அலகு-8-புள்ளியியலும் நிகழ்தகவும்

புள் ளியியலும் நிகழ் தகவும்
COMPLETE METERIAL
A.SUBBARAJ P SENTHIL KUMAR

B.T.Assistant.,(Maths) B.T.Assistant.,(Maths)
Govt. High School, Govt. Hr Sec School,
Irunchirai-626612, Panaiyur-626129,
Virudhunagar District. Virudhunagar District.
Cell : 9965771582 Cell : 9944277834
Mail id: mathsmasters.vnr@gmail.com
Website: mathsmasters-vnr.blogspot.com
MATHS MASTERS

ப.செந்தில்குமார், ப.ஆ.,(கணக்கு) அரசு மமல்நிலைப்பள்ளி, பலையூர், விருதுநகர்மாவட்டம். அ.சுப்பாராஜ், ப.ஆ.,(கணக்கு) அரசு உயர்நிலைப்பள்ளி, இருஞ்ெிலை, விருதுநகர்மாவட்டம்.
MATHS MASTERS
ÒûÇ¢Â¢ÂÖõ ¿¢¸ú¾¸×õ Á¡È¢¸û ±ÉôÀÎõ. Á¡È¢¸û ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ±Éì
ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀÎõ.
3.1.«È¢Ó¸õ:-
¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¸û:-
¨ÁÂ¿¢¨Äô§À¡ìÌ «Ç¨Å¸û:-
´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ø, ´Õ Á¡È¢ ±ùÅÇ× Ó¨È ÅÕ¸¢È§¾¡, «ó¾
¨ÁÂ¿¢¨Äô§À¡ìÌ «Ç¨Å¸û ±ýÀÐ ÓØôÒûÇ¢ ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ Á¡È¢Â¢ý ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ ±ÉôÀÎõ. ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸
Å¢ÅÃí¸¨ÇÔõ ÌÈ¢ì¸ò¾ì¸¾¡É ´Õ ¾É¢ Á¾¢ôÀ£ðÎ ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ ±ýÀÐ 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , … , 𝑓𝑛 ±Éì ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀÎõ.
±ñ½¡Ìõ. ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ ¨ÁÂ¿¢¨Äô§À¡ìÌ «Ç¨Å¸ø
ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢:-
«¨ÉòÐõ ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃò¾¢ý ¨ÁÂ «ÇÅ¢üÌ ¦¿Õì¸Á¡¸
þÕìÌõ. ¾ÃôÀðÎûÇ ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸Ùì¸¡É Àø§ÅÚ ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢ «øÄÐ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ±ýÀÐ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼
Å¨¸Â¡É ¨ÁÂô§À¡ìÌ «Ç¨Å¸Ç¢ø ¦À¡ÐÅ¡É¨Å, ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾¨Ä ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý
±ñ½¢ì¨¸¨Âì ¦¸¡ñÎ ÅÌìÌõ §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Á¾¢ôÒ
(i) ÜðÎî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ¬Ìõ. þÐ 𝑥̅ ±É ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢¼ôÀÎõ.
(ii) þ¨¼¿¢¨Ä «Ç×
∑𝑥 தரவுப் புள் ளிகளின் கூடுதல்
(iii) Ó¸Î ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = தரவுப்புள் ளிகளின்
𝑛 எண்ணிக்கக
º¢ó¾¨Éì ¸Çõ:- º¢ó¾¨Éì ¸Çõ:-
1) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸ÙìÌî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑛 ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ 𝑥̅ , §ÁÖõ Ó¾ø

þ¨¼¿¢¨Ä ÁüÚõ Ó¸Î ¬¸¢Â¨Å ´§Ã Á¾¢ô¨Àì
¯ÚôÒ¼ý ´ý¨ÈÔõ, þÃñ¼¡õ ¯ÚôÒ¼ý þÃñ¨¼Ôõ
¦¸¡ñÊÕìÌÁ¡? ÜðÊ ±É þùÅ¡Ú ¦¾¡¼÷óÐ ÜðÊì ¦¸¡ñ§¼ §À¡É¡ø
Å¢Çì¸õ:- þø¨Ä. ¸ð¼¡ÂÁ¢ø¨Ä.
Ò¾¢Â ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ±ýÉÅ¡¸ þÕìÌõ?
2) ÜðÎî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ìÌõ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ìÌõ þ¨¼§ÂÂ¡É Å¢¨¼:- ¾Ã×, À¨ÆÂ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ = 𝑥̅

Å¢ò¾¢Â¡ºõ ±ýÉ?
Å¢Çì¸õ:- ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ±ýÀÐ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¸Ç¢ø ´Õ Å¨¸.
¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =𝑛
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:-
∙ Ò¾¢Â ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ = 𝑥̅ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛) þý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢
¾Ã×:-
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
´Õ §¸¡ðÀ¡ð¨¼ò ¾Ìó¾ ±ñ½ÇÅ¢ø ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ÎÅÐ = 𝑥̅ +
¾Ã× ±ÉôÀÎõ. 2𝑛
¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢:- 𝑛+1
= 𝑥̅ + ( )
2
¾ÃÅ¢ý ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ôÒõ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ.
Óý§ÉüÈî §º¡¾¨É:-
Á¡È¢:-
1) ±øÄ¡ò ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸¨ÇÔõ ÜðÊ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý
µ÷ ¸½ì¦¸ÎôÀ¢ø ±ÎòÐì¦¸¡ûÇôÀÎõ «Ç×¸û ±ñ½¢ì¨¸Â¢É¡ø ÅÌò¾¡ø ¸¢¨¼ôÀÐ ______.
MATHS MASTERS
2) 10 ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 265 ±É¢ø, «ÅüÈ¢ý Á¾¢ôÀ¢üÌõ ¯ûÇ §ÅÚÀ¡Î Å£îÍ ±ÉôÀÎõ.
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ _______.
Å£îÍ = Á¢¸ô¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ – Á¢¸îº¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ.
3) ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø ÁüÚõ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢
¬¸¢Â¨Å Ó¨È§Â 407 ÁüÚõ 11 ±É¢ø, ¾Ã×ô Å£îÍ =𝐿−𝑆
ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸Â¡ÉÐ ______. 𝐿−𝑆
Å£îÍì¦¸Ø =
Å¢¨¼:- 𝐿+𝑆
1) ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ Ó¾ø ÀòÐ À¸¡ ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å£îÍ _______ ¬Ìõ.
தரவுப் புள் ளிகளின் கூடுதல் 265
2) 𝑥̅ = = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓 Å¢¨¼:-
தரவுப்புள் ளிகளின் எண்ணிக்கக 10
3) ¾Ã×, ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø (∑ 𝑥) = 407 Ó¾ø ÀòÐ À¸¡ ±ñ¸û: 2 , 3, 5 ,7 ,11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ (𝑥̅ ) = 11
þíÌ, 𝐿 = 29 ÁüÚõ 𝑆=2
¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 𝑛 ±ý¸.
WKT, 𝑥̅ =
∑𝑥 ∙ Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 29 − 2 = 𝟐𝟕
𝑛
407 8.2.4.Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢:-
11 = ¾Ã×ò ¦¾¡ÌôÀ¢ÖûÇ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢ìÌõ, «¾ý
𝑛
407 ÜðÎ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ìÌõ þ¨¼§Â ¯ûÇ Å¢ò¾¢Â¡ºí¸¨Ç
𝑛= Å÷ì¸ôÀÎò¾¢, «ó¾ Å÷ì¸í¸ÙìÌ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ¸¡ñÀÐ Å¢Äì¸
11
𝑛 = 37 Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡º¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. þÐ 𝜎 2 ±É ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀÎõ.
±É§Å, ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 𝟑𝟕 2
∑(𝑥−̅̅̅̅
𝑥)
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡º¢, 𝜎2 =
8.2.ÀÃÅø «Ç¨Å¸û 𝑛
º¢ó¾¨Éì¸Çõ:-
ÀÃÅø «Ç¨ÅÂ¡ÉÐ Á¾¢ôÒ¸û ÀÃÅ¢ÔûÇ¨¾ô ÀüÈ¢ Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ´Õ Ì¨È ±ñ½¡¸ þÕì¸ ÓÊÔÁ¡?
«È¢Â ¯¾×õ. §ÁÖõ ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ø ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ Å¢Çì¸õ:-
¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸û þó¾ò ¾ÃÅ¢ø ±ùÅ¡Ú ÀÃÅ¢ÔûÇÉ ±ýÈ
¸Õò¨¾ò ¦¾Ã¢Å¢ìÌõ. Ì¨È ±ñ½¡¸ þÕì¸ Å¡öôÀ¢ø¨Ä. ²¦ÉÉ¢ø, Å¢Äì¸
2
Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ±ýÀÐ 𝜎 ¬Ìõ.
ÀÃÅø¸Ç¢ý Àø§ÅÚ «Ç¨Å¸û:-
8.2.5.Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢:-
1) Å£îÍ 4) ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¢ý Á¢¨¸ Å÷ì¸ãÄõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
2) ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ Å¢Äì¸õ 5) Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ±ýÀÐ, ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ôÒõ ÜðÎî
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ±ùÅ¡Ú ÀÃÅ¢ «øÄÐ Å¢Ä¸¢ ¯ûÇÐ
3) ¸¡øÁ¡É Å¢Äì¸õ 6) Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø
±ýÀ¨¾ò ¦¾Ç¢×ÀÎòÐ¸¢ÈÐ.
8.2.1.Å£îÍ:-
¾ÃÅ¢ø ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÀ¢üÌõ Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â
MATHS MASTERS
𝑥 2
∑(𝑥−̅̅̅)
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎=√ 𝑛 þý ±øÄ¡ Á¾¢ôÒ¸ÙìÌõ, (i) ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ ) (ii) (∑ 𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑥̅
𝑛
¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý Á¾¢ô¨Àì ¸¡½ ÓÊÔÁ¡?
¦¾¡Ìì¸ôÀ¼¡¾ ¾Ã×¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡Ï¾ø:-
Å¢Çì¸õ:-
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2
1) §¿ÃÊ Ó¨È : 𝜎=√ −( ) (i) ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ ) = 0
𝑛 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 1 𝑛−1
(ii) (∑ 𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 − = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 (1 − 𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ( )
∑ 𝑑2 𝑛 𝑛
2) ÜðÎî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ Ó¨È : 𝜎=√ , 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ÌÈ¢ôÒ:-
𝑛
1) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢Ô¼ý ²§¾Ûõ
∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑 2
3) °¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢ Ó¨È : 𝜎=√ −( ) ´Õ Á¡È¢Ä¢ 𝑘 - ¨Âì ÜðÊÉ¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢ ¾ÃÅ¢ý,
𝑛 𝑛 ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð.
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐴 , 𝐴 = °¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 2) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¨ÂÔõ ²§¾Ûõ

´Õ Á¡È¢Ä¢ 𝑘 ¬ø ¦ÀÕìÌõ §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â
¦¾¡Ìì¸ôÀð¼ ¾Ã×¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡Ï¾ø:-
¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð.
∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 º¢ó¾¨Éì¸Çõ:-
°¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢ Ó¨È : 𝜎=√ ∑𝑓
−(∑ )
𝑓 1) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ 2.8. «¨ÉòÐ ¾Ã×ô
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐴 , 𝐴 = °¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÒûÇ¢¸Ù¼ý 5 - ³ì ÜðÊÉ¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â
º¢ó¾¨Éì¸Çõ:- ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ ______.
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¨Â Å¢¼ô ¦ÀÃ¢¾¡¸ Å¢¨¼:-
þÕì¸ ÓÊÔÁ¡?
¾Ã×, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 2.8
Å¢Çì¸õ:-
þÕìÌõ. WKT, ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ´ù¦Å¡ýÚ¼Ûõ þÕóÐõ 5 - ³ì
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 𝜎 – þý Á¾¢ôÒ 0 < 𝜎 < 1 ±Ûõ §À¡Ð 𝜎 > Üð¼ì ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð.
2
𝜎 ¬¸ þÕìÌõ.
Óý§ÉüÈî §º¡¾¨É:- ∙ Ò¾¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 2.8
2) 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ 𝑆 ±É¢ø, 𝑝 − 3, 𝑞 −
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 0.49 ±É¢ø, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ ____.
3, 𝑟 − 3 - Â¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ _______ ¬Ìõ.
Å¢¨¼:-
Å¢¨¼:-
¾Ã×, 𝜎 2 = 0.49
¾Ã×, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎=𝑆
±É§Å, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ = √𝜎 2 = √0.49 = √0.7 x 0.7 = 𝟎. 𝟕
MATHS MASTERS
WKT, ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ´ù¦Å¡ýÈ¢ø þÕóÐõ 3 - ³ì ±.¸¡:8.3 ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý Å£îÍ 13.67 ÁüÚõ Á¢¸ô¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ
70.08 ±É¢ø, Á¢¸îº¢È¢Â Á¾¢ô¨Àì ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-4]
¸Æ¢ì¸ì ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð.
¾£÷×:-
∙ 𝑝 − 3, 𝑞 − 3, 𝑟 − 3 - Â¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎=𝑆 ¾Ã×, Å£îÍ = 13.67
±.¸¡:8.1 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸ÙìÌ Å£îÍ ÁüÚõ
Å£îÍì¦¸Ø ¬¸¢ÂÅü¨Èì ¸¡ñ¸: 25, 67, 48, 53, 18, 39, 44
Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 70.08
¾£÷×:-
Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ = 𝑆 ±ý¸.
¾Ã×, Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 67
WKT, Å£îÍ =𝐿−𝑆
Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 18
13.67 = 70.08 − 𝑆
Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 67 − 18 = 49
𝑆 = 70.08 − 13.67
𝐿−𝑆 67−18 49
Å£îÍì¦¸Ø = 𝐿+𝑆 = 67+18 = 85 = 0.576
𝑆 = 56.41
±.¸¡:8.2 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ÀÃÅÄ¢ý Å£îÍ ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-5]
±.¸¡:8.4 ´Õ Å¡Ãò¾¢ý ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¿¡Ç¢Öõ Å¢ü¸ôÀð¼
¦¾¡¨Äì¸¡ðº¢ô ¦ÀðÊ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ À¢ýÅÕÁ¡Ú
13, 8, 4, 9, 7, 12, 10. þó¾ò ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
¾£÷×:- þíÌ,
𝑥 𝑥2
þíÌ, ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- Ó¾ø
þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ý ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ 13 169
Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 28 ¬ÉÐ âîº¢Âõ ±É¢ø,
∑ 𝑥 2 = 623
«Îò¾ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ý 8 64
Á¢¸ô º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 18 ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¨½ô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ 4 16 ∑ 𝑥 = 63
Å£îÍ ¸½ì¸¢¼ §ÅñÎõ
WKT, Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 9 81
7 49 𝑛=7
= 28 − 18 2
12 144 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
= 10 ÅÕ¼í¸û 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
10 100 𝑛 𝑛
63 𝟔𝟐𝟑
MATHS MASTERS
±.¸¡:8.6 ´Õ ÅÌôÒò§¾÷Å¢ø, 10 Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û

623 63 2
∴ 𝜎= √ −( ) 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 48 ¬Ìõ. Á¡½Å÷¸û ¦ÀüÈ
7 7 Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
= √89 − (9)2
∑x 359
ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = = 35.9
= √89 − 81 n 10
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 35±ý¸.
= √8 þíÌ,
𝑥 𝑑 =𝑥−𝐴 𝑑2
𝜎 = 2.83
±.¸¡:8.5 ´Õ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼6 ¿¡ð¸Ç¢ø ¦ÀöÔõ
ÀÕÅò¾¢ø
25 −10 100 ∑ 𝑑 2 = 453
Á¨ÆÂ¢ý «ÇÅ¡ÉÐ 17.8 ¦º.Á£, 19.2 ¦º.Á£, 16.3 ¦º.Á£, 12.5 29 −6 36
¦º.Á£, 12.8 ¦º.Á£, 11.4 ¦º.Á£, ±É¢ø, þó¾ ¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ∑𝑑 = 9
30 −5 25
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:- 33 −2 4 𝑛 = 10
∑𝑥 90
ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = = 15 35 0 0
𝑛 6 2
37 2 4 ∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ þíÌ, 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
𝑥 𝑑2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 15 38 3 9
2
17.8 2.8 7.84 ∑ 𝑑 = 51.22 40 5 25 453 9 2
19.2 4.2 17.64 ∴ 𝜎= √ −( )
𝑛=6 44 9 81 10 10
16.3 1.3 1.69
12.5 −2.5 6.25 48 13 169 = √45.3 − 0.81
∑ 𝑑2 359 9 453
12.8 −2.2 4.84 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √
11.4 −3.6 12.96 𝑛
= √44.49
90 51.22 𝜎 = 6.67
51.22
∴ 𝜎=√ ±.¸¡:8.7 ´Õ ÀûÇ¢î ÍüÚÄ¡Å¢ø ÌÆó¨¾¸û ¾¢ñÀñ¼í¸û
6
Å¡íÌÅ¾ü¸¡¸ ¦ºÄ× ¦ºö¾ ¦¾¡¨¸Â¡ÉÐ Ó¨È§Â
= √8.53 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40¬Ìõ.

ÀÊÅ¢Äì¸ Ó¨È¨Âô
ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ «Å÷¸û ¦ºö¾ ¦ºÄÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
𝜎 = 2.9
MATHS MASTERS
¾£÷×:- = 11.45
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 20 ÁüÚõ c = 5
±.¸¡:8.8 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ ¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑥−𝐴 þíÌ, 7, 4, 8, 10, 11.

þ¾ý ±øÄ¡ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ù¼Ûõ 3 – ¨Â ÜðÎõ
𝑥 𝑑= 𝑑2 §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑐
¾£÷×:-
5 −3 9 ∑ 𝑑2 = 44
𝑥2 þíÌ,
10 −2 4 𝑥
15 −1 1 ∑𝑑 = 4 7 49 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 350
20 0 0 4 16
𝑛=8
25 1 1 8 64 ∑ 𝑥 = 40
2
30 2 4 ∑𝑑 ∑ 𝑑2 10 100
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( ) x𝑐
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛=5
35 3 9 11 121
40 4 16 40 350
4 44 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
2
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
44 4 2 𝑛 𝑛
∴ 𝜎= √ −( ) x5
8 8
350 40 2
∴ 𝜎= √ −( )
5 5
11 1 2
=√ −( ) x5 = √70 − (8)2
2 2
= √70 − 64
11 1
=√ − x5 = √6
2 4
= 2.45
= √5.5 − 0.25 x 5 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ «¨ÉòÐ Á¾¢ôÒ¸¨ÇÔõ 3 ¬ø ÜðÎõ
§À¡Ð, ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸û : 10, 7, 11, 13, 14.
= √5.25 x 5
= 2.29 x 5
MATHS MASTERS
𝑥2 þíÌ,
𝑥
𝑥2 þíÌ,
𝑥 2 4 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 151
10 100 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 635 3 9
7 49 5 25 ∑ 𝑥 = 25
11 121 ∑ 𝑥 = 55 7 49
13 169 8 64 𝑛=5
14 196 𝑛=5 25 151

55 635 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
2
2 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 𝑛 𝑛
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
𝑛 𝑛
151 25 2
∴ 𝜎=√ −( )
635 55 2 5 5
∴ 𝜎= √ −( )
5 5 = √30.2 − (5)2
= √127 − (11)2
= √30.2 − 25
= √127 − 121 = √5.2
= √6 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ «¨ÉòÐ 4 Á¾¢ôÒ¸¨ÇÔõ
¬ø
= 2.45 ¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸û : 8, 12, 20, 28, 32.
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- §Áü¸ñ¼ Å¢É¡Å¢ý ¾£÷Å¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¿¡õ «È¢ÅÐ þíÌ,
Â¡¦¾É¢ø, ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢Ô¼Ûõ 𝑥 𝑥2
²§¾Ûõ ´Õ Á¡È¢Ä¢ 𝑘 - ¨Âì ÜðÊÉ¡§Ä¡ «øÄÐ
8 64 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 2416
¸Æ¢ò¾¡§Ä¡ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
Á¡È¡Ð. 12 144
±.¸¡:8.9 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. 20 400 ∑ 𝑥 = 100
2, 3, 5, 7, 8. ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¨ÂÔõ 4 – ¬ø 28 784
¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý Á¾¢ôÀ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 𝑛=5
¸¡ñ¸.
32 1024
¾£÷×:- 100 2416
MATHS MASTERS
2 ∑ 𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 𝑥̅ = = =
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( ) 𝑛 2x𝑛 2
𝑛 𝑛
(ii) Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢
2416 100 2 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
2
∴ 𝜎=√ −( ) 𝜎 =2
−( )
5 5 𝑛 𝑛
2
= √483.2 − (20)2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= −( )
6x𝑛 2x𝑛
= √483.2 − 400 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1))
= −
= √83.2 6 4
𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 + 1
= √16 x 5.2 =( )[ − ]
2 3 2
= 4√5.2 𝑛 + 1 2(2𝑛 + 1) − 3(𝑛 + 1)
=( )[ ]
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- §Áü¸ñ¼ Å¢É¡Å¢ý ¾£÷Å¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¿¡õ «È¢ÅÐ
2 6
Â¡¦¾É¢ø, ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢Ô¼Ûõ
𝑛 + 1 4𝑛 + 2 − 3𝑛 − 3
=( )[ ]
2 6
²§¾Ûõ ´Õ Á¡È¢Ä¢ 𝑘 - ¨Âô ¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø/ÅÌò¾¡ø
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Óõ «ó¾ =( )( )
2 6
ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Á¡È¢Ä¢ 𝑘 - ¬ø ¦ÀÕì¸ôÀÎõ/ÅÌì¸ôÀÎõ.
𝑛2 − 1
±.¸¡:8.10 Ó¾ø 𝒏 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ Å¢Äì¸ =
Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸. 12
¾£÷×:-
𝑛2 −1
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- Ó¾ø 𝒏 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = √
¾Ã×, Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸û 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛. 12
±.¸¡:8.11 ´Õ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¡Ãò¾¢ø 48 Á¡½Å÷¸û

WKT, Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø, ¦¾¡¨Äì¸¡ðº¢ À¡÷ôÀ¾ü¸¡¸î ¦ºÄÅ¢ð¼ §¿Ãõ
§¸ð¼È¢ÂôÀð¼Ð. «ó¾ò ¾¸ÅÄ¢ý «ÊôÀ¨¼Â¢ø,
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑥 = ¸£úì¸¡Ïõ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
2
𝑥 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å÷ì¸í¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø,
𝑓 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑥2 = ¾£÷×:-
6
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 9 ±ý¸.
(i) ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,
MATHS MASTERS
𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2 = √2.58
6 3 −3 −9 9 27 = 1.606
7 6 −2 −12 4 24 = 1.6
±.¸¡:8.12 ÅÌôÒò §¾÷Å¢ø Á¡½Å÷¸û ¦ÀüÈ Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û
8 9 −1 −9 1 9 ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. «Å÷¸Ç¢ý Á¾¢ô¦Àñ½¢üÌò
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-1]
9 13 0 0 0 0
𝑥 4 6 8 10 12
10 8 1 8 1 8 𝑓 7 3 5 9 5
11 5 2 10 4 20 ¾£÷×:-
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 8 ±ý¸.
12 4 3 12 9 36
124 𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2

48 0
þíÌ, 4 7 −4 −28 16 112
2
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 124
6 3 −2 −6 4 12
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 0
8 5 0 0 0 0
∑ 𝑓 = 48
10 9 2 18 4 36
2 2
∑ 𝑓𝑑 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 12 5 4 20 16 80
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
29 4 240
2
124 0 þíÌ,
∴𝜎=√ −( )
48 48 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 240
31 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 4
=√
12 ∑ 𝑓 = 29
MATHS MASTERS
þò¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ ∑𝑓
− ( ∑𝑓 ) ¾£÷×:-
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 35 ÁüÚõ c = 10 ±ý¸.
240 4 2 𝑥−𝐴
∴𝜎=√ −( )
À¢Ã¢× 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2
29 29 þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑐
0 – 10 5 8 −30 −3 −24 9 72
240 42
=√ − 48
29 292 10 – 20 15 12 −20 −2 −24 4
20 – 30 25 17 −10 −1 −17 1 17
240 x 29 − 16
=√ 0
29 x 29 30 – 40 35 14 0 0 0 0
40 – 50 45 9 10 1 9 1 9
6960 − 16
=√ 50 – 60 55 7 20 2 14 4 28
29 x 29
60 - 70 65 4 30 3 12 9 36
6944
=√ 71 −30 210
29 x 29
þíÌ,
83.33 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 210
=
29
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = −30
= 2.87
±.¸¡:8.13 ´Õ ÅÌôÀ¢ÖûÇ Á¡½Å÷¸û, ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ À¡¼ò¾¢ø ∑ 𝑓 = 71
¦ÀüÈ Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û ¸£úì¸ñ¼Å¡Ú ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ.
2
Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û 10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - 60 – ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑥
0 - 10 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 =𝑐x√ −( )
20 30 40 50 60 70 ∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý
2
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 8 12 17 14 9 7 4 ∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑓 ∴ 𝜎 = 𝑐x√ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
MATHS MASTERS
∑𝑥
210 −30 2 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝑥̅ =
= 10 x √ −( ) 𝑛
71 71 ∑𝑥
⟹ 10 =
15
210 302
= 10 x √ − 10 x 15 = ∑ 𝑥
71 712
210 x 71 − 900 ∑ 𝑥 = 150

= 10 x √
71 x 71 ¾ÅÈ¡É ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑥 = 150
¾ÅÈ¡É Á¾¢ôÒ = 8 ÁüÚõ ºÃ¢Â¡É Á¾¢ôÒ = 23
14910 − 900
= 10 x √ ºÃ¢Â¡É ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑥 = 150 − 8 + 23 = 173 − 8 = 165
71 x 71
∙ ºÃ¢Â¡É ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,
√14010 ∑ 𝑥 165
= 10 x = 𝑥̅ =
= 11
71 𝑛 15
¾ÅÈ¡É ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ = 5
118.36 2
= 10 x ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑥2
71 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = 2
−( ) = − (𝑥̅ )2
= 10 x 1.667 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 16.67 ∑ 𝑥2
⟹ 52 = − (10)2
15 ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
±.¸¡:8.14
15
Ó¨È§Â 10, 5 ±É ¸ñ¼È¢ÂôÀðÎûÇÐ. «¨¾
∑ 𝑥2
ºÃ¢À¡÷ìÌõ¦À¡ØÐ, ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ ´Õ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ 8 25 = − 100
±É ¾ÅÚ¾Ä¡¸ ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. «¾ý ºÃ¢Â¡É 15
¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ 23 ±É þÕó¾¡ø ºÃ¢Â¡É ¾ÃÅ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ∑ 𝑥2
25 + 100 =
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. 15
¾£÷×:- ∑ 𝑥2
125 =
15
¾Ã×, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = 10 125 x 15 = ∑ 𝑥 2
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 5 ÁüÚõ 𝑛 = 15
MATHS MASTERS
∑ 𝑥 2 = 1875 Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 125 − 63 = 62

𝐿−𝑆 125−63 31 62
¾ÅÈ¡É ∑ 𝑥 2 = 1875 Å£îÍì¦¸Ø = 𝐿+𝑆 = 125+63 = 94 = 188 = 0.33
ºÃ¢Â¡É ∑ 𝑥 2 = 1875 − 82 + 232 (ii) 43.5, 13.6, 18.9, 38.4, 61.4, 29.8
= 1875 − 64 + 529 ¾Ã×, Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 61.4
= 2404 − 64 Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 13.6
= 2340
∙ ºÃ¢Â¡É ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 61.4 − 13.6 = 47.8
2 𝐿−𝑆 61.4−13.6 47.8
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 Å£îÍì¦¸Ø = 𝐿+𝑆 = 61.4+13.6 = = 0.64
𝜎=√ −( ) 75
𝑛 𝑛 2) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý Å£îÍ ÁüÚõ Á¢¸îº¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ ¬¸¢ÂÉ
Ó¨È§Â 36.8 ÁüÚõ 13.4 ±É¢ø, Á¢¸ô¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ô¨Àì
2340 165 2 ¸¡ñ¸.
𝜎= √ −( )
15 15 ¾£÷×:-
𝜎 = √156 − (11)2 ¾Ã×, Å£îÍ = 36.8
𝜎 = √156 − 121 Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 13.4

𝜎 = √35 Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ = 𝐿 ±ý¸.
𝜎 = 5.9
WKT, Å£îÍ =𝐿−𝑆
ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8.1
1) ¸£úì¸¡Ïõ ¾Ã×¸ÙìÌ Å£îÍ ÁüÚõ Å£îÍì¦¸Ø¨Åì 36.8 = 𝐿 − 13.4
¸¡ñ¸.
(i) 63, 89, 98, 125, 79, 108, 117, 68 36.8 + 13.4 = 𝐿
(ii) 43.5, 13.6, 18.9, 38.4, 61.4, 29.8
𝐿 = 50.2
¾£÷×:-
(i) 63, 89, 98, 125, 79, 108, 117, 68
¾Ã×, Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 125
Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 63
MATHS MASTERS
3) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ¾ÃÅ¢ý Å£îÍ ¸¡ñ¸. 35 0 0 2
∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑
ÅÕÁ¡Éõ 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
37 2 4 𝑛 𝑛
°Æ¢Â÷¸Ç¢ý
8 12 30 21 6 275 −5 47
±ñ½¢ì¨¸
¾£÷×:-
47 −5 2
∴ 𝜎= √ −( )
¾Ã×, Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿 = 650 8 8
Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 450
47 52
=√ −
Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 650 − 450 = 200 8 82
4) µ÷ ¬º¢Ã¢Â÷ Á¡½Å÷¸¨Ç, «Å÷¸Ç¢ý ¦ºöÓ¨Èô
À¾¢§ÅðÊý 60 Àì¸í¸¨Ç ¿¢¨È× ¦ºöÐ ÅÕÁ¡Ú 47 25
=√ − 2
ÜÈ¢É¡÷. ±ðÎ Á¡½Å÷¸û Ó¨È§Â 8 8
32, 35, 37, 30, 33, 36, 35, 37
Àì¸í¸û ÁðÎ§Á ¿¢¨È×
¦ºö¾¢Õó¾É÷. Á¡½Å÷¸û ¿¢¨È× ¦ºö¾ Àì¸í¸Ç¢ý 47 x 8 − 25
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì ¸¡ñ¸. =√
8x8
¾£÷×:-
∑x 275
ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = = 34.375 376 − 25
n 8 =√
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 35 ±ý¸. 8x8
𝑑2 þíÌ,
𝑥 𝑑 =𝑥−𝐴
351
=√
32 −3 9 ∑ 𝑑2 = 47 8x8
35 0 0 √351
∑ 𝑑 = −5 =
37 2 4 8
30 −5 25 18.73
𝑛=8 =
8
33 −2 4
𝜎 = 2.34
36 1 1
MATHS MASTERS
5) 9 °Æ¢Â÷¸Ç¢ý °¾¢Âõ ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. ¾£÷×:-

°¾¢Âí¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ (i) ´Õ ÍÅ÷ ¸Ê¸¡Ãõ ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á½¢ìÌõ ±ØôÒõ
¸¡ñ¸. å.310, å.290, å.320, å.280, å.300, å.290, ´Ä¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸Â¡ÉÐ À¢ýÅÕõ ¦¾¡¼Ã¡¸
«¨Á¸¢ÈÐ.
å.320, å.310, å.280.
2(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 12)
¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑x 2700 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 ==
ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = = 300 2
n 9
12 x 13
𝑑 2 þíÌ, ∴ 2(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 12) = 2 x = 12 x 13 = 156
𝑥 𝑑 =𝑥−𝐴 2
∙ ¸Ê¸¡Ãõ ´Õ ¿¡¨ÄìÌ 156 Ó¨È ´Ä¢ ±ØôÒõ.
310 10 100 ∑ 𝑑 2 = 2000
𝑛2 – 1
290 −10 100 (ii) WKT, Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 𝜎 = √
12
𝑛=9
320 20 400 þíÌ, 𝑛 = 12
∑ 𝑑2 122 – 1 144 − 1 143
280 −20 400 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 2 = 𝑛 ∴ 𝜎=√ =√ =√ = √11.9 = 3.44
12 12 12
300 0 0 2000
∴ 𝜎2 = = 222.2 ¸Ê¸¡ÃÁ¡ÉÐ ´Õ ¿¡Ç¢ø 1 Ó¾ø 12 Å¨ÃÂ¢Ä¡É
290 −10 100 9
±ñ½¢ì¨¸Â¢ø þÕ Ó¨È ´Ä¢ ±ØôÒÅ¾¡ø, ¸Ê¸¡Ãõ
320 20 400 𝜎 = √222.2 = 14.91 ±ØôÒõ ´Ä¢ ±ñ½¢ì¨¸¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ,
𝜎 = 2 x 3.44 = 6.88 = 6.9
310 10 100
7) Ó¾ø 21 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-6]
280 −20 400 ¾£÷×:-
2700 0 2000 𝑛2 – 1
WKT, Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 𝜎 = √
12
∙ °¾¢Âí¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 2 = 222.2 ÁüÚõ
¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 14.91
212 – 1 441 – 1 440
∴𝜎= √ =√ =√
12 12 12
6) ´Õ ÍÅ÷ ¸Ê¸¡Ãõ 1 Á½¢ìÌ 1 Ó¨ÈÔõ, 2 Á½¢ìÌ 2
Ó¨ÈÔõ, 3 Á½¢ìÌ 3 Ó¨ÈÔõ ´Ä¢ ±ØôÒ¸¢ÈÐ ±É¢ø,
= √36.67 = 6.06
´Õ ¿¡Ç¢ø «ì¸Ê¸¡Ãõ ±ùÅÇ× Ó¨È ´Ä¢ ±ØôÒõ?
§ÁÖõ ¸Ê¸¡Ãõ ±ØôÒõ ´Ä¢ ±ñ½¢ì¨¸¸Ç¢ý
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
MATHS MASTERS
8) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 4.5 ¬Ìõ. «¾¢ø þÕìÌõ Á¨ÆÂÇ× (Á¢.Á£) 𝑥 45 50 55 60 65 70

¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ´ù¦Å¡ýÈ¢Öõ 5 - ³ ¸Æ¢ì¸ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â
þ¼í¸Ç¢ý
¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. 5 13 4 9 5 4
¾£÷×:-
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 𝑓
¾Ã×, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 4.5 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ Á¨ÆÂÇÅ¢ý ¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ

¸¡ñ¸.
WKT, ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ´ù¦Å¡ýÈ¢Öõ þÕóÐ 5 - ³ì ¸Æ¢ì¸ì ¾£÷×:-
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð.
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 60 ±ý¸.
∴ Ò¾¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 4.5
þíÌ,
9) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 3.6 ¬Ìõ. «¾ý ´ù¦Å¡Õ
𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2
𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A
ÒûÇ¢¨ÂÔõ 3 ¬ø ÅÌìÌõ §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â
¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ÁüÚõ Å¢Äì¸Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¨Âì 45 5 −15 −75 225 1125
¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:- 50 13 −10 −130 100 1300
¾Ã×, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 3.6
55 4 −5 −20 25 100
WKT, ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃò¾¢ý 3 - ¬ø
´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ô¨ÀÔõ
60 9 0 0 0 0
ÅÌì¸ì ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Óõ 3
- ¬ø ÅÌì¸ôÀÎõ. 65 5 5 25 25 125
∴ Ò¾¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ,
70 4 10 40 100 400
3.6
𝜎= = 1.2 40 −160 3050
3
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 2 = (1.2)2 = 1.44
10) ´Õ Å¡Ãò¾¢ø ³óÐ Á¡Åð¼í¸Ç¢ø ¦Åù§ÅÚ þ¼í¸Ç¢ø ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 3050
¦Àö¾ Á¨ÆÂ¢ý «ÇÅ¡ÉÐ À¾¢× ¦ºöÂôÀðÎ ¸£§Æ
¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = −160
∑ 𝑓 = 40
MATHS MASTERS
2
10 – 20 15 5 −20 −2 −10 4 20
∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓 16
20 – 30 25 16 −10 −1 −16 1
30 – 40 35 18 0 0 0 0 0
3050 −160 2
∴𝜎= √ −( )
40 40 40 – 50 45 12 10 1 12 1 12
= √76.25 − (4)2 50 – 60 55 7 20 2 14 4 28
60 - 70 65 4 30 3 12 9 36
= √76.25 − 16
65 3 139
= √60.25
þíÌ,
𝜎 = 7.76 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 139
11) ¨ÅÃŠ ¸¡öîº¨Äô ÀüÈ¢Â ¸ÕòÐì ¸½¢ôÀ¢ø,
À¡¾¢ì¸ôÀð¼ Áì¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ ¸£§Æ ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 3
¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ.
ÅÂÐ ∑ 𝑓 = 65
0- 10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - 60 – 2
(ÅÕ¼í¸Ç¢ø) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑥 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = 𝑐 x √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
À¡¾¢ì¸ô
Àð¼Å÷¸Ç¢ý 3 5 16 18 12 7 4 139 3 2
∴ 𝜎 = 10 x √ −( )
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 𝑓 65 65
¾£÷×:-
139 32
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 35 ÁüÚõ c = 10 ±ý¸. = 10 x √ −
65 652
𝑥−𝐴
À¢Ã¢× 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑 2
þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑐
139 9
= 10 x √ − 2
0 – 10 5 3 −30 −3 −9 9 27 65 65
MATHS MASTERS
𝑥−𝐴
139 x 65 − 9 À¢Ã¢× 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 𝑑= 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2
= 10 x √ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑐
65 x 65
20.5 – 24.5 22.5 15 −12 −3 −45 9 135
9035 − 9
= 10 x √ 24.5 – 28.5 26.5 18 −8 −2 −36 4 72
65 x 65
28.5 – 32.5 30.5 20 −4 −1 −20 1 20
9026
= 10 x √ 32.5 – 36.5 0
65 x 65 34.5 16 0 0 0 0
√9026 36.5 – 40.5 38.5 8 4 1 8 1 8

= 10 x
65 40.5 – 44.5 42.5 7 8 2 14 4 28
10 x 95.005 263
= 84 −79
65
þíÌ,
= 10 x 1.46
∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 263
𝜎 = 14.6
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = −79
12) ´Õ ¦¾¡Æ¢üº¡¨ÄÂ¢ø ¾Â¡Ã¢ì¸ôÀð¼ ¾ðÎ¸Ç¢ý Å¢ð¼
«Ç×¸û (¦º.Á£ - ø) ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. þ¾ý ∑ 𝑓 = 84
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸.
2
Å¢ð¼í¸û (¦º.Á£) 21 - 25 - 29 - 33 - 37 - 41 – ∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = 𝑐 x √ −( )
𝑥 24 28 32 36 40 44 ∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
¾ðÎ¸Ç¢ý
15 18 20 16 8 7 263 −79 2
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 𝑓 ∴ 𝜎 = 4x √ −( )
84 84
¾£÷×:-
¾É¢ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢¨Â ¦¾¡¼÷îîº¢Â¡É þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¡¸ 263 792
Á¡üÚÅ¾üÌ «ó¾ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ý Ì¨Èó¾Àðº ±ø¨Ä =4x√ −
84 842
Á¾¢ô¨À 0.5 ¬ø ¸Æ¢ì¸×õ, «¾¢¸Àðº ±ø¨Ä Á¾¢ô¨À 0.5
¬ø Üð¼×õ §ÅñÎõ.
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 34.5 ÁüÚõ c = 4 ±ý¸.
MATHS MASTERS
À¢Ã¢×
𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2
263 6241 þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢
=4x√ −
84 842 8.5 – 9.5 9 6 −2 −12 4 24
263 x 84 − 6241 9.5 – 10.5 10 8 −1 −8 1 8

=4x√
84 x 84
10.5 – 11.5 11 17 0 0 0 0
22092 − 6241 11.5 – 12.5 12 10 1 10 1 10

=4x√
84 x 84
12.5 – 13.5 13 9 2 18 4 36
15851
=4x√ 50 8 78
84 x 84
þíÌ,
√15851 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 78
=4x
84
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 8
125.9
= ∑ 𝑓 = 50
21
𝜎 = 5.995 2
∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
13) 50 Á¡½Å÷¸û 100 Á£ð¼÷ àÃò¨¾ ¸¼ì¸ ±ÎòÐì¦¸¡ñ¼ 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
¸¡Ä «Ç×¸û ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. «ÅüÈ¢ý
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-5]
±ÎòÐì¦¸¡ñ¼ 78 8 2
§¿Ãõ (Å¢É¡Ê¸Ç¢ø) 8.5 – 9.5 – 10.5 – 11.5 – 12.5 – ∴𝜎=√ −( )
50 50
𝑥 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5
Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý 78 82
6 8 17 10 9 = √ −
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 𝑓 50 502
¾£÷×:-
°¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 11 ±ý¸. 78 64
=√ − 2
50 50
MATHS MASTERS
78 x 50 − 64 60 x 100 = ∑ 𝑥
=√
50 x 50
∑ 𝑥 = 6000
3900 − 64 ¾ÅÈ¡É ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑥 = 6000

=√
50 x 50 ¾ÅÈ¡É Á¾¢ôÒ¸û = 40 ÁüÚõ 27
ºÃ¢Â¡É Á¾¢ôÒ¸û = 45 ÁüÚõ 72
3836 ºÃ¢Â¡É ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑥 = 6000 − 40 − 27 + 45 + 72
=√
50 x 50 = 6000 − 67 + 117
61.94 = 6117 − 67
=
50 = 6050
∙ ºÃ¢Â¡É ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,
= 1.238
∑ 𝑥 6050
= 𝑥̅ == 60.5
= 1.24 𝑛 100
14) 100 Á¡½Å÷¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ ´Õ ÌØÅ¢ø, «Å÷¸û ±Îò¾ ¾ÅÈ¡É ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ = 5
Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ Ó¨È§Â ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥2
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 2 = −( 𝑛 ) = − (𝑥̅ )2
60 ÁüÚõ 15 ¬Ìõ. 45 ÁüÚõ 72 ±ýÈ þÕ
À¢ýÉ÷ 𝑛 𝑛
Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸ÙìÌô À¾¢Ä¡¸ Ó¨È§Â 40 ÁüÚõ 27 ±ýÚ ∑ 𝑥2

¾ÅÈ¡¸ô À¾¢× ¦ºöÂôÀð¼Ð ¦¾Ã¢Â Åó¾Ð. «Åü¨Èî ⟹ 152 = − (60)2
100
ºÃ¢ ¦ºö¾¡ø ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Ôõ
∑ 𝑥2
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Óõ ¸¡ñ¸. 225 = − 3600
¾£÷×:- 100
∑ 𝑥2
¾Ã×, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = 60 225 + 3600 =
100
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 15 ÁüÚõ 𝑛 = 100
∑ 𝑥2
∑𝑥 3825 =
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝑥̅ = 100
𝑛
∑𝑥 3825 x 100 = ∑ 𝑥 2
⟹ 60 =
100
∑ 𝑥 2 = 382500
MATHS MASTERS
¾ÅÈ¡É ∑ 𝑥 2 = 382500 5 ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸û : 2, 4, 10, 12, 14

ºÃ¢Â¡É ∑ 𝑥 2 = 382500 − 402 − 272 + 452 + 722
= 382500 − 1600 − 729 + 2025 + 5184 Á£¾õ ¯ûÇ þÕ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸û Ó¨È§Â 𝑎 ÁüÚõ 𝑏 ±ý¸.
= 382500 − 2329 + 7209 ∑𝑥
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
= 382500 + 4880
2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
= 387380 ⟹ 8=
7
∙ ºÃ¢Â¡É ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 8 x 7 = 42 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
2 56 − 42 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
𝜎=√ −( ) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 14
𝑛 𝑛
𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎 → (𝟏)
2
387380 6050 2 ∑ 𝑥2
2
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑥2
𝜎= √ −( ) 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = −( ) = − (𝑥̅ )2
100 100 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∑ 𝑥2
⟹ 16 = − (8)2
𝜎 = √3873.80 − (60.5)2 7
∑ 𝑥2
𝜎 = √3873.80 − 3660.25 16 = − 64
7
∑𝑥 2
𝜎 = √213.55 16 + 64 =
7
𝜎 = 14.61 ∑ 𝑥2
∙ ºÃ¢Â¡É ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = 60.5 80 =
7
ºÃ¢Â¡É ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 14.61 80 x 7 = ∑ 𝑥 2
15) ²Ø ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢
∑ 𝑥 2 = 560
Ó¨È§Â 8, 16 ¬Ìõ. «¾¢ø ³óÐ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸û
2, 4, 10, 12 ÁüÚõ 14 ±É¢ø Á£¾õ ¯ûÇ þÕ ¾Ã×ô 22 + 42 + 102 + 122 + 142 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 560
ÒûÇ¢¸¨Çì ¸ñ¼È¢¸. 4 + 16 + 100 + 144 + 196 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 560
¾£÷×:- 460 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 560
¾Ã×, 𝑛=7 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 560 − 460
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = 8 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 100 → (𝟐)
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 2 = 16 𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎 þý Á¾¢ô¨À ºÁýÀ¡Î (𝟐) þø À¢Ã¾¢Â¢¼,
𝑎2 + (14 − 𝑎)2 = 100
MATHS MASTERS
𝑎2 + (14)2 + 𝑎2 − 2(14)(𝑎) = 100 ¬¸¢ÂÅü¨Èî º¡÷óÐ þÕìÌõ.

4) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ 8 ÁüÚõ 2
2𝑎2 + 196 − 28𝑎 − 100 = 0 +48 −14
±É¢ø, «¾ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ _______ ¬Ìõ.
2𝑎2 − 28𝑎 + 96 = 0 −8 −6 5) þÃñÎ ¾Ã×¸¨Ç ´ôÀ¢Îõ §À¡Ð, ±ó¾ò ¾ÃÅ¢ý
2
2(𝑎 − 14𝑎 + 48) = 0 Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø _______ þÕìÌ§Á¡ «Ð º£÷¨Áò
𝑎 𝑎 ¾ý¨ÁÂüÈ¾¡¸ þÕìÌõ.
𝑎2 − 14𝑎 − 48 = 0 Å¢¨¼:-
(𝑎 − 8)(𝑎 − 6) = 0 1) ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
𝑎 − 8 = 0 «øÄÐ 𝑎−6=0 2) Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø
𝑎=8 𝑎=6 3) ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
𝑎 = 8 ±É¢ø, 𝑏 = 14 − 8 = 6 4) ¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 8 , 𝜎 = 2
𝑎 = 6 ±É¢ø, 𝑏 = 14 − 6 = 8 WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 =
𝜎
x 100%
𝑥̅
∙ Á£¾õ ¯ûÇ þÕ ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸û 6 ÁüÚõ 8 2
8.3.Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = 25%
8
þÃñÎ «øÄÐ «¾üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ ¾Ã×¸Ç¢ý ´ò¾ 5) «¾¢¸Á¡¸
Á¡üÈí¸¨Ç ´ôÀ¢¼ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¾¢üÌ ¦¾¡¼÷Ò¨¼Â
±.¸¡:8.15 ¾ÃÅ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ 25.6 ÁüÚõ
«ÇÅ¡É, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø ÀÂýÀÎò¾ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ.
´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì ¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ, «¾ý
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ 18.75 ±É¢ø, «¾ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¢É¡ø ÅÌìÌõ §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾¡Ìõ. ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-3]
þÐ ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸î º¾Å£¾ò¾¢ø ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢¼ôÀÎõ. þó¾ì ¸Õò¨¾ ¾£÷×:-
¿ÁìÌ «Ç¢ò¾Å÷ Á¢¸×õ Ò¸ú ¦ÀüÈ ÒûÇ¢Â¢ÂÄ¡Ç÷ ¸¡÷ø
¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 25.6 , 𝐶. 𝑉 = 18.75
À¢Â÷ºý ¬Å¡÷.
𝜎 𝜎
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅ 𝑥̅
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:-
𝜎
þÃñÎ ¾Ã×¸Ç¢ø, ±ó¾ò ¾ÃÅ¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø 18.75 = 25.6 x 100
Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ ¯ûÇ§¾¡ «Ð «¾¢¸î º£÷¨Áò¾ý¨Á ¯¨¼ÂÐ
«øÄÐ «¾¢¸ ¿¢¨ÄôÒò¾ý¨Á ¯¨¼ÂÐ ±ÉÄ¡õ. 18.75 x 25.6
=𝜎
Óý§ÉüÈî §º¡¾¨É:- 100
1) Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ ______ º¡÷ó¾ Á¡üÈò¨¾ 480
¸½ì¸¢¼ ¯¾×õ. 𝜎=
100
2) ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ø ÅÌò¾¡ø ¸¢¨¼ôÀÐ ____.
3) Á¡ÚôÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ _______ ÁüÚõ ________ 𝜎 = 4.8
MATHS MASTERS
±.¸¡:8.16 À¢ýÅÕõ «ð¼Å¨½Â¢ø ´Õ ÀûÇ¢Â¢ý Àò¾¡õ ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8.2
ÅÌôÒ Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý ¯ÂÃõ ÁüÚõ ±¨¼¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ
1) ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ÁüÚõ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ¬¸¢ÂÉ Ó¨È§Â 6.5
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ¬¸¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸û ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ.
þÅüÈ¢ø ±Ð Áü¦È¡ý¨È Å¢¼ «¾¢¸ §ÅÚÀ¡Î ¯¨¼ÂÐ? ÁüÚõ 12.5 ±É¢ø, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. [GMQ]
[PTA-6] ¾£÷×:-
±¨¼ ¾Ã×, 𝜎 = 6.5 , 𝑥̅ = 12.5
¯ÂÃõ
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 155 ¦º.Á£ 46.50 ¸¢.¸¢ 𝜎

WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 72.25 ¦º.Á£2 28.09 ¸¢.¸¢2
6.5
¾£÷×:- = x 100
12.5
¯ÂÃò¾¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:- ±¨¼Â¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
¾Ã×, 𝜎 𝟐 = 72.25 , 𝑥̅ = 155 ¾Ã×, 𝜎 𝟐 = 28.09 , 𝑥̅ = 46.50 650

=
12.5
𝜎 = 8.5 𝜎 = 5.3
6500
𝜎 𝜎 =
WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% 125
𝑥̅ 𝑥̅
8.5 5.3 = 52 %
= 155 x 100 = 46.5 x 100
2) ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ÁüÚõ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø ¬¸¢ÂÉ
850 530 Ó¨È§Â 1.2 ÁüÚõ 25.6 ±É¢ø, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¨Âì ¸¡ñ¸.

= = ¾£÷×:-
155 46.5
¾Ã×, 𝜎 = 1.2 , 𝐶. 𝑉 = 25.6
170 5300
= = 𝜎
31 465 WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅
= 5.48 % = 11.39 % 1.2

25.6 = x 100
𝑥̅
±¨¼Â¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø ¯ÂÃò¾¢ý
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Å Å¢¼ «¾¢¸õ ¯ûÇ¾¡ø, ±¨¼Â¡ÉÐ 1.2 x 100
«¾¢¸ §ÅÚÀ¡Î ¯¨¼ÂÐ. 𝑥̅ =
25.6
MATHS MASTERS
120 = √117
𝑥̅ =
25.6
= 10.817
𝜎 = 4.6875 𝜎
WKT, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅
3) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ó¨È§Â 15
10.817
ÁüÚõ 48 ±É¢ø, «¾ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì ¸¡ñ¸. = x 100
6
¾£÷×:-
1081.7
¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 15 , 𝐶. 𝑉 = 48 =
6
𝜎
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% = 180.28 %
𝑥̅
𝜎
5) 24, 26, 33, 37, 29, 31 ±ýÈ ¾Ã×¸ÙìÌ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Åì
48 = 15 x 100 ¸¡ñ¸. [GMQ]
48 x 15
=𝜎 ¾£÷×:-
100
∑ 𝑥 180
720 𝑥̅ = = = 30
𝜎= 𝑛 6
100
𝜎 = 7.2 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2
4) 𝑛 = 5, 𝑥̅ = 6, ∑ 𝑥 2 = 765 ±É¢ø, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Åì þíÌ,
¸¡ñ¸. 24 −6 36
¾£÷×:- ∑ 𝑑2 = 112
26 −4 16
¾Ã×, 𝑛 = 5, 𝑥̅ = 6, ∑ 𝑥 2 = 765 𝑛=6
33 3 9
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 37 7 49
WKT, 𝜎=√ −( 𝑛 ) ∑ 𝑑2
𝑛
29 −1 1 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√
𝑛
765 31 1 1
=√ − (6)2
5
180 112
= √153 − 36
MATHS MASTERS
43 −2 4
112
𝜎 =√ 49 4 16
6
3 8 64
= √18.666
360 164
= √18.67
= 4.321 ∑ 𝑑2
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√
∴ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø, 𝑛
𝜎 164
𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 % ∴ 𝜎=√
𝑥̅ 8
4.321 = √20.5
= x 100
30 = 4.53
43.21
= 𝜎
3 ∴ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø = x 100%
𝑥̅
= 14.4 % 4.53
= x 100
6) 8 Á¡½Å÷¸û ´Õ ¿¡Ç¢ø Å£ðÎôÀ¡¼ò¨¾ ÓÊôÀ¾üÌ 45
±ÎòÐì ¦¸¡ûÙõ ¸¡Ä «Ç×¸û (¿¢Á¢¼í¸Ç¢ø) 453
=
À¢ýÅÕÁ¡Ú ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. 38, 40, 47, 44, 46, 43, 49, 45
53. þò¾ÃÅ¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:- = 10.066
∑ 𝑥 360 = 10.07 %
𝑥̅ = = = 45
𝑛 8
7) ºòÂ¡ ÁüÚõ Å¢òÂ¡ þÕÅÕõ 5 À¡¼í¸Ç¢ø ¦ÀüÈ ¦Á¡ò¾
𝑑 2 þíÌ, Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û Ó¨È§Â 460 ÁüÚõ 480 ¬Ìõ. §ÁÖõ
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
«¾ý ¾¢ð¼ Å¢Äì¸í¸û Ó¨È§Â 4.6 ÁüÚõ 2.4 ±É¢ø,
38 −7 49 ∑ 𝑑 2 = 164 Â¡Õ¨¼Â ¦ºÂø¾¢ÈÉ Á¢Ìó¾ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨Á ¦¸¡ñ¼Ð?
40 −5 25 ¾£÷×:-
47 2 4 𝑛=8 ºòÂ¡Å¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
44 −1 1 ¾Ã×, 𝑛 = 5, ∑ 𝑥 = 460 , 𝜎 = 4.6
46 1 1
MATHS MASTERS
∑𝑥 À¡¼í¸û ºÃ¡ºÃ¢
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ
𝑛 12
¸½¢¾õ 56
460
∴ 𝑥̅ = = 92 14
5 «È¢Å¢Âø 65
𝜎
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% ºã¸ «È¢Å¢Âø 60 10
𝑥̅
4.6 460 þó¾ ãýÚ À¡¼í¸Ç¢ø ±Ð «¾¢¸ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨Á
∴ 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = = 5% ¦¸¡ñ¼Ð ÁüÚõ ±Ð Ì¨Èó¾ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨Á
92 92 ¦¸¡ñ¼Ð?
Å¢òÂ¡Å¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
¾£÷×:-
¾Ã×, 𝑛 = 5, ∑ 𝑥 = 480 , 𝜎 = 2.4 ¸½¢¾ô À¡¼ò¾¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
∑𝑥 ¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 56 , 𝜎 = 12
𝑛 𝜎
480 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
∴ 𝑥̅ = = 96 𝑥̅
5 12 1200
𝜎 ∴ 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = = 21.428 %
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100% 56 56
𝑥̅ «È¢Å¢Âø À¡¼ò¾¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
2.4 240
∴ 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = = 2.5 % ¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 65 , 𝜎 = 14
96 96
𝜎
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Øì¸¨Ç ´ôÀ¢¼, 5 > 2.5 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅
𝐖𝐊𝐓, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ ¯¨¼Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸§Ç «¾¢¸ 14 1400
¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â¾¡¸ þÕìÌõ. ∴ 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = = 21.538 %
65 65
þíÌ, Å¢òÂ¡Å¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ ºòÂ¡Å¢ý ºã¸ «È¢Å¢Âø À¡¼ò¾¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¢¨É Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾¡ø,
Å¢òÂ¡Å¢ý ¦ºÂø¾¢Èý «¾¢¸ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â¾¡Ìõ. ¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 60 , 𝜎 = 10
𝜎
8) ´Õ ÅÌôÀ¢ø ¯ûÇ 40 Á¡½Å÷¸û, ¸½¢¾õ, «È¢Å¢Âø 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
ÁüÚõ ºã¸ «È¢Å¢Âø ¬¸¢Â ãýÚ À¡¼í¸Ç¢ø ¦ÀüÈ 𝑥̅
Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸£§Æ 10 1000
¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. ∴ 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 = = 16.67 %
60 60
Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Øì¸¨Ç ´ôÀ¢¼, 21.538 > 21.428 > 16.67
𝐖𝐊𝐓, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ ¯¨¼Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸§Ç «¾¢¸
¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â¾¡¸ þÕìÌõ.
MATHS MASTERS
±É§Å, «¾¢¸ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â À¡¼õ ºã¸ «È¢Å¢Âø
ÁüÚõ Ì¨Èó¾ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â À¡¼õ «È¢Å¢Âø ¬Ìõ.
8.4.¿¢¸ú¾¸×
ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨É:-
´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨É ±ýÀ¾¢ø,
(i) ¦Á¡ò¾ Å¡öôÒ¸û «È¢ÂôÀÎõ
(ii) ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¡öÒ¸û «È¢ÂôÀ¼¡Ð. 2) þÃñÎ ¿¡½Âí¸¨Çî ÍñÎõ §À¡Ð, ÁÃ
±.¸¡:- Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¨Â, 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
±É ±Ø¾Ä¡õ.
1) ´Õ ¿¡½Âò¨¾î ÍñÎ¾ø
2) À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎ¾ø
3) 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ º£ðÎì¸ðÊø þÕóÐ ´Õ º£ð¨¼ò
§¾÷ó¦¾Îò¾ø.
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢:-
´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚõ «¨ÉòÐî
º¡ò¾¢ÂÁ¡É Å¢¨Ç×¸Ç¢ý ¦¾¡ÌôÒ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ.
þÐ ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ 𝑆 ±É ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢¼ôÀÎõ.
±.¸¡:-
1) ´Õ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¢¨Ç¨Åì ¸½¢ì¸ ÓÊÂ¡Áø þÕìÌõ
´Õ À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎõ §À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢,
´Õ §º¡¾¨É«¨Â ______ ±ý§À¡õ.
𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 2) «¨ÉòÐî º¡ò¾¢ÂÁ¡Éì ÜÚ¸Ç¢ý ¦¾¡Ìô¨ÀÔõ
ÜÚÒûÇ¢:- ______ ±É «¨Æì¸¢§È¡õ.
´Õ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ÖûÇ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¯ÚôÒõ ÜÚÒûÇ¢ Å¢¨¼:-
±ÉôÀÎõ. 1) ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨É
ÜÚÒûÇ¢:-
2) ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢ (𝑆)
´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ý «¨ÉòÐî º¡ò¾¢ÂÁ¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢:-
Å¢¨Ç×¸¨ÇÔõ ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼õ ãÄõ ±Ç¢¾¡¸
¦ÅÇ¢ôÀÎò¾Ä¡õ. ´Õ ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¾¢ø ¯ûÇ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ´ù¦Å¡Õ
¸¢¨ÇÔõ º¡ò¾¢ÂÁ¡É Å¢¨Ç¨Åô À¢Ã¾¢ÀÄ¢ìÌõ. Å¢¨Ç×õ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. ±É§Å, ´Õ ¿¢¸úîîº¢
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ý ¯ð¸½Á¡¸ þÕìÌõ.
±.¸¡:-
±.¸¡:-
1) ´Õ À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎõ §À¡Ð, ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ
þÃñÎ ¿¡½Âí¸¨Ç ÍñÎõ ¦À¡ØÐ, þÃñÎõ
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¨Â, 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ±É ±Ø¾Ä¡õ. ¾¨Ä¸Ç¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚÅÐ ´Õ ¿¢¸úîº¢.
MATHS MASTERS
ÓÂüº¢:- ÁüÚõ þÃð¨¼ôÀ¨¼ ±ñ¸û ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û
´Õ §º¡¾¨É¨Â ´Õ Ó¨È ¦ºöÅÐ ÓÂüº¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ¬Ìõ.
±.¸¡:- ¿¢¨È× ¦ºö ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:-
´Õ ¿¡½Âò¨¾ ãýÚÓ¨È ÍñÎõ ¦À¡ØÐ, ¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ç¢ý §º÷ôÒ ¸½õ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢Â¡¸ þÕôÀ¢ý
´ù¦Å¡ÕÓ¨È ÍñÎ¾Öõ ´Õ ÓÂüº¢Â¡Ìõ. «¨Å ¿¢¨È× ¦ºö ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±ÉôÀÎõ.
ºÁ Å¡öôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:- ±.¸¡:-
þÃñÎ «øÄÐ «¾üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ´Õ ¿¡½Âò¨¾ þÕÓ¨È ÍñÎõ §À¡Ð þÃñÎ
´ù¦Å¡ýÚõ ¿¢¸úÅ¾üÌ ºÁ Å¡öôÒ¸û þÕó¾¡ø «¨Å ¾¨Ä¸û, ´§Ã ´Õ ¾¨Ä, ¾¨Ä þøÄ¡Áø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ
ºÁÅ¡öôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±ÉôÀÎõ. ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ¿¢¨È× ¦ºö ¿¢¸îîº¢¸û.
±.¸¡:- ¿¢ÃôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:-
´Õ ¿¡½Âò¨¾ ÍñÎõ µÐ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¾¨Ä ÁüÚõ â 𝐴 – Â¢ý ¿¢ÃôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡ÉÐ 𝐴 – Â¢ø þøÄ¡¾ ÁüÈ
¬¸¢Â¨Å ºÁÅ¡öôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û.
Å¢¨Ç×¸¨Çì ¦¸¡ñ¼ ÜÚ ÒûÇ¢¸û ¬Ìõ. þÐ 𝐴′
¯Ú¾¢Â¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:-
«øÄÐ 𝐴𝐶 «øÄÐ 𝐴̅ ±É ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢¼ôÀÎõ.
´Õ §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø ¿¢îºÂÁ¡¸ ¿¢¸Øõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ¯Ú¾¢Â¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐴′ ¬¸¢Â¨Å ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ÁüÚõ
±.¸¡:- ¿¢¨È× ¦ºöÔõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ç¡¸ þÕìÌõ.
±.¸¡:-
´Õ À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎõ §À¡Ð 1 - Ä¢ÕóÐ 6 Å¨Ã ¯ûÇ
þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ø ²§¾Ûõ ´Õ ±ñ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ´Õ À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎõ §À¡Ð 5 , 6 ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¯Ú¾¢Â¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ. ¿¢¸úîº¢Ôõ ÁüÚõ 1, 2, 3, 4 ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢Ôõ ¿¢ÃôÒ
¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ..
þÂÄ¡ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:- ´§Ã ´Õ Å¢¨Ç× ¿¢¸úîº¢:-
´Õ §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø ´Õ §À¡Ðõ ¿¨¼¦ÀÈ ÓÊÂ¡¾ ¿¢¸úîº¢ 𝐴 ±ýÈ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¢ø ´§Ã¦Â¡Õ Å¢¨Ç× ÁðÎõ þÕó¾¡ø
þÂÄ¡ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ÉôÀÎõ. «¾üÌ ´§Ã¦Â¡Õ Å¢¨Ç× ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ýÚ ¦ÀÂ÷.
±.¸¡:-
8.4.2.´Õ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¢ý ¿¢¸ú¾¸×:-
þÃñÎ ¿¡½Âí¸¨Ç ÍñÎõ §À¡Ð ãýÚ ¾¨Ä¸û
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ þÂÄ¡ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ. ´Õ ºÁ Å¡öôÒ §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø, 𝑆 ±ýÀÐ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢ ÁüÚõ
´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û:- ⊆𝑆 , þíÌ, 𝐸 ¬ÉÐ ´Õ ¿¢¸úîº¢. 𝐸 ±ýÈ ¿¢¸úîº¢
þÃñÎ «øÄÐ «¾üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸ÙìÌ ¿¢¸úÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ,
¦À¡ÐÅ¡É ÜÚÒûÇ¢¸û þÕì¸¡Ð. «ó¾ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û 𝐸 நிகழ் வதற் கு சாதகமான வாய் ப்புகள் 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ 𝐴 – Ôõ 𝐵 – Ôõ
¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±ÉôÀÎõ. மமாத்த வாய் ப்புகள் 𝑛(𝑆)
¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý þó¾ Å¨ÃÂ¨ÈÂ¡ÉÐ ÓÊ×Ú
´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¸ÙìÌ ÁðÎ§Á ¦À¡ÕóÐõ.
±.¸¡:-
´Õ À¸¨¼¨Â ¯ÕðÎõ §À¡Ð ´ü¨ÈôÀ¨¼ ±ñ¸û
MATHS MASTERS
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
1) ¯Ú¾¢Â¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚõ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¢ý ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 1
¬Ìõ. «¾¡ÅÐ, 𝑃(𝑆) = 1.
2) þÂÄ¡ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¢ý ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0 ¬Ìõ. «¾¡ÅÐ, 𝑃(∅) =
0.
3) ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Á¾¢ôÀ¡ÉÐ ±ô¦À¡ØÐõ 0 Ó¾ø 1 Å¨Ã
ÁðÎ§Á þÕìÌõ. «¾¡ÅÐ, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1.
4) 𝐴 ±ýÈ ´Õ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ¿¼ì¸¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) ¬Ìõ.
¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
5) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1
¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ±ñ¸Ç¢ø ±¨Å ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡¸ þÕì¸ ÓÊÂ¡Ð?
(a) −0.0001 (b) 0.5 (c) 1.001 (d) 1
𝟏−√𝟓 √𝟑+𝟏
(e) 20% (f) 0.253 (g) 𝟐
(h) 𝟒
Å¢¨¼:-
𝟏−√𝟓
(a) −0.0001 (c) 1.001 (g) 𝟐
±.¸¡:8.17 ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¨¾ô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ þÃñÎ À¸¨¼¸û

¯Õð¼ôÀÎõ§À¡Ð ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¨Â ±ØÐ¸.
¾£÷×:-
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), ±.¸¡:8.18 ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 5 ¿£Ä ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 4 Àî¨º
¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ. ¨ÀÂ¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), ´Õ ÀóÐ ±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. ±Îì¸ôÀÎõ Àó¾¡ÉÐ (i) ¿£ÄÁ¡¸
(ii) ¿£ÄÁ¡¸ þøÄ¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
¾£÷×:-
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
MATHS MASTERS
¦Á¡ò¾ Å¡öôÒ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 5 + 4 = 9 𝑛(𝐴) 3 1

𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 12
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¿£Ä ¿¢ÈôÀó¨¾ô ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
(ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 10 - ³ Å¢¼ô
±ý¸.
¦ÀÃ¢Â¾¡¸ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝐴) = 5
𝐵 = {(5,6), (6, 6), (6, 6)}
𝑛(𝐴) 5
𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝑛(𝐵) = 3
𝑛(𝑆) 9
𝑛(𝐵) 3 1
(ii) 𝐴̅±ýÀÐ ¿£Ä ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ì¸¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É 𝑃(𝐵) = = =
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝑛(𝑆) 36 12
5 9−5 4 (iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 13 - ³ Å¢¼ì
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − = = Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
9 9 9
±.¸¡:8.19 þÕ À¸¨¼¸û ¯Õð¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ. ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚõ þíÌ, 𝐶=𝑆
Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø (i) 4 – ìÌî ºÁÁ¡¸ (ii) 10 - ³ Å¢¼ô 𝑛(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
¦ÀÃ¢Â¾¡¸ (iii) 13 - ³ Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É 𝑛(𝐶) 36
𝑃(𝐶) = = =1
¿¢¸ú¾¸× ¸¡ñ¸. 𝑛(𝑆) 36
¾£÷×:- ±.¸¡:8.20 þÃñÎ ¿¡½Âí¸û ´ýÈ¡¸î Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ.
þÃýÎ ¿¡½Âí¸Ç¢Öõ ¦Åù§ÅÚ Ó¸í¸û ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
¾£÷×:-
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
𝑛(𝑆) = 4
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÃñÎ ¿¡½Âí¸Ç¢Öõ ¦Åù§ÅÚ Ó¸í¸û
¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝐴 = {𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻}
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
𝑛(𝐴) = 2
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 4 – ìÌî ºÁÁ¡¸
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝑛(𝐴) 2 1
𝐴 = {(1,3), (2, 2), (3, 1)} 𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 4 2
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
MATHS MASTERS
±.¸¡:8.21 ¿ýÌ ¸¨ÄòÐ «Îì¸ôÀð¼ 52 º£ðÎ¸¨Çì 𝑛(𝐷) = 12

¦¸¡ñ¼ º£ðÎì¸ðÊÄ¢ÕóÐ, ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´Õ º£ðÎ 𝑛(𝐷) 12 3
±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «Ð 𝑃(𝐷) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13
(i) º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èî º£ðÎ (v) 𝐸 ±ýÀÐ ±ñ º£ð¼¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
(ii) †¡÷ð º£ðÎ
±ñ º£ðÎ¸Ç¡ÅÉ : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ÁüÚõ 10
(iii) º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢È þÃ¡º¡
±ñ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 4 x 9 = 36
(iv) Ó¸î º£ðÎ
𝑛(𝐸) = 36
(v) ±ñ º£ð¼¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑛(𝐸 36 9
¾£÷×:-
𝑃(𝐸) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èî º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸. ±.¸¡:8.22 µÕ ¦¿ð¼¡ñÊø (Leap year) 53 ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á¸û
¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èî º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 26
¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐴) = 26
¦¿ð¼¡ñÊø ¯ûÇ ¦Á¡ò¾ ¿¡ð¸û
𝑛(𝐴) 26 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 2 = 366 ¿¡ð¸û
(ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ †¡÷ð º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
†¡÷ð º£ðÎ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 26 = 52 Å¡Ãí¸û + 2 ¿¡ð¸û.
𝑛(𝐵) = 13
52 Å¡Ãí¸Ç¢ø ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á¸û ¸¢¨¼òÐ Å¢Îõ. Á£¾ÓûÇ
𝑛(𝐵) 13 1 þÃñÎ ¿¡ð¸Ùì¸¡É Å¡öôÒ¸û ¸£úì¸¡Ïõ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ø
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 4 ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ.
(iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢È þÃ¡º¡î º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝑆 = {»¡-¾¢, ¾¢-¦º, ¦º-Ò, Ò-Å¢, Å¢-¦Å, ¦Å-º, º-»¡}
º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢È þÃ¡º¡î º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =2
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 7
𝑛(𝐶) = 2
𝑛(𝐶) 2 1 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ 53-ÅÐ ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑃(𝐶) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 26
(iv) 𝐷 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸î º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝐴 = {¦Å-º, º-»¡}
Ó¸î º£ðÎ¸Ç¡ÅÉ : Áó¾¢Ã¢ (𝐽), «Ãº¢(𝑄) ÁüÚõ
∴ 𝑛(𝐴) = 2
þÃ¡º¡ (𝐾).
Ó¸î º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 4 x 3 = 12
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐴) 2 ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑆 = {1𝐻, 1𝑇, 2𝐻, 2𝑇, 3𝐻, 3𝑇, 4𝐻, 4𝑇, 5𝐻, 5𝑇, 6𝐻, 6𝑇}
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
𝑛(𝑆) = 12
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ À¸¨¼Â¢ø ´ü¨ÈôÀ¨¼ ±ñ ÁüÚõ ¿¡½Âò¾¢ø
µÕ º¡¾¡Ã½ ¬ñÊø 53 ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á¸û ÅÕÅ¾ü¸¡É
¾¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
¾£÷×:- 𝐴 = {1𝐻, 3𝐻, 5𝐻}
º¡¾¡Ã½ ¬ñÊø ¯ûÇ ¦Á¡ò¾ ¿¡ð¸û
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
= 365 ¿¡ð¸û
𝑛(𝐴) 3 1
= 52 Å¡Ãí¸û + 1 ¿¡û. ∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 12 4
52 Å¡Ãí¸Ç¢ø ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á¸û ¸¢¨¼òÐ Å¢Îõ. Á£¾ÓûÇ ±.¸¡:8.24 ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 6 Àî¨º ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, º¢Ä ¸ÕôÒ
´Õ ¿¡ Ùì¸¡É Å¡öôÒ¸û ¸£úì¸¡Ïõ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ø ÁüÚõ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ. ¸ÕôÒ ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ. ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, º¢ÅôÒ ÀóÐ¸¨Çô §À¡ø þÕÁ¼í¸¡Ìõ. Àî¨º
ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× º¢ÅôÒ ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
𝑆 = {»¡, ¾¢, ¦º, Ò, Å¢, ¦Å, º} ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åô §À¡ø ãýÚ Á¼í¸¡Ìõ. þùÅ¡¦ÈÉ¢ø, (i)
¸ÕôÒ ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ (ii) ¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 7 ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ ¬¸¢ÂÅü¨Èì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ 53-ÅÐ ºÉ¢ì¸¢Æ¨Á ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐴 = Àî¨º, 𝐵 = º¢ÅôÒ, 𝐶 = ¸ÕôÒ
𝐴 = {º}
¾Ã×, Àî¨ºô ÀóÐ¸û 𝑛(𝐴) = 6
∴ 𝑛(𝐴) = 1
º¢ÅôÒô ÀóÐ¸û 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥 ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝐴) 1 ¸ÕôÒô ÀóÐ¸û 𝑛(𝐶) = 2𝑥
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀóÐ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 6 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 6 + 3𝑥
±.¸¡:8.23 ´Õ À¸¨¼ ¯Õð¼ôÀÎõ «§¾ §¿Ãò¾¢ø ´Õ
¿¡½ÂÓõ Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. À¸¨¼Â¢ø ´ü¨ÈôÀ¨¼ ±ñ
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 3 x 𝑃(𝐵)
¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾üÌõ, ¿¡½Âò¾¢ø ¾¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾üÌÁ¡É
¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. 𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
¾£÷×:- =3x
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
MATHS MASTERS
6 𝑥 𝑛(𝐴) = 1
=3x
6 + 3𝑥 6 + 3𝑥
𝑛(𝐴) 1
3 x (6 + 3𝑥) ∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = =
6= 𝑛(𝑆) 12
6 + 3𝑥
6 = 3𝑥 (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ «õÒìÌÈ¢ À¸¡ ±ñ½¢ø ¿¢üÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸.
6 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
𝑥=
3
𝑛(𝐵) = 5
𝑥=2
𝑛(𝐵) 5
(i) ¸ÕôÒô ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸= 2𝑥 ∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 12
= 2(2) = 4 (iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ «õÒìÌÈ¢ ÀÌ ±ñ½¢ø ¿¢üÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸.
(ii) ¦Á¡ò¾ôÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸
𝐶 = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12}
= 6 + 3𝑥 = 6 + 3(2) = 6 + 6 = 12
𝑛(𝐶) = 6
±.¸¡:8.25 À¼ò¾¢ø ¸¡ðÊÔûÇ «õÒìÌÈ¢ ÍÆüÚõ
Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊø 1, 2, 3, 4, … , 12 ±ýÈ ±ñ¸û ºÁÅ¡öôÒ 𝑛(𝐶) 6 1
Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ¸¢¨¼ì¸ Å¡öôÒûÇÐ. «õÒìÌÈ¢Â¡ÉÐ ∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 12 2
(i) 7 º¢ó¾¨Éì¸Çõ:-
(ii) À¸¡ ±ñ þÂÄ¡ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¢ý ¿¢ÃôÒ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±Ð?
(iii) ÀÌ ±ñ ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ø
¿¢üÀ¾ü¸¡É Å¢¨¼:- ¯Ú¾¢ ¿¢¸úîº¢
¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
𝑛(𝑆) = 12
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ «õÒìÌÈ¢ ±ñ 7 –ø ¿¢üÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸.
𝐴 = {7}
MATHS MASTERS
ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8.3 2) ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ÖûÇ 1 Ó¾ø 6 Å¨Ã ±ñ¸û ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀð¼
1) ãýÚ ¿¡½Âí¸û Íñ¼ôÀÎõ ¦À¡ØÐ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ÀóÐ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ, þÃñÎ ÀóÐ¸û ±ÎôÀ¾ü¸¡É
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¨Â ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¨¾ô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ ±ØÐ¸. ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢¨Â ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼õ ãÄÁ¡¸ì ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸. [PTA-4]
¾£÷×:- ¾£÷×:-
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇 }

3) ´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø ´Õ ¿¢¸úîº¢ 𝐴 ±ý¸. þíÌ
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 8 𝑃(𝐴) ∶ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17 ∶ 15 ÁüÚõ 𝑛(𝑆) = 640 ±É¢ø (i) 𝑃(𝐴̅) (ii)
𝑛(𝐴)- ³ì ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-3]
¾£÷×:-
MATHS MASTERS
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) ∶ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17 ∶ 15 ¦ÅüÈ¢ì¸¡É ÀÃ¢¨ºô ¦ÀÚÅ¡÷. (i) Ó¾Ä¢ø Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ÎÀÅ÷

𝑃(𝐴) 17 ÀÃ¢Í ¦ÀÈ (ii) Ó¾Ä¡ÁÅ÷ ¦ÅüÈ¢ ¦ÀüÈ À¢ÈÌ,
= þÃñ¼¡Å¾¡¸ Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ÎÀÅ÷ ¦ÅüÈ¢ ¦ÀÈ ¬¸¢Â
𝑃(𝐴̅) 15
¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ùì¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
15 𝑃(𝐴) = 17 𝑃(𝐴̅) ¾£÷×:-
15 [1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅)] = 17 𝑃(𝐴̅)
¦Á¡ò¾ «ð¨¼¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 1000
15 − 15 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17 𝑃(𝐴̅)
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 1000
−15 𝑃(𝐴̅) − 17 𝑃(𝐴̅) = −15
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ó¾Ä¢ø Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ÎÀÅ÷ ÀÃ¢Í ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É
−32 𝑃(𝐴̅) = −15 ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
15
𝑃(𝐴̅) = «¾¡ÅÐ, §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ «ð¨¼Â¢ø ¯ûÇ
32 ±ñ 500 - ³ Å¢¼ «¾¢¸Á¡¸ ¯ûÇ Å÷ì¸ ±ñ½¡¸
4) ´Õ ¿¡½Âõ ãýÚ Ó¨È Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. þÃñÎ þÕò¾ø.
«Îò¾Îò¾ âì¸û ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
𝐴 = {232 , 242 , 252 , 262 , 272 , 282 , 292 , 302 , 312 }
¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐴) = 9
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇} 𝑛(𝐴) 9
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 1000
𝑛(𝑆) = 8
(ii) ±Îò¾ «ðð¨¼ ¾¢ÕõÀ ¨Åì¸ôÀ¼Å¢ø¨Ä.
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÃñÎ «Îò¾Îò¾ âì¸û ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±É§Å, þô§À¡Ð, 𝑛(𝑆) = 999
±ý¸
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ þÃñ¼¡Å¾¡¸ Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ÎÀÅ÷ ¦ÅüÈ¢
𝐴 = {𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇} ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝐵) = 8
𝑛(𝐴) = 3 𝑛(𝐵) 8
𝑛(𝐴) 3 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝑛(𝑆) 999
𝑛(𝑆) 8
5) ´Õ ¦À¡Ð Å¢Æ¡Å¢ø, 1 Ó¾ø 1000 Å¨Ã ±ñ¸Ç¢ð¼ 6) ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 12 ¿£Ä ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 𝑥 º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èô
«ð¨¼¸û ´Õ ¦ÀðÊÂ¢ø ¨Åì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. ÀóÐ¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ. ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´Õ ÀóÐ
Å¢¨ÇÂ¡Îõ ´ù¦Å¡ÕÅÕõ ´Õ «ð¨¼¨Âî ºÁÅ¡öôÒ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. (i) «Ð º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èô Àó¾¡¸
Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ±Îì¸¢È¡÷¸û. ±Îò¾ «ð¨¼ ¾¢ÕõÀ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. (ii) 8 Ò¾¢Â º¢ÅôÒ
¨Åì¸ôÀ¼Å¢ø¨Ä. §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀð¼ «ð¨¼Â¢ø ±ñ ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸û «ô¨ÀÂ¢ø ¨Åò¾ À¢ýÉ÷, ´Õ º¢ÅôÒ
500 - ³ Å¢¼ «¾¢¸Á¡¸ ¯ûÇ Å÷ì¸ ±ñ þÕó¾¡ø, «Å÷ ¿¢ÈôÀó¨¾ §¾÷ó¦¾ÎôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ (i) – Â¢ø
MATHS MASTERS
¦ÀÈôÀð¼ ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åô §À¡Ä þÕ Á¼íÌ ±É¢ø, 𝑥 - Â¢ý 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 96 = 0

Á¾¢ôÀ¢¨Éì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:- 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 96 = 0
¾Ã×, ¿£Ä ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ¸û = 12 𝑥 + 24 = 0 «øÄÐ 𝑥−4=0
º¢ÅôÒô ÀóÐ¸û = 𝑥 ±ý¸. 𝑥 = −24 𝑥=4
¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀóÐ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 12 + 𝑥 þíÌ, 𝑥 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ Á¢¨¸ ±ñ ±ýÀ¾¡ø, 𝑥 = 4

7) þÃñÎ º£Ã¡É À¸¨¼¸û Ó¨ÈÂ¡¸ ´§Ã §¿Ãò¾¢ø
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¯Õð¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ.
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑥 (i) þÃñÎ À¸¨¼¸Ç¢Öõ ´§Ã Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ ¸¢¨¼ì¸
𝑛(𝐴) 𝑥 (ii) Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¦ÀÕì¸üÀÄý À¸¡ ±ñ½¡¸ì
𝑃(𝐴) = = ¸¢¨¼ì¸
𝑛(𝑆) 12 + 𝑥
(iii) Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø À¸¡ ±ñ½¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ì¸
(ii) 8 Ò¾¢Â º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸û «ô¨ÀÂ¢ø ¨Åò¾
À¢ýÉ÷, ¦Á¡ò¾ôÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, (iv) Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 1 - ¬¸ þÕì¸ ¬¸¢Â
𝑛(𝑆) = 12 + 𝑥 + 8 = 20 + 𝑥 ¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ç¢ý ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¾£÷×:-
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥 + 8
𝑛(𝐵) 𝑥+8 (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 20 + 𝑥
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐵) = 2 x 𝑃(𝐴)
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴)
=2x (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
𝑥+8 𝑥 (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
=2x
20 + 𝑥 12 + 𝑥 ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
(𝑥 + 8)(12 + 𝑥) = 2𝑥 (20 + 𝑥) (i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÃñÎ À¸¨¼¸Ç¢Öõ ´§Ã Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
2 2
12𝑥 + 𝑥 + 96 + 8𝑥 = 40𝑥 + 2𝑥 −96 +20 𝐴 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
𝑛(𝐴) = 6
40 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 96 − 8𝑥 = 0 +24 −4
𝑥 𝑥
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐴) 6 1 ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 6 𝑛(𝑆) = 8
(ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¦ÀÕì¸üÀÄý À¸¡ (i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ «¨ÉòÐõ ¾¨ÄÂ¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
±ñ½¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (3,1), (5, ,1)} 𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝐵) = 7
𝑛(𝐴) = 1
𝑛(𝐵) 7
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 𝑛(𝐴) 1
𝑃(𝐴) = =
(iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø À¸¡ ±ñ½¡¸ì 𝑛(𝑆) 8
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ ´Õ â ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐶
(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
={ }
(4,3), (5,2), (5,6), (6,1), (6,5) 𝑛(𝐵) = 7
𝑛(𝐶) = 15
𝑛(𝐶) 15 5 𝑛(𝐵) 7
𝑃(𝐶) = = = 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 12 𝑛(𝑆) 8
(iv) 𝐷 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 1 - ¬¸
¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. (iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ «¾¢¸Àðºõ ´Õ ¾¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸
𝐷={ } 𝐶 = {𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛(𝐷) = 0 𝑛(𝐶) = 4
𝑛(𝐷)
𝑃(𝐷) = =0 𝑛(𝐶) 4 1
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑃(𝐶) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8 2
8) ãýÚ º£Ã¡É ¿¡½Âí¸û Ó¨ÈÂ¡¸ ´§Ã §¿Ãò¾¢ø
Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ. [PTA-5] (iv) 𝐷 ±ýÀÐ «¾¢¸Àðºõ þÃñÎ âì¸û
(i) «¨ÉòÐõ ¾¨ÄÂ¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ì¸ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸
(ii) Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ ´Õ â ¸¢¨¼ì¸ 𝐷 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻}
(iii) «¾¢¸Àðºõ ´Õ ¾¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ì¸
(iv) «¾¢¸Àðºõ þÃñÎ âì¸û ¸¢¨¼ì¸ 𝑛(𝐷) = 7
¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑛(𝐷) 7
¾£÷×:- 𝑃(𝐷) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8
MATHS MASTERS
9) ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 5 º¢¸ôÒ ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 6 ¦Åû¨Ç 𝑛(𝐶) 20 10

𝑃(𝐶) = = =
¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 7 Àî¨º ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 8 ¸ÕôÒ 𝑛(𝑆) 26 13
¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ. ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø (iv) 𝐷 ±ýÀÐ ¦Åû¨ÇÂ¡¸×õ ¸ÕôÀ¡¸×õ þøÄ¡Áø
¨ÀÂ¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ´Õ ÀóÐ ±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «ó¾ô ÀóÐ (i) þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
¦Åû¨Ç (ii) ¸ÕôÒ «øÄÐ º¢ÅôÒ (iii) ¦Åû¨ÇÂ¡¸ ¦Åû¨Ç ÁüÚõ ¸ÕôÒ ¿¢Èõ «øÄ¡¾ ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý
þøÄ¡Áø (iv) ¦Åû¨ÇÂ¡¸×õ, ¸ÕôÀ¡¸×õ þøÄ¡Áø
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 5+7=12
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑛(𝐷) = 12
¾£÷×:-
¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 5 சி + 6 மவ + 7 ப + 8 க 𝑛(𝐷) 12 6

𝑃(𝐷) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 26 13
= 26 10) ´Õ ¦ÀðÊÂ¢ø 20 Ì¨ÈÀ¡ÊøÄ¡¾ Å¢ÇìÌ¸Ùõ ´Õ º¢Ä
Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â Å¢ÇìÌ¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ. ¦ÀðÊÂ¢Ä¢ÕóÐ
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 26 ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ Å¢Çì¸¡ÉÐ
3
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¦Åû¨Ç ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â¾¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É Å¡öôÒ ±É¢ø,
8
¦Åû¨Ç ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =6 Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â Å¢ÇìÌ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸¨Âì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑛(𝐴) = 6 ¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐴) 6 3
𝑃(𝐴) = = = ¾Ã×, Ì¨ÈÀ¡ÊøÄ¡¾ Å¢ÇìÌ¸û, 𝑛(𝐴) = 20
𝑛(𝑆) 26 13
(ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ ¸ÕôÒ «øÄÐ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â Å¢ÇìÌ¸û, 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥 ±ý¸.
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
¸ÕôÒ ÁüÚõ º¢ÅôÒô ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 8+5=13 ¦Á¡ò¾ Å¢ÇìÌ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 20 + 𝑥
𝑛(𝐵) = 13 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ Å¢ÇìÌ Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â¾¡¸
þÕìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
n(B) 13 1
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
n(S) 26 2 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑥
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 20 + 𝑥
(iii) 𝐶
±ýÀÐ ¦Åû¨Ç ¿¢Èô Àó¾¡¸ þøÄ¡Áø
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. ¾Ã×, §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ Å¢Çì¸¡ÉÐ Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â¾¡¸
¦Åû¨Ç ¿¢Èõ «øÄ¡¾ ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 5+7+8=20 þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É Å¡öôÒ,
𝑛(𝐶) = 20
MATHS MASTERS
3 ¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 52 − 2 − 2 − 2 = 46
𝑃(𝐵) =
8
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 26
¾ÃôÀðÎûÇ Å¢ÅÃí¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ,
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¸¢Ç¡Å÷ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑥 3 ¸¢Ç¡Å÷ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 13
=
20 + 𝑥 8 𝑛(𝐴) = 13
𝑛(𝐴) 13
8𝑥 = 3(20 + 𝑥) 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 46
8𝑥 = 60 + 3𝑥 (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸.
8𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 60 þíÌ, º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =0
5𝑥 = 60 𝑛(𝐵) = 0
𝑛(𝐵) 0
60 𝑃(𝐵) = = =0
𝑛(𝑆) 46
𝑥=
5
(iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ ¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢
𝑥 = 12 ±ý¸.
∴ Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â Å¢ÇìÌ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, 𝑥 = 12 þíÌ, ¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =1

𝑛(𝐶) = 1
11) ¿ýÌ ¸¨ÄòÐ «Îì¸ôÀð¼ 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ ´Õ 𝑛(𝐶) 1
º£ðÎì¸ðÊø, ¨¼Áñð º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ þÃ¡º¡ ÁüÚõ
𝑃(𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 46
þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ¸Ùõ, †¡÷ð º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ, þÃ¡½¢ ÁüÚõ
Áó¾¢Ã¢ º£ðÎ¸Ùõ, Š§ÀÎ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ, Áó¾¢Ã¢ ÁüÚõ 12) Á¡½Å÷¸û Å¢¨ÇÂ¡Îõ ´Õ Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊø «Å÷¸Ç¡ø
þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ¸Ùõ ¿£ì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. Á£¾ÓûÇ ±È¢ÂôÀÎõ ¸øÄ¡ÉÐ Åð¼ôÀÃ¢¾¢ìÌû Å¢Øó¾¡ø «¨¾
º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ, ´Õ º£ðÎ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ¦ÅüÈ¢Â¡¸×õ, Åð¼ôÀÃ¢¾¢ìÌ ¦ÅÇ¢§Â Å¢Øó¾¡ø «¨¾
±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «ó¾ º£ð¼¡ÉÐ, §¾¡øÅ¢Â¡¸×õ ¸Õ¾ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊø ¦ÅüÈ¢
(i) ¸¢Ç¡Å÷ ¬¸ ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
(ii) º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡½¢Â¡¸
(iii) ¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡º¡Å¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì
¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
MATHS MASTERS
¾Ã×, þÃñÎ Ñ¸÷§Å¡÷¸û À¢Ã¢Â¡ ÁüÚõ «Ó¾ý ´Õ
ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ «í¸¡ÊìÌ, ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¡Ãò¾¢ø (¾¢í¸û Ó¾ø ºÉ¢
Å¨Ã) ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¿¡Ùõ ¦ºø¸¢È¡÷¸û.
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢,
𝑆={ (தி, தி), (தி, மச), (தி, பு), (தி, வி), (தி, மவ), (தி, ச),
(மச, தி), (மச, மச), (மச, பு), (மச, வி), (மச, மவ), (மச, ச),
(பு, தி), (பு, மச), (பு, பு), (பு, வி), (பு, மவ), (பு, ச),
¾£÷×:- (வி, தி), (வி, மச), (வி, பு), (வி, வி), (வி, மவ), (வி, ச),
¾Ã×, ¿£Çõ = 4 «Ê ÁüÚõ «¸Äõ = 1 «Ê. (மவ, தி), (மவ, மச), (மவ, பு), (மவ, வி), (மவ, மவ), (மவ, ச),
WKT, ¦ºùÅ¸ò¾¢ý ÀÃôÀÇ× = ¿£Çõ x «¸Äõ º.«ÄÌ¸û. (ச, தி), (ச, மச), (ச, பு), (ச, வி), (ச, மவ), (ச, ச) }
= 4 x 3 = 12 º.«Ê¸û. ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
±É§Å, ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑛(𝑆) = 12 (i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÕÅÕõ ´§Ã ¿¡Ç¢ø «í¸¡ÊìÌî
¦ºøÖõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
¾Ã×, ¬Ãõ = 1 «Ê
𝐴 = { (தி, தி), (மச, மச), (பு, பு), (வி, வி), (மவ, மவ), (ச, ச) }
WKT, Åð¼ò¾¢ý ÀÃôÀÇ× = 𝜋𝑟 2 º.«ÄÌ¸û.
𝑛(𝐴) = 6
= 𝜋 x 1 x 1 = 𝜋 º.«Ê¸û. 𝑛(𝐴) 6 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¦ÅüÈ¢ ¦ÀÚõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. «¾¡ÅÐ ±È¢ÂôÀÎõ 𝑛(𝑆) 36 6
¸øÄ¡ÉÐ Åð¼ôÀÃ¢¾¢ìÌû Å¢Øõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ý¸. (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ þÕÅÕõ ¦Åù§ÅÚ ¿¡ð¸Ç¢ø
þíÌ, 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝜋 «í¸¡ÊìÌî ¦ºøÖõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐵={ (தி, மச), (தி, பு), (தி, வி), (தி, மவ), (தி, ச),
𝑛(𝐴) 𝜋 3.14 314 157
𝑃(𝐴) = = = = = (மச, தி), (மச, பு), (மச, வி), (மச, மவ), (மச, ச),
𝑛(𝑆) 12 12 1200 600
(பு, தி), (பு, மச), (பு, வி), (பு, மவ), (பு, ச),
13) þÃñÎ Ñ¸÷§Å¡÷¸û À¢Ã¢Â¡ ÁüÚõ «Ó¾ý ´Õ
ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ «í¸¡ÊìÌ, ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¡Ãò¾¢ø (¾¢í¸û Ó¾ø (வி, தி), (வி, மச), (வி, பு), (வி, மவ), (வி, ச),
ºÉ¢ Å¨Ã) ¦ºø¸¢È¡÷¸û. «Å÷¸û «í¸¡ÊìÌî
ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¿¡Ùõ ¦ºø¸¢È¡÷¸û.
(மவ, தி), (மவ, மச), (மவ, பு), (மவ, வி), (மவ, ச),
þÕÅÕõ «í¸¡ÊìÌ, (1) ´§Ã ¿¡Ç¢ø (2) ¦Åù§ÅÚ (ச, தி), (ச, மச), (ச, பு), (ச, வி), (ச, மவ) }
¿¡ð¸Ç¢ø (3) «Îò¾Îò¾ ¿¡ð¸Ç¢ø ¦ºøÅ¾ü¸¡É
𝑛(𝐵) = 30
¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐵) 30 5 (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ ¾¢ÕõÀô ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É
𝑃(𝐵) = = = ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. «¾¡ÅÐ, ´ýÚ «øÄÐ þÃñÎ
𝑛(𝑆) 36 6
¾¨Ä¸û Å¢ØÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
(iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ þÕÅÕõ «Îò¾Îò¾ ¿¡ð¸Ç¢ø
«í¸¡ÊìÌî ¦ºøÖõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝐵 = {424242𝐻𝐻42𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻}
𝐶 = { (தி, மச), (மச, பு), (பு, வி), (வி, மவ), (மவ, ச) 𝑛(𝐵) = 6
𝑛(𝐶) = 5 𝑛(𝐵) 6 3
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
𝑛(𝐶) 5 𝑛(𝑆) 8 4
𝑃(𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 (iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½ò¨¾ þÆôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. «¾¡ÅÐ, 42ãýÚ ¿¡½Âò¾¢Öõ â
Å¢ØÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
14) ´Õ Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊü¸¡É Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ å. 150. «ó¾
Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊø ´Õ ¿¡½Âõ ãýÚ Ó¨È Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. 𝐶 = {424242𝑇𝑇𝑇}
¾É¡, ´Õ Ñ¨Æ×î º£ðÎ Å¡í¸¢É¡û. «ùÅ¢¨ÇÂ¡ðÊø 𝑛(𝐶) = 1
´ýÚ «øÄÐ þÃñÎ ¾¨Ä¸û Å¢Øó¾¡ø «Åû ¦ºÖò¾¢Â 𝑛(𝐶) 1
Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ ¾¢ÕõÀì ¸¢¨¼òÐ Å¢Îõ. ãýÚ 𝑃(𝐶) = =
¾¨Ä¸û ¸¢¨¼ò¾¡ø «ÅÇÐ Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ þÃñÎ
𝑛(𝑆) 8
Á¼í¸¡¸ì ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ. þø¨Ä¦ÂýÈ¡ø «ÅÙìÌ ±ó¾ì
8.5.¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ç¢ý ¦ºÂøÀ¡Î¸û:-
¸ð¼½Óõ ¾¢ÕõÀì ¸¢¨¼ì¸¡Ð. þùÅ¡¦ÈÉ¢ø,
(i) þÃñÎ Á¼í¸¡¸ 𝑆 ¬ÉÐ ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢ ±ý¸.
´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø
(ii) Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ ¾¢ÕõÀô ¦ÀÈ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑆 ¬¸¢Â¨Å, ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑆 - ý ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û
(iii) Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½ò¨¾ þÆôÀ¾üÌ ¬¸¢Â ±ý¸.
¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ùì¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸. (i) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â
¾£÷×:- þÃñÎ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸Ùõ
§º÷óÐ ¿¨¼¦ÀüÈ¡ø
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇} «ó¾ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡ÉÐ
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ±ýÈ
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 8
¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ.
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ þÃñÎ Á¼í¸¡¸ì

¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. «¾¡ÅÐ, ãýÚ ¾¨Ä¸û
Å¢ØÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐴 = {424242𝐻𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝐴) = 1
𝑛(𝐴) 1
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8
MATHS MASTERS
(ii) 𝐴 «øÄÐ 𝐵 – Â¢ø Å¢¨¼:-
²¾¡ÅÐ ´ýÚ ̅)
1) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
¿¨¼¦ÀüÈ¡ø «ó¾ 2) 𝑃(𝐵 மமமமமமம)
¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡ÉÐ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 3) ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ
±ýÈ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
4) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵̅ )
5) 0
6) 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(iii) 𝐴̅ ±ýÈ ¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡ÉÐ, 0.45 = 𝑃(𝐵) − 0.3
𝐴 ±ýÈ ¿¢¸úîº¢ 0.45 + 0.3 = 𝑃(𝐵)
¿¨¼¦ÀÈ¡¾ ¦À¡ØÐ 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.75
¿¨¼¦ÀÚõ
¿¢¸úîº¢Â¡Ìõ.
8.5.¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈõ:-
(i) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ±ýÀÉ ²§¾Ûõ þÕ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø,
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
ÌÈ¢ôÒ:- (ii) 𝐴 – Ôõ 𝐵 – Ôõ ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø,
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
1) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴̅ = ∅
2) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴̅ = 𝑆 (iii) 𝐴 , 𝐵 ÁüÚõ 𝐶 ±ýÀÉ ²§¾Ûõ ãýÚ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø,
§¾üÈõ-1:- 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ±ýÀÉ ´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ý −𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
þÃñÎ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø, º¢ó¾¨Éì¸Çõ:-
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 மட்டும் ) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ±ýÀÐ ________.
(ii) 𝑃(𝐵 மட்டும் ) = 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Å¢¨¼:- ¯Ú¾¢ ¿¢¸úîº¢
±.¸¡: 8.26 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.37, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.09 ±É¢ø,
1) 𝑃(𝐴 மட்டும் ) = _______________.
2) 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = ____________.
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)) ³ì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
3) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ÁüÚõ 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å ________ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û.
4) 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵
̅ ) = ____________. ¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.37, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.09
5) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = _________.
6) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.3 , 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = 0.45 ±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐵) = _________. = 0.37 + 0.42 − 0.09
MATHS MASTERS
= 0.79 − 0.09 4 4
= +
52 52
= 0.7
4+4
±.¸¡: 8.27 ¿ýÌ ¸¨ÄòÐ «Îì¸ôÀð¼ 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ =
º£ðÎì ¸ðÊÄ¢ÕóÐ ´Õ º£ðÎ ±ÎìÌõ §À¡Ð µ÷ þÃ¡º¡ 52
«øÄÐ µ÷ þÃ¡½¢ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ? 8
¾£÷×:- =
52
¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 52.
2
=
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52 13
±.¸¡:8.28 þÕ À¸¨¼¸û ´ÕÓ¨È ¯Õð¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ.
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. þÃñÎ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ùõ ºÁÁ¡¸ þÕì¸ «øÄÐ Ó¸
Á¾¢ôÒÇ¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 4 ¬¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =4
𝑛(𝐴) = 4 ¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐴) 4 𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =4 (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
𝑛(𝐵) = 4 (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
n(𝐵) 4 (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

𝑃(𝐵) = =
n(S) 52
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
𝐴-Ôõ, 𝐵-Ôõ ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±ýÀ¾¡ø, 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ þÃñÎ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ùõ ºÁÁ¡¸ ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { } ⟹ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 ⟹ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 𝐴 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 𝑛(𝐴) = 6

𝑛(𝐴) 6
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
MATHS MASTERS
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 4 ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø. (i) 𝑃(𝐴 அல் லது 𝐵) (ii) 𝑃(𝐴 – ம் இல் கல மற் றும் 𝐵 − ம் இல் கல)
¾£÷×:-
𝐵 = {(1, 3), (2,2), (3,1)}
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 அல் லது 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐵) = 3 = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐵) 3 1 1 1
𝑃(𝐵) = = = + −
𝑛(𝑆) 36 4 2 8
2+4−1
=
8
§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(2,2)} 6−1
=
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 8
5
=
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1 8
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = (ii) 𝑃(𝐴 – ம் இல் கல மற் றும் 𝐵 − ம் இல் கல)
𝑛(𝑆) 36
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, = 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
5
6 3 1 =1−
= + − 8
36 36 36 8−5
=
6+3−1 8
= 3
36 =
9−1 8
= ±.¸¡:8.30 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ º£ðÎì ¸ðÊÄ¢ÕóÐ ´Õ º£ðÎ
36
±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÐ. «ó¾î º£ðÎ þÃ¡º¡ «øÄÐ †¡÷ð
8
= «øÄÐ º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èî º£ð¼¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì
36 ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-3]
2 ¾£÷×:-
=
9
¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 52
1 1
±.¸¡:8.29 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å 𝑃(𝐴) = 4 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 2 ÁüÚõ ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52
1
𝑃(𝐴 மற் றும் 𝐵) =8 ±É þÕìÌÁ¡Ú «¨ÁÔõ þÃñÎ
A = þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ.
¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø, À¢ýÅÕÅÉÅü¨Èì ¸¡ñ¸.
MATHS MASTERS
B = †¡÷ð º£ðÎ. 44 − 16
=
52
C = º¢ÅôÒ ¿¢Èî º£ðÎ.
28
þíÌ, =
52
𝑛(𝐴) = 4 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 1 7
=
13
𝑛(𝐵) = 13 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 13 ±.¸¡:8.3150 Á¡½Å÷¸û ¯ûÇ ´Õ ÅÌôÀ¢ø, 28 §À÷ NCC –
𝑛(𝐶) = 26 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 2 Â¢Öõ, 30 §À÷ NSS –Öõ ÁüÚõ 18 §À÷ NCC ÁüÚõ NSS -Öõ
§º÷¸¢È¡÷¸û. ´Õ Á¡½Å÷ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø
𝑛(𝐴) 4 𝑛(𝐵) 13 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢È¡÷. «Å÷
𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 𝑛(𝑆) 52 i) NCC – Â¢ø þÕóÐ, ¬É¡ø NSS – þø þøÄ¡Áø
ii) NSS – ø þÕóÐ, ¬É¡ø NCC – Â¢ø þøÄ¡Áø
𝑛(𝐶) 26 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1 iii) ´ý§È ´ýÈ¢ø ÁðÎõ §º÷óÐ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É
𝑃(𝐶) = = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-1, PTA-4]
𝑛(𝑆) 52 𝑛(𝑆) 52
¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 13 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 2 A = NCC þø §º÷¾ø

𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 𝑛(𝑆) 52
B = NSS þø §º÷¾ø
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 1 ¾Ã×, 𝒏(𝑺) = 50 , 𝒏(𝑨) = 28 , 𝒏(𝑩) = 30 , 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 18
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52
𝑛(𝐴) 28
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 50
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑛(𝐵) 30
𝑃(𝐵) = =
−𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝑛(𝑆) 50
4 13 26 1 13 2 1 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 18
= + + − − − + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 𝑛(𝑆) 50
4 + 13 + 26 − 1 − 13 − 2 + 1
= (i) NCC –Â¢ø þÕóÐ, ¬É¡ø NSS – þø þøÄ¡Áø
52 þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ )
MATHS MASTERS
= 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â þÕ Å¢ñ½ôÀ¾¡Ã÷¸û 𝐼𝐼𝑇 – Â¢ø

±.¸¡:8.32
28 18 §º÷Å¾ü¸¡¸ì ¸¡ò¾¢ÕôÀÅ÷¸û. þÅ÷¸Ç¢ø 𝐴
= −
50 50 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.5, 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 þÕÅÕõ
28 − 18
= §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ô ÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.3 ±É¢ø, 𝐵
50
10 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.8 ±É ¿¢åÀ¢ì¸. [PTA-6]
= ¾£÷×:-
50
1 ¾Ã×,
=
5
(ii) NSS – ø þÕóÐ, ¬É¡ø NCC – þø þøÄ¡Áø 𝐴 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.5
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
= 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.3
30 18
= − 𝐵 §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× = 𝑃(𝐵) ±ý¸.
50 50
30 − 18
= WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
50
12
= WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ≤ 1
50
6
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≤ 1
25
(iii) ´ý§È ´ýÈ¢ø ÁðÎõ §º÷óÐ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É 0.5 + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0.3 ≤ 1
¿¢¸ú¾¸×
= 𝑃(𝐴 மட்டும் ) + 𝑃(𝐵 மட்டும் ) 0.2 + 𝑃(𝐵) ≤ 1
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵)
1 6 𝑃(𝐵) ≤ 1 − 0.2
= +
5 25
𝑃(𝐵) ≤ 0.8
5+6
=
25
11
=
25
MATHS MASTERS
ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8.4 = 0.42 + 0.48 − 0.16
2 2 1
1) 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
3 5 3
±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) ³ì ¸¡ñ¸. = 0.90 − 0.16
[PTA-1]
¾£÷×:- = 0.74
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.37, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.09 3) ´Õ ºÁÅ¡öôÒî §º¡¾¨ÉÂ¢ø 𝐴, 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å
´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û. §ÁÖõ 𝑃(𝐴þø¨Ä) =
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 0.45, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.65 ±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐵)-³ì ¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-2]
¾£÷×:-
2 2 1
= + − ¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴̅ ) = 0.45 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.65, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
3 5 3
WKT, 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅ ) = 1 − 0.45 = 0.55
10 + 6 − 5
=
15 WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
16 − 5 0.65 = 0.55 + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0

=
15
11 0.65 − 0.55 = 𝑃(𝐵)
=
15 0.10 = 𝑃(𝐵)
2) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å þÕ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û. §ÁÖõ, 𝑃(𝐴) = ∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.1
0.42, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.48 ÁüÚõ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.16 ±É¢ø, (i) 𝑃(𝐴
4) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 – Â¢ø, Ì¨Èó¾Ð ²¾¡ÅÐ ´ýÚ ¿¢¸úÅ¾ü¸¡É
þø¨Ä) (ii) 𝑃(𝐵 þø¨Ä) (iii) 𝑃 (𝐴 «øÄÐ 𝐵)
¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.6. 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ´§Ã §¿Ãò¾¢ø
¬¸¢ÂÅü¨Èì ¸¡ñ¸.
¿¨¼¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.2 ±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵
̅ ) - ³ì
¾£÷×:- ¸¡ñ¸.
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.48, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.16 ¾£÷×:-
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.6, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 þø¨Ä) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 0.42 = 0.58 WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(ii) 𝑃(𝐵 þø¨Ä) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 0.48 = 0.52 0.6 = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0.2
(iii) 𝑃 (𝐴 «øÄÐ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.6 + 0.2 = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8
MATHS MASTERS
∴ 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ) + 1 − 𝑃(𝐵 ) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
= 2 − [𝑃(𝐴 ) + 𝑃(𝐵 )] (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
= 2 − 0.8
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
= 1.2
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
5) ¿¢¸úîº¢ 𝐴 - ì¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.5 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 – ì¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×
0.3. 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±É¢ø, 𝐴 - õ, 𝐵 - õ ¿¢¸Æ¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ó¾ø ¯Õð¼Ä¢ø þÃð¨¼ôÀ¨¼ ±ñ ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.
¾£÷×:- 𝐴 = {(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3),
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.5, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐴) = 18
= 0.5 + 0.3 − 0 𝑛(𝐴) 18
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
= 0.8
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ ±ñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 8 ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.
∴ 𝐴 -õ, 𝐵 -õ ¿¢¸Æ¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
𝐵 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)}
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 𝑛(𝐵) = 5
𝑛(𝐵) 5
= 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
= 1 − 0.8
§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(2,6), (4,4), (6,2)}
= 0.2
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3
6) þÕ À¸¨¼¸û ´ÕÓ¨È ¯Õð¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ. Ó¾ø
À¸¨¼Â¢ø Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ þÃð¨¼ôÀ¨¼ ±ñ «øÄÐ Ó¸ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 3
±ñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 8 ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
¾£÷×:- ∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ,
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
MATHS MASTERS
18 5 3 𝑛(𝐵) = 2
= + −
36 36 36
n(B) 2
18 + 5 − 3 𝑃(𝐵) = =
= n(S) 52
36
23 − 3 𝐴-Ôõ, 𝐵-Ôõ ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û ±ýÀ¾¡ø,
=
36 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { } ⟹ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 ⟹ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
20
=
36 ∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ,
5
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
9
7) ¿ýÌ ¸¨ÄòÐ «Îì¸¢Â 52 º£ðÎ¸¨Çì ¦¸¡ñ¼ 2 2
= +
¸ðÊÄ¢ÕóÐ, ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´Õ º£ðÎ 52 52
±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «Ð º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡º¡Å¡¸ «øÄÐ ¸ÕôÒ
þÃ¡½¢Â¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. 2+2
=
52
¾£÷×:- 4
=
¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 52 52
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52 1
=
13
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 8) ´Õ ¦ÀðÊÂ¢ø 3, 5, 7, 9, … … , 35, 37
±ýÈ ±ñ¸û
ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀð¼ º£ðÎ¸û ¯ûÇÉ. ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø
º¢ÅôÒ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =2 ±Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ º£ðÎ ¬ÉÐ 7 – ý Á¼í¸¡¸ «øÄÐ
À¸¡ ±ñ½¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑛(𝐴) = 2
𝑛(𝐴) 2
𝑃(𝐴) = = ¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝑆) 52
𝑆 = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37}
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ ¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 18
¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =2
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ±Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ º£ðÎ ¬ÉÐ 7 – ý Á¼í¸¡¸
MATHS MASTERS
¸¢¨¼ò¾ø. 13
=
18
𝐴 = {7, 21, 35}
9) º£Ã¡É ãýÚ ¿¡½Âí¸û ´Õ Ó¨È Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ.
𝑛(𝐴) = 3 «¾¢¸Àðºõ 2 âì¸û «øÄÐ Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ 2 ¾¨Ä¸û
𝑛(𝐴) 3 ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 18 ¾£÷×:-
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ À¸¡ ±ñ½¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø. 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 8
𝐵 = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37}
𝑛(𝐵) = 11 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ «¾¢¸Àðºõ 2 âì¸û ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝐵) 11
𝑃(𝐵) = = 𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻}
𝑛(𝑆) 18
𝑛(𝐴) = 7
§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {7}
𝑛(𝐴) 7
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 18 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ 2 ¾¨Ä¸û ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑛(𝐵) = 4
3 11 1 𝑛(𝐵) 4
= + − 𝑃(𝐵) = =
18 18 18 𝑛(𝑆) 8
3 + 11 − 1
= §ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
18
14 − 1
= 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 4
18
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 4 168 + 105 − 200
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8 280
273 − 200
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, =
280
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 73
=
7 4 4 280
= + − 11) 8000 Áì¸û¦¾¡¨¸ ¦¸¡ñ¼ ´Õ ¿¸Ãò¾¢ø, 1300 §À÷ 50
8 8 8
7 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ §ÁüÀð¼Å÷¸û ÁüÚõ 3000 §À÷ ¦Àñ¸û.
= §ÁÖõ 50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ ¦Àñ¸û 30% ¯ûÇÉ÷
8
3 ±É×õ ¦¾Ã¢Â ÅÕ¸¢ÈÐ. §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ ¿À÷,
10) ´ÕÅÕìÌ Á¢ýº¡Ã ´ôÀó¾õ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×
5 ¦Àñ½¡¸ «øÄÐ 50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ÅÃ¡¸
ÁüÚõ ÌÆ¡ö¸û ¦À¡ÕòÐÅ¾ü¸¡É ´ôÀó¾õ ¸¢¨¼ì¸¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
5
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ¬Ìõ. §ÁÖõ, Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ ¾£÷×:-
8
5 ¿¸Ã¢ý Áì¸ûò¦¾¡¨¸ = 8000
²¾¡ÅÐ ´Õ ´ôÀó¾õ ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×
7
±É¢ø, þÃñÎ ´ôÀó¾í¸Ùõ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 8
±ýÉ? 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ ¿À÷ ¦Àñ½¡¸
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
¾£÷×:-
3 5 5
¦Àñ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 3000
̅ ) = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵
5 8 7
𝑛(𝐴) = 3000
5 8−5 3
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − = = 𝑛(𝐴) 3000 30
8 8 8 𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8000 80
∴ þÃñÎ ´ôÀó¾í¸Ùõ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
𝐵 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ ¿À÷ 50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) §ÁüÀð¼ÅÃ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
3 3 5 50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ §ÁüÀð¼Å÷¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 1300
= + −
5 8 7
𝑛(𝐵) = 1300
(56 x 3) + (35 x 3) − (40 x 5) 𝑛(𝐵) 1300 13
= 𝑃(𝐵) = = =
280 𝑛(𝑆) 8000 80
MATHS MASTERS
𝐴∩𝐵 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´Õ ¿À÷ 50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ºÃ¢Â¡¸ þÃñÎ ¾¨Ä¸û ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
§ÁüÀð¼ ¦Àñ½¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
50 ÅÂ¾¢üÌ §ÁüÀð¼ ¦Àñ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, 𝑛(𝐴) = 3
30 x 3000 𝑛(𝐴) 3
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3000 þø 30% = = 900 𝑃(𝐴) = =
100
𝑛(𝑆) 8
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 900 9
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = = 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ ´Õ â ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝑛(𝑆) 8000 80
𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇 }
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ,
𝑛(𝐵) = 7
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐵) 7
30 13 9 𝑃(𝐵) = =
= + − 𝑛(𝑆) 8
80 80 80
𝐶 ±ýÀÐ «Îò¾ÎòÐ þÃñÎ ¾¨Ä¸û ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢
30 + 13 − 9 ±ý¸.
=
80
𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻 }
43 − 9
= 𝑛(𝐶) = 3
80
34 𝑛(𝐶) 3
= 𝑃(𝐶) = =
80 𝑛(𝑆) 8
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
17
=
40 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 2 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 2
12) ´Õ ¿¡½Âõ ãýÚ Ó¨È Íñ¼ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÐ. ºÃ¢Â¡¸
þÃñÎ ¾¨Ä¸û «øÄÐ Ì¨Èó¾Àðºõ ´Õ â «øÄÐ
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
«Îò¾ÎòÐ þÃñÎ ¾¨Ä¸û ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
¸¡ñ¸. [PTA-2, PTA-6] = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
¾£÷×:-
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇 } 3 2 2
= = =
8 8 8
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 8
MATHS MASTERS
§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}

¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 2 1 1 1
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 6 , 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 4 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 8
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 9 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) =
𝑛(𝑆) 10 15
2 𝑃(𝐵) = 2 𝑃(𝐴) ÁüÚõ 𝑃(𝐶) = 3 𝑃(𝐴)
= WKT,
8
−𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
9 1 1 1 1
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 2 𝑃(𝐴) + 3 𝑃(𝐴) − − − +
−𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 10 6 4 8 15
3 7 3 3 2 2 2 9 1 1 1 1
= + + − − − + + + + − = 6 𝑃(𝐴)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 6 4 8 15
7+3−2 (12x9) + (1x20) + (1x30) + (1x15) − (1x8)
= = 6 𝑃(𝐴)
8 120
10 − 2 108 + 20 + 30 + 15 − 8
= = 6 𝑃(𝐴)
8 120
8 173 − 8
= = 6 𝑃(𝐴)
8 120
=1 165
= 𝑃(𝐴)
13) 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ±ýÀÉ ²§¾Ûõ ãýÚ ¿¢¸úîº¢¸û. §ÁÖõ 𝐵 120 x 6
¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É 𝐴 - ý ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åô §À¡Ä
¿¢¸ú¾¸× 55
= 𝑃(𝐴)
þÕÁ¼í¸¡¸×õ, 𝐶 ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 𝐴 - ³ Å¢¼ 120 x 2
1
ãýÚ Á¼í¸¡¸×õ ¯ûÇÉ. §ÁÖõ, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 6 , 11
= 𝑃(𝐴)
1 1 9 24 x 2
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 4 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 8 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 10,
11
1 𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 15 ±É¢ø, 𝑃(𝐴), 𝑃(𝐵) ÁüÚõ 𝑃(𝐶) - ³ì 48
¸¡ñ¸.
MATHS MASTERS
11 11 𝐴 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 2 𝑃(𝐴) = 2 ( ) =
48 24
𝑛(𝐴) = 8
11 11
𝑃(𝐶) = 3 𝑃(𝐴) = 3 ( ) = 𝑛(𝐴) 8
48 16 𝑃(𝐴) = =
14) 35 Á¡½Å÷¸û ¯ûÇ ´Õ ÅÌôÀ¢ø ´ù¦Å¡ÕÅÕìÌõ 1 𝑛(𝑆) 35
Ó¾ø 35 Å¨Ã ±ñ¸û ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´ÕÅ÷ ÀÌ ±ñ¨½ ÅÃ¢¨º
±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ Á¡½Å¢Â¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
Á¡½Å÷¸ÙìÌõ Á¡½Å¢¸ÙìÌõ ¯ûÇ Å¢¸¢¾Á¡ÉÐ 4 ∶ 3
¬Ìõ. ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ¸û Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ø ¦¾¡¼í¸¢ 𝐵 = {21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35}
Á¡½Å¢¸Ç¢ø ÓÊÅ¨¼¸¢ÈÐ. ´ÕÅ÷ ÅÌôÀ¢Ä¢ÕóÐ
§¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢È¡÷. «Å÷ À¸¡ ±ñ¨½ ÅÃ¢¨º 𝑛(𝐵) = 12
±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ Á¡½ÅÃ¡¸§Å¡ «øÄÐ ÀÌ ±ñ¨½
ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ Á¡½Å¢Â¡¸§Å¡ «øÄÐ 𝑛(𝐵) 12
þÃð¨¼ ±ñ¨½ ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ÅÃ¡¸§Å¡
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 35
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝐶 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´ÕÅ÷ þÃð¨¼ ±ñ¨½
¾£÷×:- ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ÅÃ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
ÅÌôÀ¢ø ¯ûÇ ¦Á¡ò¾ Á¡½Å Á¡½Å¢¸Ç¢ý ±ý¸.
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 35
𝐶 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34}
𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, … , 35}
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 35 𝑛(𝐶) = 17
¾Ã×, Á¡½Å÷¸û ÁüÚõ Á¡½Å¢¸Ç¢ý Å¢¸¢¾õ =4∶3 𝑛(𝐶) 17
𝑃(𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 35
¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀÌ¾¢¸û = 4+3 =7
𝐴∩𝐵 ={} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {22,24,26,28,30,32,34 }
4
Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 7 x 35 = 4 x 5 = 20
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 7
3
Á¡½Å¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = x 35 = 3 x 5 = 15 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 7
7
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = =0 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 35 𝑛(𝑆) 35
±É§Å, Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ¸û = {1, 2, 3, … , 20}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {2} 𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶 ={}
ÁüÚõ Á¡½Å¢¸Ç¢ý ÅÃ¢¨º ±ñ¸û = {21, 22, 23, … , 35}
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 1 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 0
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ §¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎõ ´ÕÅ÷ À¸¡ ±ñ¨½ ÅÃ¢¨º
±ñ½¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼ Á¡½ÅÃ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 1 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) =
𝑛(𝑆) 35 𝑛(𝑆)
MATHS MASTERS
0 À¢Ã¢× 𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑
= =0 þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑑=
35 𝑐
∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 0 – 20 10 5 −2 −10
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 20 – 40 30 𝑓1 −1 −𝑓1

−𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 40 – 60 50 10 0 0
8 12 17 7 1
= + + −0− − +0 60 – 80 70 𝑓2 1 𝑓2
35 35 35 35 35
8 + 12 + 17 − 7 − 1 80 – 100 90 7 2 14
=
35
100 – 120 110 8 3 24
37 − 8
=
35 30 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
29 þíÌ,
=
35 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
«ÄÌô ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8
∑ 𝑓 = 30 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
1) À¢ýÅÕõ ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ ÀÃÅÄ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ 62.8 ÁüÚõ
«¨ÉòÐ ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø 50. Å¢ÎÀð¼ ¾Ã×, ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑓 = 50
¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¸û 𝑓1 ÁüÚõ 𝑓2 - ³ì ¸½ì¸¢Î¸.
⟹ 30 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 50
À¢Ã¢× 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 -
þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 0 - 20 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 50 − 30
40 60 80 100 120
¿¢¸ú¦Åñ 5 𝑓1 10 𝑓2 7 8 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 20 → (𝟏)
¾£÷×:- ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝐖𝐊𝐓, ̅=𝐴+
𝑥 x𝑐
¾Ã×, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = 62.8 ∑𝑓
∑ 𝑓 = 50 28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
¿¢¸ú¦Åñ¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾ø, ⟹ 62.8 = 50 + x 20
50
°¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝐴 = 50 ÁüÚõ 𝑐 = 20 28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
62.8 − 50 = x2
5
MATHS MASTERS
12.8 x 5 Á¡üÚÅ¾üÌ «ó¾ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¢ý Ì¨Èó¾Àðº ±ø¨Ä
= 28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
2 Á¾¢ô¨À 0.5 ¬ø ¸Æ¢ì¸×õ, «¾¢¸Àðº ±ø¨Ä Á¾¢ô¨À 0.5
6.4 x 5 − 28 = −𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ¬ø Üð¼×õ §ÅñÎõ.
32 − 28 = −𝑓1 + 𝑓2 °¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 42.5 ÁüÚõ c = 4 ±ý¸.

4 = −𝑓1 + 𝑓2 𝑥−𝐴
À¢Ã¢× 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 𝑑= 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑 2
þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢ 𝑐
𝑓1 − 𝑓2 = −4 → (𝟐)
ºÁýÀ¡Î¸û (1) ÁüÚõ (2) ³ - ¾£÷ì¸×õ, 32.5 – 36.5 34.5 15 −8 −2 −30 4 60
(𝟏) : 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 20 36.5 – 40.5 17
38.5 17 −4 −1 −17 1
(𝟐) : 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 = −4
40.5 – 44.5 42.5 21 0 0 0 0 0
(𝟏) + (𝟐) : 𝑓1 + 𝑓1 = 20 − 4
2𝑓1 = 16 44.5 – 48.5 46.5 22 4 1 22 1 22
16
𝑓1 = 48.5 – 52.5 50.5 25 8 2 50 4 100
2
𝑓1 = 8 199
100 25
𝑓1 = 8 þý Á¾¢ô¨À ºÁýÀ¡Î (𝟏) þø À¢Ã¾¢Â¢¼, þíÌ,
8 + 𝑓2 = 20 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 = 199
𝑓2 = 20 − 8
∑ 𝑓𝑑 = 25
𝑓2 = 12
2) ´Õ ÅÊÅ¨ÁôÀ¢ø Å¨ÃÂôÀð¼ Åð¼í¸Ç¢ý Å¢ð¼ ∑ 𝑓 = 100
«Ç×¸û (Á¢.Á£ - ø) ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. þ¾ý 2
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ¸¡ñ¸. ∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = 𝑐 x √ −( )
33 - 37 - 41 - 45 - 49 - ∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
Å¢ð¼í¸û (¦º.Á£) 𝑥
36 40 44 48 52
199 25 2
Åð¼í¸Ç¢ý ∴ 𝜎 = 4x √ −( )
15 17 21 22 25 100 100
±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 𝑓
199 252
¾£÷×:- = 4 x √100 − 1002
¾É¢ þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢¨Â ¦¾¡¼÷îîº¢Â¡É þ¨¼¦ÅÇ¢Â¡¸
MATHS MASTERS
2𝑘 1 2𝑘 2𝑘 2
199 625
=4x√ −
100 100 x 100 3𝑘 1 3𝑘 9𝑘 2
þíÌ,
199 x 100 − 625 4𝑘 1 4𝑘 16𝑘 2
=4x√ ∑ 𝑓𝑥 2 = 92𝑘 2
100 x 100 2
5𝑘 1 5𝑘 25𝑘
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 22𝑘
19900 − 625 6𝑘 1 6𝑘 36𝑘 2
=4x√ ∑𝑓 = 7
100 x 100
7 22𝑘 92𝑘 2
2
19275 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 2
2
∑ 𝑓𝑥
=4x√ 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 = −( )
100 x 100 ∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
92𝑘 2 22𝑘 2
√19275 ⟹ 160 = −( )
=4x 7 7
100
92𝑘 2 484𝑘 2
160 = −
138.83 7 49
=
25 7(92𝑘 ) − 484𝑘 2
2
160 =
𝜎 = 5.55 49
3) ´Õ ¿¢¸ú¦Åñ ÀÃÅø ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. 160 x 49 = 644𝑘 − 484𝑘 2
2
«ð¼Å¨½Â¢ø, 𝑘 ´Õ Á¢¨¸ ÓØ. Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î 160 x 49 = 160𝑘 2

ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ 160 ±É¢ø, 𝑘 - ý Á¾¢ô¨Àì ¸¡ñ¸. 160 x 49
= 𝑘2
𝑥 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 4𝑘 5𝑘 6𝑘 160
49 = 𝑘 2
𝑓 2 1 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑘=7
¾£÷×:- 4) ¦ºøº¢Â…¢ø ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀð¼ ¦ÅôÀ¿¢¨Ä ¾ÃÅ¢ý
¾Ã×, Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 = 160 ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ 5. þó¾ ¦ÅôÀ¿¢¨Ä ¾Ã¨Å
2 ∙À¡Ãý†£ð ¬¸ Á¡üÚõ ¦À¡ØÐ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¾ÃÅ¢ý
𝑥 𝑓 𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¨Âì ¸¡ñ¸.
𝑘 2 2𝑘 4𝑘 2 ¾£÷×:-
¾Ã×, ¦ºøº¢Â…¢ø ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀð¼ ¦ÅôÀ¿¢¨Ä ¾ÃÅ¢ý
MATHS MASTERS
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝐶 = 𝜎 = 5. ∑ 𝑥 2 = 523
WKT, ¦ºøº¢Â¨… ∙À¡Ãý†£ð ¬¸ Á¡üÚõ ¦À¡ØÐ, ∑𝑥 93
9 ±É§Å ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑥̅ = = 18 = 5.17
𝑛
𝐹 = 5 𝐶 + 32 ¬Ìõ.
∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2
9
⟹ 𝐹= 𝐶 [ஏமனனில் , +32 என் பது திட்டவிலக்கத்தில்
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎=√ −( 𝑛 )
𝑛
5
மாற் றத்கத எற் படுத்தாது. ]
523 93 2
±É§Å, ∙À¡Ãý†£ðÊø ÌÈ¢ì¸ôÀð¼ ¦ÅôÀ¿¢¨Ä ¾ÃÅ¢ý 𝜎=√ −( )
9 18 18
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ, 𝜎 = (5) = 9
5
∙ Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 2 = 92 = 81 523 932
=√ −
5) ´Õ ÀÃÅÄ¢ø ∑(𝑥 − 5) = 3, ∑(𝑥 − 5)2 = 43 ÁüÚõ ¦Á¡ò¾ò 18 182
¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ 18 ±É¢ø, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,
523 8649
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸ò¨¾ì ¸¡ñ¸. =√ −
¾£÷×:-
18 18 x 18
¾Ã×, ∑(𝑥 − 5) = 3, ∑(𝑥 − 5)2 = 43 ÁüÚõ 𝑛 = 18 523 x 18 − 8649

=√
18 x 18
∑(𝑥 − 5) = 3 ⟹ ∑ 𝑥 − ∑ 5 = 3
∑𝑥 − 5∑1 = 3 9414 − 8649
=√
∑ 𝑥 − 5(𝑛) = 3 18 x 18
∑ 𝑥 − 5(18) = 3
∑ 𝑥 − 90 = 3 765
=√
∑ 𝑥 = 3 + 90 18 x 18
∑ 𝑥 = 93 √765
∑(𝑥 − 5) = 43 ⟹ ∑[𝑥 2 − 2(𝑥)(5) + 52 ] = 43
2 =
18
∑[𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25] = 43 27.66
=
∑ 𝑥 2 − 10 ∑ 𝑥 + 25 ∑ 1 = 43 18
∑ 𝑥 2 − 10(93) + 25(18) = 43 = 1.536
= 1.54
∑ 𝑥 2 − 930 + 450 = 43
6) þÃñÎ ¿¸Ãí¸Ç¢ý Àø§ÅÚ þ¼í¸Ç¢ø Å¢üÀ¨É ¦ºöÔõ
∑ 𝑥 2 − 480 = 43 ¿¢Äì¸¼¨Ä ¦À¡ð¼Äí¸Ç¢ý Å¢¨Ä¸û
2
∑ 𝑥 = 43 + 480 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÉ. ±ó¾ ¿¸Ãò¾¢ø Å¢¨Ä¸Ç¡ÉÐ
¿¢¨ÄÂ¡É¾¡¸ ¯ûÇÐ?
MATHS MASTERS
¿¸Ãõ 𝐴 – ý 16 = 12.25 %
20 22 19 23
Å¢¨Ä¸û
¿¸Ãõ 𝑩 – ý Å¢¨Ä¸Ùì¸¡É Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:-
¿¸Ãõ 𝐵 – ý 15
10 20 18 12 ∑ 𝑥 75
Å¢¨Ä¸û 𝑥̅ = = = 15
¾£÷×:- 𝑛 5
𝑑2 þíÌ,
¿¸Ãõ 𝑨 – ý Å¢¨Ä¸Ùì¸¡É Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø:- 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
∑ 𝑥 100 ∑ 𝑑2 = 68
𝑥̅ = = = 20 10 −5 25
𝑛 5 𝑛=5
þíÌ, 20 5 25
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2
18 3 9
∑ 𝑑2 = 30 ∑ 𝑑2
20 0 0 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√
12 −3 9 𝑛
22 2 4 𝑛=5
15 0 0
19 −1 1
∑ 𝑑2 75 68
23 3 9 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎=√
𝑛
16 −4 16 68
𝜎 =√
5
100 30
= √13.6
30 = 3.69
𝜎 =√
5 ∙ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø,
= √6 𝜎
= 2.45 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 %
𝑥̅
∙ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø, 3.69
= x 100
𝜎 15
𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100 % 369
𝑥̅ =
15
2.45
= x 100 = 24.6 %
20
24.5 Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Øì¸¨Ç ´ôÀ¢¼, 12.25 < 24.6
=
2
MATHS MASTERS
𝐖𝐊𝐓, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ ¯ûÇ Á¾¢ôÒ¸§Ç «¾¢¸ 𝐿 = 60 ³ ºÁýÀ¡Î (2) þø À¢Ã¾¢Â¢¼,

¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â¾¡¸ þÕìÌõ. 60 + 𝑆 = 100
𝐴 – ø Å¢üÀ¨É ¦ºöÂôÀÎõ ¿¢Äì¸¼¨Äô
þíÌ, ¿¸Ãõ
𝑆 = 100 − 60
¦À¡ð¼Äí¸Ç¢ý Å¢¨Ä¸Ç¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸ØÅ¡ÉÐ ¿¸Ãõ 𝐵
– ø Å¢üÀ¨É ¦ºöÂôÀÎõ ¿¢Äì¸¼¨Äô ¦À¡ð¼Äí¸Ç¢ý 𝑆 = 40
Å¢¨Ä¸Ç¢ý Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø¨Å Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾¡ø,
8) þÃñÎ Ó¨ÈÂ¡É À¸¨¼¸û ¯Õð¼ôÀÎõ ¦À¡ØÐ, Ó¸
¿¸Ãõ 𝐴 þý Å¢¨Ä¸Ç¡ÉÐ «¾¢¸ ¿¢¨Äò¾ý¨ÁÔ¨¼Â¾¡Ìõ.
Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¦ÀÕì¸ø 6 ¬¸§Å¡ «øÄÐ Ó¸
7) ´Õ ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃò¾¢ý Å£îÍ ÁüÚõ Å£îÍì¦¸Ø Ó¨È§Â 20
Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý Å¢ò¾¢Â¡ºõ 5 ¬¸§Å¡ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É
ÁüÚõ 0.2 ±É¢ø, Å¢ÅÃí¸Ç¢ý Á¢¸ô¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ ÁüÚõ ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸.
Á¢¸îº¢È¢Â ±ñ¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
¾£÷×:-
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
¾Ã×, Å£îÍ = 20
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
𝐿 − 𝑆 = 20  (1) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
¾Ã×, Å£îÍì¦¸Ø = 0.2 (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
𝐿−𝑆
= 0.2 (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝐿+𝑆
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
𝐿−𝑆 2
= 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¦ÀÕì¸ø 6 ¬¸ ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.
𝐿 + 𝑆 10
20 x 10 𝐴 = {(1, 6), (2,3), (3,2), (6,1)}
=𝐿+𝑆
2
𝑛(𝐴) = 4
𝐿 + 𝑆 = 100  (2) 𝑛(𝐴) 4
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
(1)  (2) : 2𝐿 = 120
120 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý Å¢ò¾¢Â¡ºõ 5 ¬¸ ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.

𝐿= = 60
2 𝐵 = {(1,6), (6,1)}
𝐿 = 60 𝑛(𝐵) = 2
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐵) 2 𝑛(𝐴) = 3
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 𝑛(𝐴) 3
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 4
§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(1,6), (6,1)}
10) ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 5 ¦Åû¨Ç ÁüÚõ º¢Ä ¸ÕôÒ ÀóÐ¸û
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 2 ¯ûÇÉ. ¨ÀÂ¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸ÕôÒô ÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ ¦Åû¨ÇôÀóÐ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 2
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åô §À¡ø þÃñÎ Á¼íÌ ±É¢ø, ¸ÕôÒ
𝑛(𝑆) 36 ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸¨Âì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:-
𝐴 = ¦Åû¨Ç, 𝐵 = ¸ÕôÒ
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
¾Ã×, ¦Åû¨Çô ÀóÐ¸û 𝑛(𝐴) = 5
4 2 2
= + − ¸ÕôÒô ÀóÐ¸û 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥 ±ý¸.
36 36 36
4+2−2 ¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀóÐ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 5 + 𝑥
=
36
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐵) = 2 x 𝑃(𝐴)
4
=
36 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴)
=2x
1 𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
=
9
9) þÃñÎ ÌÆó¨¾¸û ¯ûÇ ´Õ ÌÎõÀò¾¢ø, Ì¨Èó¾Ð
𝑥 5
= 2x
´Õ ¦ÀñÉ¡ÅÐ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åì ¸¡ñ¸. 5+𝑥 5+𝑥
¾£÷×:-
10 (5 + 𝑥)
ÜÚ¦ÅÇ¢, 𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐵, 𝐺𝐺} 𝑥=
5+𝑥
𝑛(𝑆) = 4
𝑥 = 10
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ì¨Èó¾Ð ´Õ ¦ÀñÉ¡ÅÐ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢
±ý¸ ∙ ¸ÕôÒô ÀóÐ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 10
𝐴 = {𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐵, 𝐺𝐺}
MATHS MASTERS
11) ´Õ Á¡½Åý þÚ¾¢ò§¾÷Å¢ø ¬í¸¢Äõ ÁüÚõ ¾Á¢Æ¢ø ¾Ã×, 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ ´Õ º£ðÎì ¸ðÊø Š§ÀÎ
§¾÷îº¢ ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É 0.5, ´ýÈ¢Öõ §¾÷îº¢
¿¢¸ú¾ì× º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ þÃ¡º¡, þÃ¡½¢ ÁüÚõ Áó¾¢Ã¢ º£ðÎ¸û
¿£ì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ.
«¨¼Â¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.1. ¬í¸¢Äò
§¾÷Å¢ø §¾÷îº¢ «¨¼Å¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× 0.75 ±É¢ø, ∙ Á£¾ÓûÇ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 52 − 3 = 49
¾Á¢ú §¾÷Å¢ø §¾÷îº¢ ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 49
¾£÷×:-
(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¨¼Áñð º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
𝐴 = ¬í¸¢Äõ, 𝐵 = ¾Á¢ú
¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) = 0.5 , ¨¼Áñð º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 13
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 0.1 , 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.75 𝑛(𝐴) = 13
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑛(𝐴) 13
WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 49
= 1 − 0.1 (ii) 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ µ÷ þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
= 0.9
þÃ¡½¢ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 4−1= 3
WKT, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
0.9 = 0.75 + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0.5 𝑛(𝐵) = 3
𝑛(𝐵) 3
0.9 = 0.25 + 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 49
0.9 − 0.25 = 𝑃(𝐵)
(iii) 𝐶 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ Š§ÀÎ º£ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
0.65 = 𝑃(𝐵)
þíÌ, Š§ÀÎ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 13 − 3 = 10
12) 52 º£ðÎ¸û ¦¸¡ñ¼ ´Õ º£ðÎì ¸ðÊø Š§ÀÎ
º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ þÃ¡º¡, þÃ¡½¢ ÁüÚõ Áó¾¢Ã¢ º£ðÎ¸û
𝑛(𝐶) = 10
¿£ì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÉ. Á£¾ÓûÇ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ´Õ º£ðÎ
±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «Ð, 𝑛(𝐶) 10
𝑃(𝐶) = =
(i) ´Õ ¨¼Áñð 𝑛(𝑆) 49
(ii) µ÷ þÃ¡½¢ (iv) 𝐷 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ 5 ±ýÈ ±ñ ¦¸¡ñ¼ †¡÷ð º£ðÎ
(iii) ´Õ Š§ÀÎ ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
(iv) 5 ±ýÈ ±ñ ¦¸¡ñ¼ †¡÷ð º£ðÎ ¬¸¢ÂÉÅ¡¸
5 ±ýÈ ±ñ ¦¸¡ñ¼ †¡÷ð º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =1
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×¸¨Çì ¸¡ñ¸.
¾£÷×:- 𝑛(𝐷) = 1
MATHS MASTERS
𝑛(𝐷) 1 ¾Ã×, 𝑛 = 100, 𝑥̅ = 40, 𝜎 = 3
𝑃(𝐷) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 49 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥2
𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝜎 2 = −( 𝑛 ) = − (𝑥̅ )2
𝑛 𝑛
ÀÂ¢üº¢ - 8.5
∑ 𝑥2
´Õ Á¾¢ô¦Àñ Å¢É¡ì¸û ⟹ 32 = − (4)2
100
1) ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼¨Å¸Ç¢ø ±Ð ÀÃÅø «Ç¨Å þø¨Ä?
(«)Å£îÍ (¬) ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ ∑ 𝑥2
9= − 1600
(þ) ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢ (®) Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 100
¾£÷×:- ∑ 𝑥2
Å¢¨¼: (þ) ÜðÎîºÃ¡ºÃ¢
9 + 1600 =
100
2) 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, … , 8 ¬¸¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý Å£îÍ ∑ 𝑥2
1609 =
(«) 0 (¬) 1 (þ) 8 (®) 3 100
¾£÷×:-
1609 x 100 = ∑ 𝑥 2
¾Ã×, Á¢¸ô ¦ÀÃ¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝐿=8
∑ 𝑥 2 = 160900
Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆=8
Å¢¨¼: (¬) 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟎
Å£îÍ =𝐿−𝑆 =8−8=0
Å¢¨¼: («) 𝟎 5) Ó¾ø 20 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ
(«) 32.25 (¬) 44.25 (þ) 33.25 (®) 30
3) ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¢Ä¢ÕóÐ
¸¢¨¼ì¸ô ¦ÀüÈ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ù¨¼Â
Å¢Äì¸í¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾Ä¡ÉÐ ___________. ¾£÷×:-
(«) ±ô¦À¡ØÐõ Á¢¨¸ ±ñ (¬) ±ô¦À¡ØÐõ Ì¨È ±ñ
(þ) âîº¢Âõ (®) âîº¢ÂÁüÈ ÓØì¸û
WKT, Ó¾ø 𝑛 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,
¾£÷×:-
𝑛2 – 1
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸¢¨¼ì¸ô ¦ÀüÈ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ù¨¼Â 𝜎2 =
Å¢Äì¸í¸Ç¢ý ÜÎ¾Ä¡ÉÐ âîº¢Âõ ¬Ìõ.
12
«¾¡ÅÐ, ∑ 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ = 0 ∙ Ó¾ø 20 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,

Å¢¨¼: (þ) âîº¢Âõ
202 – 1 400 – 1 399
4) 100 ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 40 ÁüÚõ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 3 𝜎2 = = = = 33.25
±É¢ø, Å¢Äì¸í¸Ç¢ý Å÷ì¸ì ÜÎ¾Ä¡ÉÐ 12 12 12
(«) 40000 (¬) 160900 (þ) 160000 (®) 30000 Å¢¨¼: (þ) 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
¾£÷×:-
MATHS MASTERS
6) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ 3. ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ô¨ÀÔõ 5 8) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ ÁüÚõ Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ó¨È§Â 4

- ¬ø ¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾ÃÅ¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ÁüÚõ 87.5% ±É¢ø, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ
ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ
(«) 3.5 (¬) 3 (þ) 4.5 (®) 2.5
(«) 3 (¬) 15 (þ) 5 (®) 225
¾£÷×:-
¾£÷×:-
¾Ã×, 𝑥̅ = 4 , 𝐶. 𝑉 = 87.5%
¾Ã×, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎=3
𝜎
WKT, ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃò¾¢ý ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ô¨ÀÔõ 5 - ¬ø 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝐶. 𝑉 = x 100%
𝑥̅
¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸Ç¢ý
𝜎
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Óõ 5 - ¬ø ¦ÀÕì¸ôÀÎõ. 87.5 = x 100
4
∙ Ò¾¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ,
87.5 x 4
=𝜎
𝜎 = 3 x 5 = 15 100
350
Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝜎 2 = (15)2 = 225 𝜎=
100
Å¢¨¼: (®) 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝜎 = 3.5
7) 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 𝑝 - ±É¢ø, 3𝑥 + 5, 3𝑦 +
Å¢¨¼: («) 𝟑. 𝟓
5, 3𝑧 + 5 ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Á¡ÉÐ
(«) 𝟑𝒑 + 𝟓 (¬) 𝟑𝒑 (þ) 𝒑 + 𝟓 (®) 𝟗𝒑 + 𝟏𝟓 9) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼¨Å¸Ç¢ø ±Ð ¾ÅÈ¡ÉÐ?
¾£÷×:- («) 𝑃(𝐴) > 1 (¬) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
(þ) 𝑃(𝜑) = 0 (®) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1
¾Ã×, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ¬¸¢ÂÅüÈ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 𝑝
¾£÷×:-
WKT, ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃò¾¢ý ´ù¦Å¡Õ Á¾¢ô¨ÀÔõ 3 - ¬ø
¦ÀÕì¸¢É¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸Ç¢ý 𝑃(𝐴) > 1 ±ýÀÐ ¾ÅÈ¡ÉÐ. ²¦ÉÉ¢ø, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸Óõ 3 - ¬ø ¦ÀÕì¸ôÀÎõ. Å¢¨¼: («) 𝑷(𝑨) > 1
±É§Å, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 3𝑝 10) 𝑝 º¢ÅôÒ, 𝑞 ¿£Ä, 𝑟 Àî¨º ¿¢Èì ÜÆ¡í¸ü¸û ¯ûÇ ´Õ
ÌÎ¨ÅÂ¢ø þÕóÐ ´Õ º¢ÅôÒ ÜÆ¡í¸ø ±ÎôÀ¾ü¸¡É
WKT,¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢ ´ù¦Å¡ýÚ¼Ûõ 5 ±ýÈ Á¡È¢Ä¢¨Âì ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ
ÜðÊÉ¡ø ¸¢¨¼ìÌõ Ò¾¢Â ¾Ã×¸Ç¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ Á¡È¡Ð. 𝒒 𝒑 𝒑+𝒒 𝒑+𝒓
(«) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓 (¬) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓 (þ) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓 (®) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓
±É§Å, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 3𝑝
¾£÷×:-
Å¢¨¼: (¬) 𝟑𝒑
¾Ã×, º¢ÅôÒì ¸ü¸û =𝑝
MATHS MASTERS
¿£Äì ¸ü¸û =𝑞 𝟕
Å¢¨¼: (¬)
𝟏𝟎
Àî¨ºì ¸ü¸û =𝑟 𝑥
12) ´Õ ¿ÀÕìÌ §Å¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ .
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 2
3
§Å¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ì¸¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±É¢ø, 𝑥 -
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ º¢ÅôÒ ÜÆ¡í¸ø ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ 3
Â¢ý Á¾¢ôÀ¡ÉÐ
±ý¸.
(«) 2 (¬) 1 (þ) 3 (®) 1.5
º¢ÅôÒ ÜÆ¡í¸ü¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =𝑝 ¾£÷×:-
¾Ã×, ´Õ ¿ÀÕìÌ §Å¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝
𝑥
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛(𝐴) 𝑝 3
𝑃(𝐴) = = ´Õ ¿ÀÕìÌ §Å¨Ä ¸¢¨¼ì¸¡Áø þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸×,
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟
𝒑 2
Å¢¨¼: (¬)
𝒑+𝒒+𝒓
𝑃(𝐴̅) =
3
11) ´Õ Òò¾¸ò¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ´Õ Àì¸õ 𝐖𝐊𝐓, 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1
§¾÷ó¦¾Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «ó¾ô Àì¸ ±ñ½¢ý ´ýÈ¡õ þ¼
𝑥 2
Á¾¢ôÀ¡ÉÐ 7 - ³ Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ⟹ + =1
¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¡ÉÐ 3 3
𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟕 𝑥+2
(«) 𝟏𝟎 (¬) 𝟏𝟎 (þ) 𝟗 (®) 𝟗 =1
3
¾£÷×:-
𝑥+2=3
𝑆 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
𝑥 = 3−2
𝑛(𝑆) = 10
𝑥=1
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Àì¸ ±ñ½¢ý ´ýÈ¡õ þ¼ Á¾¢ôÀ¡ÉÐ 7 - ³
Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. Å¢¨¼: (¬) 𝟏
13) ¸ÁÄõ, ÌÖì¸ø §À¡ðÊÂ¢ø ¸ÄóÐ ¦¸¡ñ¼¡û. «íÌ
7 - ³ Å¢¼ì Ì¨ÈÅ¡É ±ñ¸û = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
¦Á¡ò¾õ 135 º£ðÎ¸û Å¢ü¸ôÀð¼É. ¸ÁÄõ ¦ÅüÈ¢
1
𝑛(𝐴) = 7 ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É Å¡öôÒ ±É¢ø, ¸ÁÄõ Å¡í¸¢Â º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý
9
±ñ½¢ì¨¸.
𝑛(𝐴) 7 («) 𝟓 (¬) 𝟏𝟎 (þ) 𝟏𝟓 (®) 𝟐𝟎
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 10 ¾£÷×:-
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ ¸ÁÄõ ¦ÅüÈ¢ ¦ÀÚÅ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
MATHS MASTERS
1
¾Ã×, 𝑛(𝑆) = 135, 𝑃(𝐴) = 9 15) ´Õ À½ô¨ÀÂ¢ø å. 2000 §¿¡ðÎ¸û 10 õ, å. 500 -
§¿¡ðÎ¸û 15 - õ, å. 200 §¿¡ðÎ¸û 25 - õ ¯ûÇÉ.
¸ÁÄõ Å¡í¸¢Â º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, = 𝑛(𝐴) ±ý¸. ´Õ §¿¡ðÎ ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ±Îì¸ôÀÎ¸¢ýÈÐ ±É¢ø,
1 𝑛(𝐴) 1 «ó¾ §¿¡ðÎ å. 500 §¿¡ð¼¡¸§Å¡ «øÄÐ å. 200
𝑃(𝐴) = ⟹ = §¿¡ð¼¡¸§Å¡ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸ú¾¸× ±ýÉ?
9 𝑛(𝑆) 9 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒
(«) 𝟓 (¬) 𝟏𝟎 (þ) 𝟑 (®) 𝟓
𝑛(𝐴) 1
= ¾£÷×:-
135 9
135 ¾Ã×, 2000 åÀ¡ö §¿¡ðÎ¸û = 10
𝑛(𝐴) =
9 500 åÀ¡ö §¿¡ðÎ¸û = 15
𝑛(𝐴) = 15 200 åÀ¡ö §¿¡ðÎ¸û = 25
Å¢¨¼: (þ) 𝟏𝟓 ∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 10 + 15 + 25 = 50
14) ¬í¸¢Ä ±ØòÐì¸û {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … , 𝑧} – Â¢Ä¢ÕóÐ µ÷ ±ØòÐ 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ å. 500 §¿¡ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.
ºÁÅ¡öôÒ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø §¾÷× ¦ºöÂôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ. «ó¾ ±ØòÐ
𝑥 – ìÌ Óó¨¾Â ±ØòÐì¸Ç¢ø ´ýÈ¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É 𝑛(𝐴) = 15
¿¢¸ú¾¸×
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟑 𝑛(𝐴) 15
(«) 𝟏𝟑 (¬) 𝟏𝟑 (þ) 𝟐𝟔 (®) 𝟐𝟔 𝑃(𝐴) = =
¾£÷×:-
𝑛(𝑆) 50
𝑆 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … , 𝑧} 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ å. 200 §¿¡ðÎ ¸¢¨¼ôÀ¾ü¸¡É¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸.

𝑛(𝑆) = 26 𝑛(𝐵) = 25
𝐴 ±ýÀÐ 𝑥 – ìÌ Óó¨¾Â ±ØòÐì¸Ç¢ø ´ýÈ¡¸
þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É ¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. 𝑛(𝐵) 25
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 50
𝑥 – ìÌ Óó¨¾Â ±ØòÐì¸û = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, … , 𝑤} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ å. 500 ÁüÚõ å.200 §¿¡ð¼¡¸ þÕôÀ¾ü¸¡É
¿¢¸úîº¢ ±ý¸. þÐ ´Õ ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ ¿¢¸úîº¢
𝑛(𝐴) = 23 ¬Ìõ.
𝑛(𝐴) 23 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 26 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0
𝟐𝟑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = =0
Å¢¨¼: (þ) 𝑛(𝑆) 50
𝟐𝟔
MATHS MASTERS
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
15 25
= + −0
50 50
15 + 25
=
50
40
=
50
4
=
5
𝟒
Å¢¨¼: (®)
𝟓


அலகு-8-புள்ளியியலும் நிகழ்தகவும்

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புள் ளியியலும் நிகழ் தகவும்

A.SUBBARAJ P SENTHIL KUMAR

Mail id: mathsmasters.vnr@gmail.com

1) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ÒûÇ¢ Å¢ÅÃí¸ÙìÌî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, 𝑛 ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸Ç¢ý ºÃ¡ºÃ¢Â¡ÉÐ 𝑥̅ , §ÁÖõ Ó¾ø

2) ÜðÎî ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ìÌõ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ìÌõ þ¨¼§ÂÂ¡É Å¢¨¼:- ¾Ã×, À¨ÆÂ ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ = 𝑥̅

𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐴 , 𝐴 = °¸îºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 2) ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀð¼ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¾Ã×ô ÒûÇ¢¨ÂÔõ ²§¾Ûõ

±.¸¡:8.6 ´Õ ÅÌôÒò§¾÷Å¢ø, 10 Á¡½Å÷¸Ç¢ý Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸û

= √8.53 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40¬Ìõ.

𝑥−𝐴 þíÌ, 7, 4, 8, 10, 11.

14 196 𝑛=5 25 151

±.¸¡:8.11 ´Õ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼ Å¡Ãò¾¢ø 48 Á¡½Å÷¸û

𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2 = √2.58

124 𝑥 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑥−A 𝑓𝑑 𝑑2 𝑓𝑑2

210 x 71 − 900 ∑ 𝑥 = 150

∑ 𝑥 2 = 1875 Å£îÍ = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 125 − 63 = 62

𝜎 = √156 − (11)2 ¾Ã×, Å£îÍ = 36.8

𝜎 = √156 − 121 Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 13.4

Á¢¸î º¢È¢Â Á¾¢ôÒ, 𝑆 = 63

5) 9 °Æ¢Â÷¸Ç¢ý °¾¢Âõ ¸£§Æ ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇÐ. ¾£÷×:-

8) ´Õ ¾ÃÅ¢ý ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ 4.5 ¬Ìõ. «¾¢ø þÕìÌõ Á¨ÆÂÇ× (Á¢.Á£) 𝑥 45 50 55 60 65 70

¾Ã×, ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ, 𝜎 = 4.5 ¦¸¡Îì¸ôÀðÎûÇ Á¨ÆÂÇÅ¢ý ¾ÃÅ¢üÌ ¾¢ð¼Å¢Äì¸õ

√9026 36.5 – 40.5 38.5 8 4 1 8 1 8

263 x 84 − 6241 9.5 – 10.5 10 8 −1 −8 1 8

22092 − 6241 11.5 – 12.5 12 10 1 10 1 10

3900 − 64 ¾ÅÈ¡É ÜÎ¾ø, ∑ 𝑥 = 6000

Á¾¢ô¦Àñ¸ÙìÌô À¾¢Ä¡¸ Ó¨È§Â 40 ÁüÚõ 27 ±ýÚ ∑ 𝑥2

¾ÅÈ¡É ∑ 𝑥 2 = 382500 5 ¾Ã×ôÒûÇ¢¸û : 2, 4, 10, 12, 14

𝑎2 + (14)2 + 𝑎2 − 2(14)(𝑎) = 100 ¬¸¢ÂÅü¨Èî º¡÷óÐ þÕìÌõ.

ºÃ¡ºÃ¢ 155 ¦º.Á£ 46.50 ¸¢.¸¢ 𝜎

¾Ã×, 𝜎 𝟐 = 72.25 , 𝑥̅ = 155 ¾Ã×, 𝜎 𝟐 = 28.09 , 𝑥̅ = 46.50 650

850 530 Ó¨È§Â 1.2 ÁüÚõ 25.6 ±É¢ø, ºÃ¡ºÃ¢¨Âì ¸¡ñ¸.

= 5.48 % = 11.39 % 1.2

±.¸¡:8.17 ÁÃ Å¨ÃÀ¼ò¨¾ô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ þÃñÎ À¸¨¼¸û

¦Á¡ò¾ Å¡öôÒ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 5 + 4 = 9 𝑛(𝐴) 3 1

±.¸¡:8.21 ¿ýÌ ¸¨ÄòÐ «Îì¸ôÀð¼ 52 º£ðÎ¸¨Çì 𝑛(𝐷) = 12

𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇 }

¾Ã×, 𝑃(𝐴) ∶ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17 ∶ 15 ¦ÅüÈ¢ì¸¡É ÀÃ¢¨ºô ¦ÀÚÅ¡÷. (i) Ó¾Ä¢ø Å¢¨ÇÂ¡ÎÀÅ÷

¦ÀÈôÀð¼ ¿¢¸ú¾¸¨Åô §À¡Ä þÕ Á¼íÌ ±É¢ø, 𝑥 - Â¢ý 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 96 = 0

¾Ã×, ¿£Ä ¿¢Èô ÀóÐ¸û = 12 𝑥 + 24 = 0 «øÄÐ 𝑥−4=0

º¢ÅôÒô ÀóÐ¸û = 𝑥 ±ý¸. 𝑥 = −24 𝑥=4

¦Á¡ò¾ô ÀóÐ¸û, 𝑛(𝑆) = 12 + 𝑥 þíÌ, 𝑥 ±ýÀÐ ´Õ Á¢¨¸ ±ñ ±ýÀ¾¡ø, 𝑥 = 4

9) ´Õ ¨ÀÂ¢ø 5 º¢¸ôÒ ¿¢ÈôÀóÐ¸Ùõ, 6 ¦Åû¨Ç 𝑛(𝐶) 20 10

¦Á¡ò¾ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ = 5 சி + 6 மவ + 7 ப + 8 க 𝑛(𝐷) 12 6

∴ Ì¨ÈÀ¡Î¨¼Â Å¢ÇìÌ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸, 𝑥 = 12 þíÌ, ¸ÕôÒ þÃ¡º¡ º£ðÎ¸Ç¢ý ±ñ½¢ì¨¸ =1

(i) 𝐴 ±ýÀÐ Ñ¨Æ×ì ¸ð¼½õ þÃñÎ Á¼í¸¡¸ì

5) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â¨Å ´ý¨È¦Â¡ýÚ Å¢ÄìÌõ

𝑛(𝐵) = 4 (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),

n(𝐵) 4 (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { } ⟹ 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 ⟹ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 𝐴 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 𝑛(𝐴) = 6

𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 13 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 2 A = NCC þø §º÷¾ø

= 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝐴 ÁüÚõ 𝐵 ¬¸¢Â þÕ Å¢ñ½ôÀ¾¡Ã÷¸û 𝐼𝐼𝑇 – Â¢ø

16 − 5 0.65 = 0.55 + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0

¾£÷×:- ∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ,

∴ ¿¢¸ú¾¸Å¢ý Üð¼ø §¾üÈôÀÊ, 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}

§ÁÖõ, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 20 – 40 30 𝑓1 −1 −𝑓1

32 − 28 = −𝑓1 + 𝑓2 °¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢, A = 42.5 ÁüÚõ c = 4 ±ý¸.

«ð¼Å¨½Â¢ø, 𝑘 ´Õ Á¢¨¸ ÓØ. Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î 160 x 49 = 160𝑘 2

¾Ã×, ∑(𝑥 − 5) = 3, ∑(𝑥 − 5)2 = 43 ÁüÚõ 𝑛 = 18 523 x 18 − 8649

𝐖𝐊𝐓, Á¡ÚÀ¡ðÎì¦¸Ø Ì¨ÈÅ¡¸ ¯ûÇ Á¾¢ôÒ¸§Ç «¾¢¸ 𝐿 = 60 ³ ºÁýÀ¡Î (2) þø À¢Ã¾¢Â¢¼,

120 𝐵 ±ýÀÐ Ó¸ Á¾¢ôÒ¸Ç¢ý Å¢ò¾¢Â¡ºõ 5 ¬¸ ¸¢¨¼ò¾ø.

𝐴 = {𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐵, 𝐺𝐺}

«¾¡ÅÐ, ∑ 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ = 0 ∙ Ó¾ø 20 þÂø ±ñ¸Ç¢ý Å¢Äì¸ Å÷ì¸î ºÃ¡ºÃ¢,