system

(v) skull, bones and cartilage

□ E. skeletal system

(vi) kidneys, ureters and bladder

□ F. respiratory system

(vii) ovaries, oviducts and uterus

□ G. circulatory system

C. Structured questions Marks: / 35

1. The diagram below shows a prokaryotic cell.

B C
capsule
mesosome
A
flagellum

(a) Name structures A, B and C. (3 marks)

(b) Give one example of organisms whose cells are prokaryotic. (1 mark)

(c) With reference to the diagram, state two pieces of evidence to support that the cell shown is
prokaryotic. (2 marks)

(d) In addition to structure A, this prokaryotic cell is covered with a thick outer slimy layer called
capsule. Suggest one possible function of this layer to the prokaryotic cell. (2 marks)

(e) A prokaryotic cell generates ATP by its mesosome. Name the structure of a eukaryotic cell which
is equivalent to the mesosome. (1 mark)

(f) Which of the living characteristics is performed by the flagellum in the prokaryotic cell? (1 mark)

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2. The photomicrograph below shows the longitudinal section of a plant cell.

(a) Name structures W, X, Y and Z. (4 marks)

(b) Which labelled structure(s) is / are unique to plant cells? (2 marks)

(c) Structures X and Z have different chemical compositions and perform different functions in the
cell. How are their chemical compositions related to these functions? (4 marks)

(d) What does structure W contain? Name the membrane which keeps the substances inside from
leaking out. (2 marks)

(Total: 12 marks)

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3. The diagram below shows the longitudinal section of a plant (leave) tissue .

(a) Name the plant tissue as shown in the diagram. (1 mark)

(b) The plant tissue consists of two types of cells, P and Q. State two structural differences between
cell types P and Q. (2 marks)

(c) The plant tissue shown in the diagram forms part of a plant organ which comprises some other
tissues. Name the plant organ to which the plant tissue belongs. Use this plant organ to illustrate
the meaning of an organ. (4 marks)

(d) The radius of the field of view as seen under the light microscope is found to be 10 cm and the
magnification is 100 times. Calculate the actual density of pores surrounded by cell type Q in
terms of number of pores per mm2. (3 marks)

(d) When the same tissue was observed under higher magnification, what changes in appearance of
the tissue would you expect to occur? (3 marks)

(Total: 13 marks)

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