FINAL EXAM PAST YEAR QUESTION

CHAPTER 1
JUN 2017
a) The measurement process is converting a physical parameter through a measurement instrument to
an electrical parameter. State THREE (3) elements in measurement system.
b) When carrying out an experiment, errors usually occur. Describe THREE (3) types of errors
measurement that might occur during the measurement.
c) Voltage value across R1 as in Figure 1 is indicated. The voltmeter shows reading of 5.45V. calculate
the relative error, accuracy and percentage of accuracy.

Figure 1
JUN 2018
a) Define ‘Systematic Error’.
b) The measured value of a resistance is 20.25Ω its true value is 20.22Ω. determine the ‘absolute error’
and ‘percentage relative accuracy’ of measurement.
c) Describe the differences between Resolution and Significant figure in measurement.

DISEMBER 2018
a) Define the Primary sensing element.
b) Explain the THREE (3) types of errors.
c) By referring Figure 2, classify all the situations.

Figure 2
JUN 2019
(a) Define the terminologies for scale and range
(b) Explain Gross error, Systematic error and Random error in measurement.
(c) The given value for each resistor in figure A1(c), R1 = 6.5kΩ, R2 = 450Ω, R3 = 12kΩ and total measure
value of resistance is 20.5kΩ. Calculate the total resistance, Absolute error, Relative error, percentage of
error and Percentage of relative accuracy.

R1
E R2

R3
SESI I 2022/2023
a) Describe Systematic error.
b) With an appropriate formula, explain the Absolute error and relative error.

CHAPTER 2
JUN 2017
a) Permanent magnet Moving Coil basically consists of a moving coil which is suspended in a
permanent magnet as in Figure 3. Label the construction of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil.

Figure 3

b) Sketch and label the diagram of multirange DC ammeter circuit.

c) A Permanent Magnet Moving Coil has coil resistance of 50Ω and a full scale deflection for current
of 2mA. The required ranges are 0-10mA and 0-25mA. Calculate the value of RSH1 and RSH2.
d) A moving coil instrument with an internal resistance of 50Ω and full scale deflection current of 4mA
is used in the design of a DC voltmeter with voltage ranges of 0-10V and 0-20V. Illustrate the circuit
of multi range DC voltmeter. Derive the equation for Rs1 and Rs2 measurement. Then calculate the
value of Rs1 and Rs2 in the circuit.

JUN 2018
a) List THREE (3) items of the principle operation of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC).
b) Referring to Figure 4, a moving coil instrument with a full scale deflection current of 6mA, while the
internal resistance of the meter is 1.5kΩ. it is to be used as a voltmeter at voltage range 0f 0 – 30V.
calculate the multiplier resistance needed.
 Figure 4
c) Figure 5 shows a circuit of a two range DC ammeter with a basic meter having a resistance 50Ω and
full scale deflection for the current 0f 2mA. The required ranges are 0-10mA and 0-25mA. Calculate
the value of the required shunt resistances.

Figure 5
d) Given battery of a series ohmmeter is 2 V and total resistance of R1, R2 and Rm are 2kΩ. calculate
IFSD (full scale deflection current) if the unknown resistance, Rx = 0Ω and also calculate value of
RX if the ohmmeter scale are at ¼ FSD, ½ FSD and ¾ FSD.

DIS 2018
a) List THREE (3) types of damping curves.
b) Draw a circuit of a two range dc voltmeter series type.
c) List THREE (3) differences between an analogue and digital multimeter.
d) A series type ohmmeter is built with a Permanent Moving Coil (PMMC) instrument with full scale
deflection (FSD) = 500µA, the internal resistance, Rm =1kΩ, supply voltage, Eb = 10V, series
resistor R1 = 20kΩ, zero adjustment resistor, R2 = 200Ω. Determine the value of resistance
measured at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9 of FSD.

JUN 2019

The total resistance of R1, R2 and Rm for a series type ohmmeter is 25kΩ and the voltage supply is
3V. Calculate the Full Scale Current Deflection (IFSD) if the unknown resistance, Rx = 0Ω. Find the
value of Rx if the ohmmeter is at ¼ FSD, ½ FSD and ¾ FSD and FSD.

SESI I 2022/2023
a) A basic Voltmeter can be constructed from a permanent magnet moving coil instrument by
connecting a resistor in series with the meter. A circuit of a multirange DC voltmeter with a basic
meter having a resistance 50Ω and full scale deflection current 2mA. The required range are 0-1V, 0-
10V and 0-50V. By sketching multirange DC voltmeter circuit, calculate the value of required series
resistances.
b) With a suitable diagram, explain how to use a clamp meter for an AC current measurement.
 c) There are two types of Ohmmeters which are series and shunt ohmmeter. A Series Ohmmeter is use
to measure high value of resistance while the Shunt Ohmmeter is use to measure low value of
resistance. The Series Ohmmeter circuit consists of voltage source, current limiting resistor, zero
adjust resistor, meter resistor and unknown resistor.
The total resistance of R1, R2 and Rm for series ohmmeter in figure B1 is 25kΩ and the supply is 3V.
calculate the full scale deflection current (IFSD) if the unknown resistance, Rx = 0Ω. Find the value of
Rx if the ohmmeter scale is at ¼ IFSD, ½ IFSD, ¾ IFSD and IFSD.

CHAPTER 3

JUN 2017
a) Oscilloscope has many control knobs. State the function of the focus knob, intensity knob and the
volt/div selector switch.
b) Oscilloscope is used to observe the waveform of an electrical signal. Figure 6 represent the display
screen of an oscilloscope with setting volt/div = 0.5 v/div and time/div = 0.2ms/div. Calculate the
peak to peak voltage of the waveform, the time period of the waveform and the frequency of the
waveform.

Figure 6

c) A function generator is a device that generates the amplitude of electrical signals in time function.
Draw THREE (3) types of signal that can be generated using a function generator.
JUN 2018
a) State THREE (3) advantages of digital oscilloscope.
b) Referring to the Figure 7, calculate the peak voltage (Vp), the peak to peak voltage (Vpp) and the
phase shift if the volt/div control is adjusted at 2V and time/div control is adjusted at 20µs.

Figure 7

c) Referring the output circuit in Figure 8, calculate the peak to peak voltage (Vpp), time for one cycle
(T) and frequency if the volt/div control is adjusted at 0.5V and time/div control is adjusted at 10µs.
 Figure 8

DISEMBER 2018
a) State the application of oscilloscope.
b) Calculate the peak voltage, the peak-to-peak voltage, periodic time and frequency of the waveform
shown in Figure 9. Given the vertical scale is 0.2 volts/div and time scale is 50µs/div.

Figure 9

c) A sinusoidal waveform in Figure 10 displayed by an oscilloscope has a vertical scale of 0.2 volts per
division and the time base of 2ms per division. Calculate the peak to peak value, peak value and
RMS value of this waveform.

Figure 10

JUN 2019
(a) Oscilloscope is a device that displays the amplitude of electrical signals. List FOUR (4) main sections of
the front panel of an oscilloscope.
(b) Compare THREE (3) advantages of each analog and digital oscilloscopes.
(c) Figure 11 shows the waveform at the oscilloscope screen. If the oscilloscope setting is set to Volt/div =
0.5V and Time/div = 20µs, calculate the voltage peak-to-peak (Vpp), voltage peak (Vp), voltage RMS
(Vrms), periodic time (T) and Frequency (f).
 Figure 11

SESI I 2022/2023
a) State FOUR (4) main function of Oscilloscope.
b) An Oscilloscope is a device that allows the amplitude of electrical signals (voltage, current or power)
to be displayed primarily as a function of time. By referring figure below, calculate the peak to peak
(Vpp), peak voltage (Vp), root mean square voltage (Vrms), period (T) and frequency (f) if the
volt/div control is adjusted to 2V and time/div control is adjusted to 0.5ms.
c) State FOUR (4) advantages of digital oscilloscope.
d) Explain briefly on the procedures that you to calibrate the oscilloscope.

CHAPTER 4

JUN 2017
a) Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistive arms connected together with a source of e.m.f and a
null detector. Demonstrate the operations of the bridge in null condition with the aid of the bridge
circuit diagram and relate the equation of the unknown resistor, Rx. If given R1 = 1.5kΩ, R2 =
4.7kΩ and R3 = 12kΩ, calculate the value of Rx.

JUN 2018
a) Illustrate a bridge null condition using a suitable diagram. Derive the formula for Rx, if the circuit is
in balanced condition. Then calculate Rx if R1 =15kΩ, R2 = 8kΩ, R3 = 3.3kΩ and VG = 0V.

DISEMBER 2018
a) List TWO (2) applications of Wheatstone Bridge circuit. By using a suitable diagram, derive the
equation for Wheatstone bridge. Calculate Rx when it is in a balanced condition, given the value of
E = 10V, ratio arms resistances with R1 = 10kΩ, R2 = 15kΩ and standard arm resistance with R3 =
12kΩ.
JUN 2019
(a) Describe TWO (2) conditions when the bridge is balanced.
(b) Discuss briefly about Kelvin Bridge. The explanation should include the schematic circuit diagram.
(c) Sketch the schematic diagram of a Wheatstone Bridge and derive the equation for RX if the bridge is in
balanced condition.

SESI I 2022/2023
a) DC bridges are used to measure the resistance. One of the DC bridges is Wheatstone bridge. It
consists of ratio arm resistor, standard arm resistor and other. With the aid of suitable diagram,
derive a balanced general equation for Wheatstone bridge.
b) Describe THREE (3) conditions when the Wheatstone bridge is balanced.

CHAPTER 5

JUN 2017
a) A clamp meter is used to measure electrical current in a conductor. Write the procedure to use a
digital clamp meter for AC measurement.
b) A kWh meter is used in an AC circuit to measure an electric energy. Differentiate the function
between braking system and moving system in a kWh meter.
c) A wattmeter is an instrument used to measure the electrical power. Draw the construction of a
Wattmeter.

JUN 2018
a) State THREE (3) equations for power in circuits.
b) Describe TWO (2) types of power meter and it’s application.
c) Illustrate the principle of analog Wattmeter.

DISEMBER 2018
a) List THREE (3) types of power meter.
b) Draw the construction of a kilowatt-hour (kWh) meter.

JUN 2019
(a) A power meter is a meter used to measure the amount of electrical power used. Give TWO (2) types
of power meter and their functions.
(b) Explain the basic principles of an analogue wattmeter with the aid of a suitable diagram.
(c) Discuss types of the system in the construction of a single- phase induction kilowatt- hour (kWh) meter.
SESI I 2022/2023
a) An Analogue Wattmeter consists of current coil and voltage coil. By using a suitable diagram,
compare the current coil and voltage coil.
b) A Kilo Watt Hour (kWh) meter is an instrument used to measure the amount of electrical energy.
With the aid of suitable diagram, write briefly TWO (2) system in the construction of kWh meter.