36

Fluid mechanics is a study of the behavior or conduct of

fluid either at rest (Fluid static) or in motion (fluid
dynamics).
.‫ميكانيك الموائع هو دراسة سلوك موائع في حالة السكون او في حالة الحركة‬
Properties of Fluids-General Aspects:
The matter can be classified on the basis of the spacing
between the molecules of the matter as follows:
1. Solid state,
2. Fluid state, (i) Liquid state, and (ii) Gaseous state.

A fluid is a substance that constantly deforms, or flows,

when subjected to shear force and includes only liquid
and gas, and the most examples of it are water, air,
petroleum ..... etc.
‫ عند تعرضها لقوة القص وتشمل السائل‬، ‫ أو تتدفق‬، ‫المائع هي مادة تتشوه باستمرار‬
‫الخ‬..... ‫والغاز فقط واكثر االمثلة عليها هو الماء والهواء والبترول‬
• The study of fluid at
Statics rest

Kinematice • The study of fluids in

motion
• The study of effect of force
Dynamics on fluid motion

1
You will recall from physics that a substance exists in three primary
phases:( solid, liquid, gas ,plasma.) A substance in the liquid or gas phase
is referred to as a fluid.

Consider a rectangular rubber block tightly placed

between two boards. as the top panel Pulled with a
force F while the bottom plate is installed, the rubber
block is deformed, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

If this experiment were repeated with a fluid (with two large parallel plates placed
in a large body of water, for example), the fluid layer in contact with the upper
plate would move with the plate continuously at the velocity of the plate no
matter how small the force F. The fluid velocity would decrease with depth
because of friction between fluid layers, reaching zero at the lower plate. Fig. 2

A solid can resist an applied shear

stress by deforming, whereas a fluid
deforms continuously under the
influence of a shear stress,

‫كل ناجح كان مثلك في يوم من االيام يرى ذلك نجاح بعيد‬

2
 Note

As we learned in engineering mechanics the method of

decomposing force into two vertical and tangential
components

Pressure

Pressure is the force acting

perpendicular to a surface area .

Shear stress
Shear stress is the force
tangential to the surface area

3
 Geophysical phenomenon ‫الجيوفيزيائية‬
 Hydrology ‫الهيدروليك‬
‫الفضاء‬
 Aerospace
‫الديناميكا الهوائية‬
 Aerodynamics
‫الموائع الدقيقة‬
 Microfluidics
‫ميكانيكا الكم‬
 Quantum mechanics ‫دراسة القلب واألوعية الدموية‬
 Cardiovascular study ‫آالت توربو‬
 Turbo-machinery ‫التوربينات‬
 turbines ‫خطوط أنابيب النفط والغاز‬
 oil and gas pipelines ‫تدفق الدم‬
 Blood flow

3
Dimensions are our basic concepts of measurement
such as length, time, mass and temperature
‫األبعاد هي مفاهيمنا األساسية للقياس مثل الطول والوقت والكتلة ودرجة الحرارة‬

Units are a way of expressing dimensions such as feet

or centimeters for length and hours or seconds of
time.
‫الوحدات هي وسيلة للتعبير عن األبعاد مثل القدم أو السنتيمتر للطول وساعات أو‬
.‫ثوان للوقت‬
ٍ
Mass, length and time are commonly used in other elementary
units derived units. Its dimensions are written as M, L and T
respectively .Sometimes the force F is used as the base unit.
‫ يتم‬.‫يشيع استخدام الكتلة والطول والوقت بالوحدات األولية األخرى الوحدات المشتقة منها‬
‫كوحدة‬F ‫في بعض األحيان يتم استخدام القوة‬. ‫على التوالي‬T ‫و‬L ‫و‬M ‫كتابة أبعادها كـ‬
.‫أساسية‬

1) The( cgs) System

The base dimensions of this system are length
[L], mass [M] and time [T]; length is measured
by centimeter (cm), mass is measured by gram (g) and time is
measured by second (s). Force is measured by
( Dyne), defined as the force acting on mass of 1g, giving it an
acceleration 1cm/s.

5
2) International System of Units
dimensions of this system are also length [L], mass [M] and
time[T]. Length is measured by meter (m), mass is measured
by kilogram (kg) and time is
measured by second (s)
. Force is measured by ) N(, defined as the force acting on a
mass of 1kg, giving it an acceleration of 1 m/s

.(.3 )Foot-Pound-Second System

This system of units is abbreviated as (fps); the foot (ft) is
used to measure the length, the pound (lb) is a measure for
mass and the second (s) is the unit for time. Force is
measured by the poundal, defined as the force acting on a
mass of one pound resulting in an acceleration of 1 ft/𝑠 2 . The
pound here is frequently identified as pound-mass and
denoted as lbm.

(4) The Engineering System

The base dimensions in this system are Length
[L], Time [T] and Force [F]; and the corresponding units are
foot (ft) second (s) and pound-force (lbf). The pound-force is
the force acting on 1 lb m resulting in acceleration of 32.17
ft/𝑠 2 The unit of mass in this system is the slug, defined as the
mass accelerated 1 ft/𝑠 2 due to an acting force of 1 lbf
.

6
7
 𝟏𝑰𝒃𝒎 𝟏 453.6
slug 0.4536 kg
𝟑𝟐.𝟑 g

𝟏𝒇𝒕 30.48cm 0.3048 m

𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒎 𝒉
𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

1. viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is that property which
determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing
force.Viscosity is due primarily to interaction between
fluid molecules.
‫ تعود‬.‫إن لزوجة المائع هي تلك الخاصية التي تحدد مقدار مقاومته لـلقوة القص‬
.‫اللزوجة في االصل إلى التفاعل بين جزيئات المائع‬

8
Experiments have shown that shear force 𝐹 varies with the area of
the plate 𝐴, with velocity 𝑈, and inversely with distant 𝑦. Since, by
similar triangles. 𝑈/𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢 /𝑑𝑦 we have
∆u
𝐴∗u
𝐹∝ y ∆y

𝐹 𝑈 𝑈 ∆u
=𝜇 =
𝐴 𝑦 𝑌 ∆y

𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

y=mx
𝑦
m=𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝜇 = 𝜏/
𝑑𝑦

‫ هي‬shear rate‫(القص (ومعدل التدفق‬shear stress) ‫العالقة بين اجهاد‬

)‫عالقة طردية) اي بمعنى كلما زاد قوة القص زاد معدل التدفق (تشوة‬

9
there are other types of fluids called non-Newtonian fluids. A graph of
𝜏 versus 𝑑𝑢 /𝑑𝑦 , called a rheological diagram, is shown in Figure
below for several types of fluids.

Viscosity
Examples of Newtonian fluids are water, oil, and air. If a fluid cannot be
described by Equation𝜏 = ߤ 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
it is called a non-Newtonian fluid. On
the basis of their behavior, these fluids are divided into three
categories: time-independent, time-dependent, and viscoelastic.

Time- examples Equation

Independent

dilatant fluids Wet beach sand and 𝑑𝑢 𝑛

𝜏=𝑘 𝑑𝑦
other water solutions
pseudoplastic Greases, mayonnaise, and 𝑑𝑢 𝑛
𝜏=𝑘 𝑑𝑦
fluids starch suspensions

Bingham plastic Chocolate mixtures, drilling 𝜏 = 𝜏° + 𝜇° 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑦
fluids muds, greases, paint, paper
pulp, soap,

10
Time-Dependent Fluids Viscoelastic Fluids

A gypsum suspension is an example of an Flour dough is an example of

erection fluid. Shear stress which increases a viscous, rubbery liquid.
with These fluids appear flexible
Time gives the erectile fluid a constant
strain rate.
and viscous
. Quick-drying paints, some Properties. They partially
Liquid foods and margarine are common recover flexibly from
examples of thixotropic liquids. These fluids distortions that occur during
act the flow. Most
Contrasting with nasal fluids. Shear stress Common liquids follow
that decreases with time gives a Newton's viscosity law.
thixotropic fluid with constant strain rate.

𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑦 𝜇= 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑢𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
(FLT) (MLT)
𝐹 F=m.a → 𝐹 = 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
𝜏= = 𝐹𝐿−2 𝑢 = 𝐿𝑇 −1 , y =L 𝐹 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
𝐴
𝜏= = 2
= 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2
𝑑𝑢 𝐿𝑇 −1 𝐴 𝐿
= = 𝑇 −1 𝑑𝑢 𝐿𝑇 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = = 𝑇 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝐿
𝐹𝐿−2
𝜇 = −1 = 𝐹𝐿−2 𝑇 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2
𝑇 𝜇= −1
= 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1
𝑆 𝑇
(SI)unit 𝜇 = 𝑁. 𝑚2 = 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 =Kg/m.s (SI)unit
𝑆
In CGS system 𝝁= 𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝟏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔

11
The viscosity m is frequently referred to as the absolute viscosity or
the dynamic viscosity to avoid confusing it with the kinematic
viscosity 𝑣 , which is the ratio of viscosity to mass density,

𝜌 = 𝑀𝐿−3
𝜏 = 𝐹𝐿−2 𝜏 = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2
𝑑𝑢 ‫نحول اجهاد القص (𝜏)من‬
= 𝑇 −2
𝑑𝑦 )MLT( ‫) الى‬FLT( ‫نظام‬
𝜇 = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 . 𝑇 −1 = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ‫لكي تتجانس االبعاد‬
𝜇 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 𝑚2
ս= = = 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 =
𝜌 𝑀𝐿−3 𝑠

The common units used of kinematics viscosity is (m²/s),

(cm²/s), (ft/s),[stoke = cm²/s] [stoke = 100 c.stoke]

Density
Density is the mass of a unit volume denoted as
ρ; it has the units (kg/m3) and dimensions (M𝑳−𝟑).
Density is defined by equation .However, the following
definition is commonly used:
‫متر‬/ ‫ وهي كتلة وحدة الحجوم يرمز لها برمز (رو) و وحدتها كليو غرام‬:‫الكثافة‬
: ‫تكعيب وتعطى بالعالقة االتية‬

12
 Specific volume ν is the reciprocal of density; it has the units
(m3/kg) and dimensions (L3𝑀−1 )
𝒗 𝟏 )‫الحجم النوعي هو مقلوب الكثافة ويرمز له (نيو‬
V= =
𝒎 𝝆

specific weight
specific weight or weight density 𝛾 is the weight of unit volume; it
has the units (N/𝑚3 ) and dimensions of force divided by volume
‫الثقل النوعي او الوزن النوعي يعرف بثقل وحدة الحجوم يرمز لها (كاما) و‬
𝒎𝒈 ‫وحدتها نيوتن على متر تكعيب‬
𝜸=
𝑽
𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈

Relative density, or specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density

(mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given
reference material
‫هي نسبة كثافة مادة معينة الى كثافة مادة اخرى مرجع مثل الماء للسائل او الهواء‬

𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑺𝑮. =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

13
The surface tension 𝜎 (sigma) of a liquid is the work
that must be done to bring enough molecules from
within the liquid to a surface to form one new unit of
that surface (𝐽/m2).
‫الشد السطحي 𝜎للسائل هو العمل الذي يجب ان تقيام به الجزيئات لجلب ما يكفي‬
‫من الجزيئات من داخل السائل إلى سطح لتشكيل وحدة جديدة واحدة من هذا السطح‬

𝑾 𝑭.𝑳 𝑭
𝝈= = =
𝑨 𝑳𝟐 𝑳

CAPILLARITY Rise or fall of liquid in a capillary tube (or in porous

media) is caused by surface tension and depends on the relative
magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid
to the walls of the containing vessel or the contact angle 𝜃
‫ يحدث ارتفاع أو سقوط السائل في األنبوب الشعري (أو في‬: ‫الخاصية الشعرية‬
‫وسط مسامي) بسبب التوتر السطحي ويعتمد على المقادير النسبية لتماسك السائل‬
𝜃 ‫والتصاق السائل بجدران الوعاء المحتوي أو زاوية التالمس‬

‫ هي قوة‬Cohesion
‫تماسك بين جزيئات السائل‬

‫ هي قوة‬Adhesion
‫تالصق بين جزيئات سائل‬
‫وجدران مادة صلبة‬

14
 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

𝜃 > 90°
𝜃 < 90°

Liquids rise in tubes they wet (adhesion > cohesion) (𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎°)
fall in tubes they do not wet (cohesion > adhesion) (𝜽 > 𝟗𝟎°)

15
 𝐹
𝜎= where
𝐿
L= 2𝜋𝑅
‫هنا الطول يمثل‬ 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃
‫محيط األسطوانة‬ F =F up 𝝈
Force up =2𝜋𝑅 ∗ 𝜎 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃

Force down =weight

W= 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 mass=𝜌𝑉

𝑤 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ
𝜎 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃
F down=w = 𝜌 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ𝑔

When f up = f down

2𝜋𝑅 ∗ 𝜎 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃 = 𝜌 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ𝑔

2𝝅𝑹 ∗𝝈 𝑪𝑶𝑺𝜽 𝟐𝝈 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

ℎ= =
𝝆 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒈 𝝆𝑹 𝒈
W
𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒉=
𝜸𝑹

16
 ‫الكمية‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫الرمز‬
‫اجهاد القص‬ ‫𝟐𝒎‪𝑵/‬‬ ‫𝝉‬
‫الكثافة‬ ‫𝟑𝒎‪𝒌𝒈/‬‬ ‫𝝆‬
‫القوة العمودية‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫الضغط‬ ‫𝟐𝒎‪Pa. =𝑵/‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫المساحة‬ ‫𝟐𝒎‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫مسافة السطح‬ ‫𝒎‬ ‫𝑳∆‬
‫الزوجة‬ ‫𝟐𝒎‪𝑵. 𝑺/‬‬ ‫𝝁‬
‫الكثافة النسبية‬ ‫‪----------‬‬ ‫‪SG.‬‬
‫𝒈𝝆 = 𝜸‬ ‫الكثافة الوزنية‬ ‫𝟑𝒎‪𝑵/‬‬ ‫𝜸‬
‫الكثافة الحجمية‬ ‫𝒈𝒌‪𝒎𝟑 /‬‬ ‫𝒖‬
‫𝒗‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫الشد السطحي‬ ‫𝒎‪𝑵/‬‬ ‫𝝈‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝒎‬ ‫𝝆‬
‫ارتفاع سائل‬ ‫𝒎‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 1
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT
systems, of the following quantities which appear in
Table 1.1: (a) volume, (b) acceleration, (c) mass,
(d)moment of inertia (area), and (e) work.
SOL:
(a) Volume = 𝑳𝟑 (b) Acceleration = 𝑳𝑻−𝟐
(c) Mass = M or , F𝐋−𝟏 𝐓 𝟐
(d) moment of inertia (area) = 𝑳𝟒
(e) Work = FL or 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2

2
If 𝑢 is a velocity, 𝑥 a length, and t a time, what are the
dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) d𝑢/d𝑡,
(b) 𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙, (c) (𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒕 )dx ?

Sol:
𝒅𝒖 𝑳𝑻−𝟏
(a) = = L𝑻−𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝑻
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝑳𝑻−𝟐
(b) = = 𝑻−𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝑻∗𝑳
𝒅𝒖 𝑳𝑻−𝟏
(c) 𝒅𝒙 = ∗ 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝑻

19
 3
The force, 𝐹, of the wind blowing against abuilding is given by
𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝑽𝟐 𝐴/2 where 𝑉 is the wind speed, the density of the air, 𝐴 the
cross-sectional area of the building, and 𝐶𝐷 is a constant termed the
drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient?

Sol:
𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷𝜌 𝒗𝟐 𝐴/2 CD= 2F/𝜌 𝒗𝟐 𝐀
Where :

CD = dimensionless
4
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT
system, of the following quantities which appear in Table1.1
(a) frequency, (b) stress, (c) strain, (d) torque, and (e) work
SOL:
(a) Frequency = cycles / time =𝑇 −1
𝑭 𝑴𝑳𝑻−𝟐
(b) Stress = 𝑨 = = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 Or 𝝉 = 𝐹𝐿−2
𝑳𝟐
∆𝒍
(c) Stain = 𝒍 𝑳𝟎 = 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔
(d) Torque = Force * distance= 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 Or 𝐹𝐿
(e) Work = Force * distance = 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 Or 𝐹𝐿

20
 5
Determine the dimensions, in both the 𝐹𝐿𝑇 system and the 𝑀𝐿𝑇
system, for (a) the product of force times acceleration, (b) the
product of force times velocity divided by area, and (c) momentum
divided by volume.

SOL : (a) = F x a = 𝑭 ∗ 𝑳𝑻−𝟐 = 𝑭𝑳𝑻−𝟐

Or 𝑴𝑳𝑻−𝟐 ∗ 𝑳𝑻−𝟐 = 𝑴𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟒
𝑭∗𝒖 𝑭∗𝑳𝑻−𝟏 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ∗𝐿𝑇 −1
(b) = = 𝑭𝑳 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝑻 Or =𝑴𝑻−𝟑
𝑨 𝑳𝟐 𝐿2
𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒎∗𝒖 𝑴𝑳𝑻−𝟏
(c) = = 𝑳𝟑 = 𝑴𝑳−𝟐 𝑻−𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽
𝑭𝑻𝟐 𝑳−𝟏 ∗𝑳𝑻−𝟏 −𝟑
Or 𝟑 =𝑭𝑻𝑳
𝑳

6
A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds
and in newtons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in
slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if located on the moon’s surface
where the gravitational attraction is approximately one-sixth that at
the earth’s surface?

𝑓𝑡
(a) Weight = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑔 → 25 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∗ 32.2 𝑠2 = 805 𝐼𝑏
𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚
=25 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∗ 14.5 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∗ = 3580 𝑁
𝑠2
(b) mass= 25 slug (mass does not depend on gravitational
attraction) ‫مالحظة الكتلة ال تعتمد على جاذبية‬
‫وتعجيل اعلى سطح القمر يساوي‬
32.2 𝑓𝑡
‫سدس تعجيل االرض‬
Weight = (25slug)( 6 𝑠2 ) = 134 𝐼𝑏

20
 7
A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, 𝑄, flowing over
3
a dam of length, 𝐵, is given by the equation 𝑄 = 3.09𝐵𝐻2 where
H is the depth of the water above the top of the dam (called
the head). This formula gives Q in 𝑓𝑡3 /𝑠 when 𝐵 and 𝐻 are in
feet. Is the constant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation
be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used?
𝟑
SOL 𝑸 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝑩𝑯 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏
(𝑳 𝑻 ) = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝑳 𝑳 𝟐 (𝑳 𝑻 ) = 3.09 𝑳 𝟐
Since each term in the equation must have the same dimensions the
constant 3.09 must have dimensions of 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 and is therefore not
dimensionless , No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will
change with a change in units . No.

8
A tank contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 2.
Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank
SOL :
𝝆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
SG= 𝝆 → 𝝆𝒇 = 𝑺𝑮 ∗ 𝝆𝒘 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝟑

𝒎 𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈
𝝆= → 𝑽= = 𝒌𝒈 =0.250 𝒎𝟑
𝑽 𝝆 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝒎

20
 9
Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water
content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic
𝑔
meter( 3 )Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one
𝑚
𝑔
cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is(0.2 3 . )(a) What is the
𝑚
volume of this cloud in cubic miles? (b) How much does the water in
the cloud weigh in pounds?

Sol: ) a)
‫مهندسنا العزيز هناك اكثر من طريقة للحل مطلب االول‬
∴ 𝟏𝑲𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟏mil
𝐾𝑚3 = 0.6213711 3
= 0.2399 = 0.24 𝑚𝑖𝑙 3
(b)
𝟎.𝟐𝒈 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑲𝒈
𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈 ∴ ( 𝒎𝟑 )( 𝒈 )
0.2 ∗ 10−3 𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚 10−3 N
𝛾= ∗ = 1.962 ∗
𝑚3 𝑠2 m3
∴ 1𝐾𝑚3 = 109 𝑚3

10−3 N
∴ 𝑾 = 𝜸 ∗ 𝑽 = 1.962 ∗ *109 𝑚3 = 1.962 ∗ 106 N
m3
∴ 1𝐼𝑏 = 0.2248 𝑁

𝐼𝑏
𝑊 = 1.962 ∗ 106 N *(0.2248 𝑁 ) = 4.41 ∗ 105 𝐼b

21
 10 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth’s surface.
Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight
(in new tons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of
𝑓𝑡
gravity equal 4𝑠2
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 300𝑁
Mass= = = 30.6 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81
4.0𝑓𝑡
Weight =(30.6 kg )( 𝑠2 ) = 37.3 𝑁

11
. Water flows near a flat surface and some measurements of the
water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different heights, y, above
the surface are obtained. At the surface. After an analysis of the data,
the lab technician reports that the velocity distribution in the range 0
< 𝑦 < 0.1 𝑓𝑡 is given by the equation
𝑢 = 0.81 + 9.2𝑦 + 4.1 × 10−3 𝑦 3
with 𝑢 in 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 when 𝑦 is in 𝑓𝑡. (a) Do you think that this equation
would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this
equation is correct? Explain.

𝑢 = 0.81 + 9.2𝑦 + 4.1 × 10−3 𝑦 3

(𝐿𝑇 −1 ) = 0.81 + 9.2𝐿 + (4.1 ∗ 10−3 𝐿3 )
(a) Each term in the equation must have the same dimensions, Thus,
the constant 0.81 must have dimensions of 𝐿𝑇 −1 9.2 dimensions of
𝑇 −1 and 4.1 X103 dimensions of 𝐿−2 𝑇 −1 Since the constants in the
equation have dimensions Their values will change with a change in
units. No.
𝑓𝑡
(b) Equation cannot be correct since at 𝑦 = 0 𝑢 = 0.81 a non-
𝑠
zero value which would violate the "no-slip" condition. Not correct.

22
12
The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Determine its specific gravity and specific weight.
𝜌 775
𝑆𝐺 = = = 0.775
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000
775𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = 9.81 = 7.6
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑚3

13 . A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of

liquids. For a certain liquid, a hydrometer reading indicates a
specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific
weight? Express your answer in SI units.

𝜌
𝑆𝐺. = → 𝜌 = 𝑆𝐺 ∗ 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1000𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1.15 ∗ = 1150 3
𝑚3 𝑚
1150𝑘𝑔 9.981𝑚 11.3𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = ∗ =
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑚3

23
14 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water
and for air through a 4-mmdiameter tube, if the mean velocity
is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C. Assume the air is at
standard atmospheric pressure.
995.7𝑘𝑔 𝑠
For water at 30°𝑐 𝜌= 𝑚3
𝜇 = 7.975 ∗ 10−4 𝑁. 𝑚3

𝟗𝟗𝟓.𝟕𝒌𝒈 𝟑𝒎
𝜌𝑣𝐷 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝒎𝟑 𝒔
Re= = 𝑠 = 150000
𝜇 7.975∗10−4 𝑁. 2
𝑚

1.165𝑘𝑔 𝑠
For air at 30°𝑐 𝜌= 𝑚3
𝜇 = 1.8 ∗ 10−5 𝑁. 𝑚3

𝟏.𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝟑𝒎
𝜌𝑣𝐷 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝒎𝟑 𝒔
Re= = 𝑠 = 752
𝜇 1.86∗10−5 𝑁. 2
𝑚

15 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Figure

below it is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a
shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is pulled
at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the viscosity of the fluid between the
plates. Express your answer in SI units.

𝒅𝒖 𝟐
𝝉 = 𝝁 𝒅𝒚 → 𝝁 = 𝒅𝒖 𝝉𝒅𝒚 =𝟏𝒎
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 𝒔
=𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑵. 𝟐 , Pa = 𝑁/𝑚2
𝒎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝒎
𝒔

24
16
. Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate
as shown in Figure below. The top plate, located a distance b above the
fixed plate, is pulled along with speed 𝑉. The other thin plate is located
a distance 𝑐𝑏, where 0 < 𝑐 < 1, above the fixed plate. 23 This plate
moves with speed 𝑉1, which is determined by the viscous shear forces
imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bottom. The fluid on the top
is twice as viscous as that on the bottom. Plot the ratio 𝑉1/𝑉 as a
function of 𝑐 for 0 < 𝑐 < 1.

𝐹 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝐹 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐹 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐹 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚 → =
𝐴 𝐴
∴ 𝜏 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜏 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑𝑢 𝑉 − 𝑉1
𝜏 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜇 = 2𝜇 −
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 − 𝑐𝑏
𝑉−0
𝜏 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝜇 −
𝑐𝑏
𝑉−0 𝑉−𝑉1
𝜇 − 𝑐𝑏 = 2𝜇 − 𝑏−𝑐𝑏

2𝑣−2𝑣1 𝑣1
(𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 )*b
1−𝑐

𝑣1 2𝑐
Or =
𝑣 𝑐+1
𝑣1
Not : If c=0 , 𝑣
=0
1 𝑣1 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = , =
2 𝑣 3
𝑣1
i𝑓 𝑐 = 1 , 𝑣 = 1

25
‫مصدر‬ slides along on a thin horizontal layer of water between
the ice and the runners. The horizontal force that the water puts on
the runners is equal to 1.2 lb when the sled's speed is 50 ft/s. The total
area of both runners in contact with the water is 0.08 ft², and the
𝒔
viscosity of the water is 𝟑. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒍𝒃. 𝟐 Determine the thickness of
𝒇𝒕
the water layer under the runners. Assume a linear velocity
distribution in the water layer.

𝐹 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝜏= = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦 where 𝑑 = thickness
𝐴 𝑑

𝑠
𝜇𝑢𝐴 3.5 ∗ 10−5 𝑙𝑏. 2 50𝑓𝑡 0.08𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑑= =
𝐹 1.2𝑓𝑡
d=11.7 ∗ 10−4 𝑓𝑡

H.W Some measurements on a blood sample at 37 °C

(98.6 °F) indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N/m² for a
corresponding rate of shearing strain of 200 s¹. Determine the
apparent viscosity of the blood ?

27
‫مصدر‬ if surface tension to water is 0.0734 N/m (a) The water
strider bug is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension
acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs.
Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support
the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10−4 N and the surface tension force
acts vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to
support a person weighing 750 N.

𝑭
𝝈= F= weight
𝑳

𝑭 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐍
𝑳= = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝐍/𝐦

𝑭 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝑵
𝑳= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎
𝝈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝐍/𝒎

‫مصدر‬ What diameter of clean glass tubing is required so

that the rise of water at 20 °C in a tube due to capillary action
(as opposed to pressure in the tube) is less than 1.0 mm? For
water at 20 °C (from Table B.2), or = 0.0728 N/m and 𝛾=
9.789 kN/m². Since 𝜃= 0°

𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒉= →𝑹=
𝜸𝑹 𝜸𝒉
𝑁
2 0.072𝑚 1
R= 2 0.0728𝑁𝑚 1 𝑁
09.789∗103 3 1∗10−3 𝑚
𝑚
=0.0149m ∴ diameter =2R=0.0298 M

28
 ‫مصدر‬ the "no slip" condition means that a fluid "sticks" to a
solid surface. This is true for both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two
layers of fluid be dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as
shown in Fig. The bottom plate is stationary. The top fluid puts a shear
stress on the upper plate, and the lower fluid puts a shear stress on
the bottom plate. Determine the ratio of these two shear stresses.

𝑆 3𝑚 2𝑚
𝑑𝑢 0.4 𝑁. 2 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑁
𝜏1= 𝜇1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚
= 20
0.02𝑚 𝑚2
𝑆 3𝑚
𝑑𝑢 0.2 𝑁. 2 −0 𝑁
𝜏2= 𝜇2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚
0.02𝑚
𝑠
= 20 𝑚2

𝜏1 20 𝑁/𝑚2
= =1
𝜏2 20 𝑁/𝑚2

H.W A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface.

Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its
weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an
acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s².

29
 ‫مصدر‬ Fluids for which the shearing stress, 7, is not linearly
related to the rate of shearing strain, y, are designated as non
Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit unusual
behavior as shown in Video V1.4. Some experimental data obtained for
a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below.

𝜏 0 2.11 7.82 18.5 31.7

du/dy 0 50 100 150 200

H.W if P is a force and x a length,

3
what are the dimensions
𝑑𝑝 𝑑 𝑝
(in the FLT system) of (a ) . (b) ', and (c) P dx ?
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

30
 ‫مصدر‬ If V is a velocity, La length, and u a fluid property
having dimensions of 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 which of the following
combinations are dimensionless: (a) 𝑉𝐿 𝑢 (b) VL/u, (c) V²u,
(d) V/Lu?

(a) 𝑉𝐿 𝑢 = 𝐿𝑇 −1 𝐿 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 = 𝐿4 𝑇 −2
𝐿𝑇 −1 (𝐿)
(b) VL/u = = (dimensionless)
𝐿2 𝑇 −1
(c) 𝑉 2 𝑢 = 𝐿𝑇 −1 2 (𝐿2 𝑇 −1 ) =𝐿4 𝑇 −3
𝐿𝑇 −1
(d) V/Lu =(𝐿)(𝐿2𝑇 −1) = (𝐿−2 )

‫مصدر‬ Determine the dimensions of the coef ficients A

and B which appear in the dimen sionally homogeneous
equation

d²x/dt² +Adx/dt +Bx=0

where x is length and t time

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐵𝑥 = 0 (𝑇𝐿2)+𝐴(𝑇𝐿)+𝐵 𝐿 =0
𝑑𝑡 2

[𝐿𝑇 −2 ] + 𝐴 𝐿𝑇 −1 + 𝐵 𝐿 = 0
𝐴 𝐿𝑇 −1 + 𝐵 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑇 −2 ]

Since each term must have the same dimensions:

𝐿𝑇 2 −1
𝐿𝑇 −2
𝐴 = −1 = 𝑇 𝑂𝑅 𝐵 = = 𝑇 −1
𝐿𝑇 𝐿

31
‫مصدر‬ The Capillary Rise of Water in a Tube A 0.6 mm
diameter glass tube is inserted into water at 20°C in a cup.
The forces acting on a liquid column that has risen in a tube
due to the capillary effect. Determine the capillary rise of
water in the tube if surface tension to water is 0.0734 N/m
and density 100kg/m³

𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒉= 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜽 = 𝟎°
𝜸𝑹
𝐍
𝟐(𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟒𝐦)(𝟏)
𝐡= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐠
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐦
𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝐦/𝐬𝟐 𝟎.𝟑∗𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
𝐦𝟑

H.W
A hydrometer is used to measure the specific
gravity of liquids. For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading
indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid's density
and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.

32
‫مصدر‬ An individual weighs 150 lbf. (a). What is the
person's mass at a location where the acceleration due to
gravity is 32.2 ft/s²? b. On the moon, the acceleration due to
gravity is one-sixth of that on earth. What is the weight of this
person on the moon?

a. Applying Newton's law, we write

F = ma
Substituting gives
150 lbf=m(32.2 ft/s²)

Solving for mass, we obtain

150𝐼𝑏𝑓
𝑚= = = 4.66 slug
32.2ft/s²

b. The mass is the same on the moon as on the earth.

where m = 4.66 slug and the acceleration due to gravity is

a =(𝟏𝟔 32.2 ft/s²) = 5.37 ft/s²
Substituting, the weight on the moon becomes

F = 4.66 slug (5.37 ft/s²) or F = 25.0 lbf

33
‫مصدر‬ a. What is the weight of 1 m³ of water on earth's
surface if the water has a mass of 1 000 kg? b. What is its
weight on Mars, where the acceleration due to gravity is about
two-fifths that on Earth?

a. We use Newton's law,

F= ma
where: m=1 000 kg a=9.81 m/s²
We then have

9.81𝑚
F=1000 𝑘𝑔 ∗ = 9810 N
𝑠2

b. On Mars, a = (9.81) = 3.92 m/s² and m=1 000 kg. Hence, we

obtain

F = 1 000 kg * (3.92) m/s² = = 3 920 N

H.W The specific gravity of mercury at 80 °C is 13.4.
Determine its density and specific weight at this temperature.
Express your answer in both BG and SI units.

34
35