A Linean Aebso J A (MAa1o).

Ref i Alez Kinean Algebsa done Rgl AssiSments

Hofman cmd Kn2e
w3. Kumresam Deodlene iTwo cicohs

4 Telin lra
(Thersdy
Morrie
5 Dmmil, fool e Abstec Algeba.
Deposit coPA to D
malbex.

’ Intennal (30)
Assesnenl
Midsem
(a0)
Endsen

Too cT (Not Caraded) Befne mi dsem ersem

D-1.082023

Openchon Abncog opencdion is

e

Called laus opoton

m S.
Gz
A set 2 uoith bircay opnction
aXioms:

S.L.
 st
OIvense' for all a E 6 b

arb= b*a

"A
A is donoted by (G.
2.). (8.-)
OSubgoup
Dbgop Asuynop af Ca is is a set HeG
St

@Invese e eah elemen in HH also belorgb to

is a

ExcenciseD AA aroup con hove ony One elament.

element in G.
Exencise 1. a imique inverse of
j eveny

Semigpoupi AAset ith aalas conpo sition

associotivi satisfed. (N.+)
Loh tie fclentity elamert.
A semigeou
CN,)
 (Ang) dat 3
Any ded
olei
1
3 1
- -1 -1 -1
=3 A2. Ay &1
olefenminamt Find
21 1
9.
1
Null -3 =(A) Nalil
C
+3
=CA) ref
+3
3
-3
3
3
eigenvector
19 o On
called is 9
nd Aofvale eigen called iS then
Neclur
9 noneo
matrix
A Téd Gaiven Def'! tors:Eigenec
Cemplex
Egomalaes
Roots :
palynomial Clanactensie R):
Matrix Anvni Recap
3
 dot -1

-1

A, =2, )
Aq=3

-1
O-1

nxn

dod
det 3-2

3 -a
det

n-1xn

3 det An-a +l dot

-1

/n-axn-2
 Uniuews invh elamonl.
n vehe
b and c

b= b

Hence prod)

1 G
a)
(z mod
Trodulo n
n
a
group

>residue

atb = baa.

We is conmudotve operchion
Commutoive

is S.t

oddide (R.) abelian geot

iderditg: Op a monoid
mudtiçkcodise (t) , ie
distbetive ver
) is

C*a
brc)+a = bra +
Then K is called a oirg
 nxn matices Over
M,(R) =

Exercise 2. Js
) i
Sol: 1f Oncd is prine. Poove

is called
A R-*)
Comutoive ing it commutative.
R c
a Pield: AA commetotive ina s-t

also ca
a
B R, C.

Vecor Space Vecter space Over field Fis

obelian gnoup (V ) st g on oponation
called scalr meiplicaton from fxv -’v
ohene

a
EV

- alo) a +a .
D- 03. O8QOR3

abolim
lmden matipliafion 2{f nis

n k

1hon i must contan te

muttiplicoatie invense
S
k: m= 1

km = 1 (mocl n)
km-1 = nh

’ hm- klh 1
diside 1, in heN
it must
As dasias LHS
Conlsaclicdion.
Hene

Peopostion Arg subgvut of &)is

of the forn (nz)
C.c2 Then if G o
dloim is fulfilled. Lol neQ bt the
naleot poilive integen in lai if
Smallest
meG is deisible n, then G e n z )
But or all héL)
| time

Hen c0
 Fucleidean
Lot mEG be. st. m= nk+
Division)

then TEN
Gnd <h Comtradichion.

D-08.0g-a033Consider aZ+bK or Some a,be N.

ven
now, at+bs,

ar-b)+ (or bs) a(rar)e b(5ns)e aRb

’ closed emden odoition .

acd:thve idetit
larbs) (ar) -bes)) =0
additive inverse

forms a

da d is Smallest
in
Sinae d =d.se dz aZ +bX
St d: a+ bs
d<a, b
d d a'
b: b'

ara be d'a' d'6s

d = dß- bs)
is the
a and b.
 en

4o0rem
Benzots
ohineese Temamlen eorem

teapolation
theorem
Nou bock

m<
et mE N
St

mr 1

is the matipicative inverse

of m in

fielod

and considlon

cHion

modPigeon
p
hle potnciple know the

Gne.
musi be mom
Lal (mod p) , mn.

(mod )
(moad )

Exmples of
of Voctor Space:

Set of alf R’R

· Set of al osfferertalbke nchten in P
Subspacei dt
ded V be o given vecior space
otth (V. -) be Om
abeltan group
S.
Wis clo sed cmdo
muiplication by Hhe elements of F
Hhen Subspace of V.
Say that
Given a vecterr Space
WC V 8.t.

atbe' W a, be
then' we Call a
Subspae of .
D-09.08 20R3 (Tutopial2)
Suhspae of
A w.) cS oa ) cs
ot clocd cmden vec ter el aditim
) s

olot b

a a a a b
a
A a a 0b-c Q-b
a a a-b
b-a
a
a |b- a-b a-b arb a-ba

b-a
b-a
a-b
b- a
a-b

Q-b a- ba
b-a Q-b

b-a A-b
dot
-a

la- b

(-6)
4

1.

(o- det
 -|

-|

D-09.08 2023
OLinean Map/Mor phism/ tomonovphism o Vector Space.
undeaang fold utll be Some for both vector spoes

I somophism of vector
bifechve ineas map (homonor) of spaces is a
vector spaces.
Notoion I somorphism is expressed
R C =
a- tb| a.be R

This map is om
isom exercise

Spon S=

Spon(s): Gy-agaCnnqeF
 Ond WcV
Feopostiorm t V be vecten spoco.
GCW
be sabsae lot ScV be
Hen Spon (s) Cw

dong by anduckon,
Toae
SCu E W

Propostiom S-a av,

aivena subsel
Spon (s) is a subopae of V.
Spon)

amd b,, b, £ F
St

now tor ab e

a (a.u +Gn
 vector JaSuppose 1
to has which vEV
has VinectoT
space vecdor Lot
a be VPeoposiion
acstt
Basis Slondod
thecalled is B
-01
R1nBasis: Stondaod .
ca
spo ectoT
sporsa
Set
Jinecal Abasis O
oned ndependert
indapendent.
onon relation Jimoce
On UsLemdependonce
d Linean
omong relatfior Linean colled is
ondd
if -0 C;al not
S. ofspan e
W
 =1

Lohene not al (i-)=0

Tus we obthin oa cotradicton ineca

poposition et V be a vecHer space omd let SeV

ondened
be a set of vecters. Lot 9eV be omy
Deyfine
Then (9¬ Spon S Spon s' = Span S
P Let
SE Span S.
’ s= S.s.o) ’’ sc Span s
ie. elemenl f S' is in Spon S
WCV is a Subspace f Vst. S#o and
Sc Wthon spamS w
w Span S
Reglacing
Aene, Span S'e Spon S

Span SE Spam S (By defintion of s)

oun
’ Spam
Spon S
SpanS=Span s'
Conseasely is
Span S Ue Span S
then
 O
Ppoposition: L- (U,..s) be a tines ince
Let L:
Sety et EV be Gmy vedr vector Then -

the sed =a,)

is a ndependent set

Pf Lods assume BE Span L. Then

tthore exist
/-1

Loich is a bmea solation f the

elemerts
is
brcaa deçenart.
is deprked

i=1 Gmd all côte

hot 2eO,
Note, because ohessise

Ch E Span L.
Def imde Dimersional vs):
Eveny space colt a fute
Spoming get is a
inte imensional etor sr
 a fate clomen sional
vecter space and let S be a fnite set Hat
Spoms V. Then S contans a basis of V.
PS

1f Anealy
S is linealy indepondent, te proof
is toivial (an S itself oll be a bass).
13 not, then a Linea aelation
al C are not 2e0 .

Span(9. )

Hhis proce ss til 3e ge

We com erlinue
depenolend set, diclis
lincay in
requised basis of V
he

D-10.08-A023: dimensional vector

a finite
Proposition: Let V be incdependent Subset LCV
spae. Then Cy linear
basis of V.
extendable to
fnte imonsional, ihene
Pf- Sina. V is
exist fiite set St SponS = V. 1f

SCL then basis o-f V.

(Spon Sc spon ) =V, hene L.is a
’ Spm L
then 9 yeS St'
1f
¢ Span L ’ )m(Li)is a lncand
indepondent set. Conbcing Hhis pecass oll
e a tasis

Tvo lin Lot s and L be tao finde Saospace

subscte J a vec lor spaco. V s. span S= V ond
inty oindepondent , Then L1 <ls
Pf Lot s(u..om) 1s|=m

HIinean Cornbirotion of tte clemerts of

is of e

Since Spon S=V2L

m

Cgm
Cmn

Qym
let A
\Qm amn

Ax:0 hon a So/

m.
| Cu Oun

Qm
not all S.t.

qw: =0 f, nm a contadichon
’ n<
 Coraly Any oo hases of a dlmension al
vechr
spoe V han he SOm of elemets.
(Damension of a inile \oimdna
Dimon simal Vecterr Spoco
of cloments n ny
of ts bas?s.
Corolony2 J{ Visa dimensional Vs Gmd
if SCV isisa spamming set for V cohenean
SCV
Bndependet set then
lnoanly

D-J6.08-Q083
Corollory3 Eveny seclor spae of dinenslon, n

igomos phic to FP
feld F is (not- camontcal)
m- dimensional

X: EF vector sp.
t h a basi's B

o:FV Notection

()
(el-
Since B is a basis, evey Lecor in
combiraha
ven by a umique lineca
Vis

the elements f B
’ is

ax+bx'= a b

ba

ax-bx 6] (ax- bx)

Oantbe,

ax-bx ta[B]x- blB]x

The matþ is losed tndern linec
Combinaion.
eRrpostin: let tUcv(a finite dinentionn vecdor
be a

kolds s(( w=V

ff Lot L. be a
Subsct W. hen L is also

independont subset of
L|< domn (v).
We Côn extend . s.t

Spon(L). Since din(v)< 0 thus

We can extend times

W must be dimen sional.

Lot B be a basa, al w. Teog e kast
adiointclemens nL
id VE Span B) we com exBen
a bais B of V.
V=B|> |B lim W.
’ dim
oenuotse, V W
 disconnected.
he. Gnd
M.(R)
cat. bndlein GL(R in mo hon
R (R) Mdot
GLu). SL(F)C
nxn ) SL
t1. withmaticos
of On ordon
gpaut Linean . Spectal n (E)= SL.
ordon Notocions *
ofoup lineantOn General GLE)-
p-1 GL(F)= # Thws
ien
se no
irnentible..
31
is
(G)) CL, (-F)e#G1,
Ami
CI.(F)
mahices ible inven Notrelion'
F on Man D-i4.08-Q023
 Sn) be a basi's

finite dimensonde ecky spheo V. lon my

0E.V han a Lmique cxesion tho fonm

Coondnate 19 =

Lot and

Vhen

W:
Amn= (u
af be to
B and B
Lot B and b
Peoposerni Let dimensional accor
bayeo af a Then
fte PeM. ) S.t.
Space V. Thon

callod the matix of

The matotx P is
md Pisinvetiblk.
Chang tasés (fPom Bto
Pe
 Pf- e Thene exist p'em.T) 3.t.

B is alao
a basis

Also [lP'P- 8]P [B])

PP' PP -T
P is Snvenfible

nentibe mcti
o Obsense thot fven amy
Ae GL(E) nd
Qnd ecter
a Lsecte space Vof
dimens;on n and a baois B,

(p]A' -[B]» Be SpanD

VC Spon D.

DeV Span D V
V pan
Dis aa basis to V