You are on page 1of 3

‫المرونه‬

Elasticity Elasticity coefficients measure the rigidity or elasticity of


thematerial in terms of changing its length, size or
shape as aresult of affecting it with external force.
‫تقيس معامالت المرونة صالبة أو مرونة المادة من حيث تغيير طولها أو حجمها أو‬
.‫شكلها نتيجة التأثير عليه بقوة خارجية‬
‫للحصول‬ Elasticity of length
To obtain a characteristic constant of the material which
does not depend on its dimensions we replace the force
affecting the wire with stress, and replace the
elongation of the incident of the wire with strain
‫للحصول على الثابت المميز للمادة التي ال تعتمد على أبعاده نستبدل القوة التي‬
‫ واستبدال استطالة حادث السلك باالنفعال‬، ‫تؤثر على السلك باإلجهاد‬
Stress: Defined as the force affecting the unit of areas
from the wire ‫القوه المؤثره على وحده المساحات في السلك‬: ‫االجهاد‬
N/m 2
Strain: It is known as the amount of expansion of the ‫ليس له وحده‬
wire relative to its original length of unitless ‫كمية التمدد الحاصله في‬:‫اإلنفعال‬
‫السللك بالنسبه للطول االصلي‬
‫النسبه‬
Young's modulus: the ratio between stress and strain
2
N/m
‫مميزه‬
The Young's modulus is a characteristic amount of the material and
does not depend on its geometric dimensions,‫ال يعتمد على ابعاد الهندسيه للجسم‬

The first point is the elasticity limit:. This elasticity limit is the
maximum stress that can be applied to the wire before it does not
return to its original length, even if the stress is removed ‫حتى لو شلت‬
‫الثقل‬
‫هي عباره عن اكبر قيمه لإلجهاد المطبق على السلك في هذه الحاله يعود السلك الى طوله األصلي‬
acquiescence: at this point a large elongation of the wire occurs
‫تشوه‬
when a small stress is exerted and the distortion of the wire remains
‫في هذه النقطه تمدد كبير سيحصل للسلك عندما تؤثر عليه بإجهاد قليل وتشوه في السلك‬
bulk:Elasticity of volume
‫جسيم مكعب‬
When affecting a cube object with pressure (stress) from all sides as
‫انفعال حجمي‬
this body will have a volume strain and decrease in size as a result of
pressure from all directions
‫عند التأثير على جسم مكعب بالضغط(باالجهاد) من جميع الجوانب سيكون لهذا الجسم انفعال حجمي‬
‫ويقل الحجم نتيجه الضغط من جميع الجهات‬
Shear modulus: Elasticity of shape
If an object is exposed to a
tangential force on its surface
‫اذا تعرض جسم ما لقوه مماسيه لسطحه‬
3
‫عباره عن الكتله لكل وحده حجم‬ Kg/m
Density p is defined as mass per unit volume,
size
High-mass material is higher density than those with low
mass of thesame size ‫المواد اللي كتلتها عاليه كثافتها عاليه وهم نفس الحجم‬
‫سوائل‬ ‫اعلى االسطوانه‬
the highest density fluids at the bottom of the cylinder and
low-density fluids at the top of the cylinder.
he density of any substance mostly decreases as the
temperature increase. ‫كثافه أي ماده بتنخفض مع زياده درجه الحراره‬
Pressure at point: defined as the perpendicular force the
affects the unit of the spaces around that point
‫يعرف بأنه القوة العمودية التي يؤثر على وحدة المسافات حول تلك النقط‬
N/m 2
‫في السوائل‬

‫يختلف‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫عمق‬


the pressure inside the liquid varies according to the depth of
the liquid and is not affected by the shape of the container
containing the liquid ‫وعاء‬

Pascal's Law: It states that if any part of a balanced liquid falls


into a limited space under the influence of a pressure, the
pressure is transferred to all parts of the liquid.
‫ ينص على أنه إذا سقط أي جزء من السائل المتوازن في مساحة محدودة تحت تأثير‬:‫قانون باسكال‬
.‫ فإن ينتقل الضغط إلى جميع أجزاء السائل‬، ‫الضغط‬
One of the applications of this law is hydraulic presses.
transfer of the entire pressure from the small piston to the large piston
‫الكابح‬

transfer of the entire pressure from the small piston to the large piston
Pressure gauges ‫مقاييس الغاز‬
1. The Barometer
‫زئبق‬ ‫الضغط الجوي‬
The mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure
‫يتكون من‬ ‫مملوء بالزئبق‬
It is composed of a long glass tube, which is filled with
mercury and placed inverted, in a cup of mercury
‫معكوس داخل كوب من الزئبق‬
‫عمود الزئبق‬
So, the pressure
‫االنبوب‬
of the mercury column at the point
inside the tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure at
the point at the same level outside the tube in the cup
‫فأن ضغط عمود الزئبق عند النقطه داخل األنبوب =الضغط الجوي على‬
‫نفس المستوى خارج االنبوب في الكوب‬

‫يحتوي‬

and one of its ends is connected to the


‫الحاويه‬
container to which the pressure is intended to
be measured P so the other end is open to
the air

Fluid flow: Incompressible- Non-Viscosity- ‫ليس له لزوجه‬- ‫غبر قابل لالنضغاط‬


Regular flow- Its non-circular flaw: ‫غير دوراني‬-‫تدفقه منتظم‬-
‫معادلة االستمرارية‬
Equation of Continuity:
the larger area of the tube section ‫االنبوب مساحته كبيره سرعته اقل‬
has the lower Now velocity
‫معدل التدفق‬
Fluid flow rate R = Av: Defined as the size of the fluid
that crosses the fluid stream section area in the unit
of time ‫حجم السائل المتدفق خالل وحده المساحات خالل وحده الزمن‬
Bernoulli's Equation:

The fluid is static

If the fluid is moving in a horizontal tube

Applications :perfume spray and planes wing design

You might also like