3.

1 Internet

3.1.1 Introduction

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that utilizes the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to facilitate communication between networks and devices. It comprises a
wide array of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, ranging from local to
global scale. These networks are linked via various electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies, enabling the exchange of vast amounts of information and resources, such as the
World Wide Web, emails, telephony, and file sharing.

Originating from research focused on time-sharing of computer resources and packet switching in
the 1960s, the Internet has its roots in projects funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA). Its primary function is to provide a robust and versatile communications
infrastructure, ensuring seamless data transmission irrespective of the device or location.

To access the Internet, users typically connect their devices to the network via physical cables,
wireless connections, or networking technologies like Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area
Networks (MAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN). This connection allows users to engage with
various aspects of the Internet, including the World Wide Web, which is a network of computers and
servers connected through the Internet.

Web browsers serve as essential tools for accessing and viewing websites hosted on the Internet.
While browsers allow users to interact with content displayed on websites, it is crucial to understand
that the browser itself is not the Internet. Rather, it functions as a gateway to access and visualize the
wealth of information available on the Internet.

3.1.2 Characteristics of Internet

1. Global Service: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
enables users worldwide to access and share information.
2. Standardized Protocols: The Internet uses standardized protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP for
communication and sharing information among different networks and devices.
3. High Degree of Interactivity: The Internet offers a wide range of interactive services,
including email, social media, online gaming, and video conferencinand
4. Digital Data Transmission: The Internet primarily transmits data in digital form, enabling
faster and more reliable communication compared to traditional analog transmission.
5. Scalable Architecture: The Internet’s architecture is highly scalable, supporting millions of
connected devices and networks while maintaining efficient communication.
6. Openness: The Internet is an open platform that encourages innovation and collaboration,
allowing anyone to contribute to its growth and development.
7. Resilient Network: The Internet is built upon redundant connections and distributed routing,
making it resilient to failures and ensuring continuous availability.
8. Secure Communication: While no system is entirely secure, the Internet offers several
security measures, including encryption, firewalls, and virtual private networks (VPNs), to
protect user privacy and sensitive data.
9. User Empowerment: The Internet empowers individuals and businesses alike by providing
them with unprecedented access to information, tools, and opportunities for collaboration
and engagement.
10. Continuous Evolution: The Internet is constantly evolving, driven by technological
advancements and changing user needs, ensuring that it remains relevant and valuable in an
ever-changing world.

3.1.3 List of hardware requirements to set up internet

 Modem
 Router
 Ethernet cable
1. Modem: A modem is required to convert the signal received from the ISP into a format that
can be understood by your devices. It acts as a bridge between your devices and the
internet.

2. Router: A router is used to distribute the internet connection throughout your network. It
directs traffic between your devices and the modem, ensuring that each device gets the
necessary bandwidth.
 3. Ethernet Cables: Ethernet cables are used to physically connect your devices to the router or
modem. They are available in varying lengths and categories depending on the speed and
distance required.

3.1.4 Software requirements to set up an Internet connection typically include:

a. Operating System (OS): The OS should support necessary networking protocols such
as TCP/IP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, and HTTP. Common examples of OS that support these
protocols include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Chrome OS.
 b. Internet Browser: A web browser is essential to access websites and online
applications. Popular options include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari,
Microsoft Edge, and Opera.

c. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Software: Depending on the ISP, there might be
specific software required for configuring the Internet connection. These programs
help manage user accounts, monitor usage, and troubleshoot issues related to the
Internet connection.

d. Virtual Private Network (VPN) Client: Optional, depending on whether users intend
to establish VPN connections for added privacy or remote access purposes. Examples
of popular VPN clients include Cisco AnyConnect, OpenVPN, and NordVPN.

e. Email Clients: Although not strictly necessary since web versions of email platforms
exist, standalone email client software like Microsoft Outlook, Thunderbird, or Apple
Mail can provide more efficient management of emails offline and improved
integration with calendar and contact functionalities.

3.1.5 Types of Internet

1. Fiber optic internet

2. Cable internet
3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) internet
4. 5G internet
5. 4G LTE internet
6. Fixed wireless internet
7. Satellite internet

3.2 Search engines

Search engines are software systems that assist users in finding web pages that match a given search
query by searching the World Wide Web in a systematic manner. They present the search results in
the form of search engine results pages (SERPs) containing links, images, videos, and other types of
files. Search engines rely on algorithms and web crawlers to index and retrieve real-time information
from the web. While general-purpose search engines like Google and Bing cover the entire web,
specialized and country-specific search engines focus on specific types of content or geographic
regions. Search engines play a crucial role in helping businesses increase their visibility through
search engine optimization (SEO) strategies.

3.2.1 List of search engines

1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yandex (.ru)
4. DuckDuckGo
 5. Yandex (.com)
6. Ecosia
7. Seznam
8. AOL
9. Qwant
10. Brave Search

3.3 Microsoft Office Package

3.3.1 Introduction

Microsoft Office, often referred to as Office, is a collection of productivity software and related
services developed by Microsoft. It includes popular applications like Word (word processing), Excel
(spreadsheets), PowerPoint (presentations), Outlook (email and calendaring), Access (database
management), and Publisher (desktop publishing). These applications can be purchased individually
or together as a bundle. Microsoft offers various versions of Office compatible with different
operating systems and in multiple languages. Some Office applications are also available as web-
based versions, allowing users to create, edit, and share documents via a web browser. Microsoft
Office was initially launched in 1990, and over the years, it has evolved significantly, adding
numerous features and functionalities to enhance productivity and collaboration.

3.3.2 Msicrosoft Office word

Overview of Microsoft Word: Microsoft Word is a versatile and feature-rich word processing
application that forms a crucial component of the Microsoft Office Suite. Its development began in
the early 1980s, and since then, it has evolved significantly into a sophisticated tool capable of
handling complex documentation requirements. With its intuitive interface and extensive
functionalities, Microsoft Word has become indispensable for professionals, students, and individuals
alike.
.

3.3.2.1 Basic Features & Capabilities:

 Text Formatting: Apply different font styles, sizes, colors, and formats to make text stand out.
 Page Layout Customization: Modify margins, headers, footers, columns, and background
elements to tailor document appearance.
 Spellcheck & Grammar Tools: Ensure error-free content with built-in spelling and grammar
checks.
 Table Support: Organize data efficiently using tables with customizable properties.
 Image Integration: Embed media elements, such as photos, charts, and shapes, directly
within the document.
 Track Changes & Collaborative Authoring: Facilitate collaboration among team members
while maintaining version history.
 Templates & Predefined Styles: Utilize prebuilt templates and style sets to streamline
document creation.
 Macro Recording: Automate repetitive tasks via macro recording and playback

3.3.2.2 Advanced Functionalities:

 Mail Merge: Personalize mass communication materials, such as emails, envelopes, labels,
and mailing lists.
 Equations Editor: Insert mathematical equations and symbols seamlessly.
 Content Controls: Implement structured authoring and dynamic content functionality.
 Conditional Formatting: Dynamically apply formatting based on specified conditions.
 Field Functions: Add placeholders for automated information updates, such as date, time,
and page numbering.
 Digital Signatures: Secure electronic signatures for legal compliance and authenticity
assurance.
 Compatibility Across Platforms: Seamless integration between PC, Mac, Web, and Mobile
versions.

3.3.3 Microsoft Office excel

MIcrosoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program that is part of the Microsoft Office Suite,
including Word, PowerPoint, and others. It is used for managing, organizing, and analyzing data
in tabular format through rows and columns. Each intersection of a row and a column creates a
cell, identified by a unique cell reference (address). Excel offers several features, such as built-in
functions, formulas, conditional formatting, data validation, pivot tables, and charting
capabilities. Users can manipulate data, automate repetitive tasks using Macros, collaborate,
share files, and access them online via OneDrive. With extensive tutorials and resources
available, learning Excel enhances productivity and efficiency in personal and professional
settings.

3.3.3.1 Basics Features & Capabilities:

 Spreadsheet Structure: Excel’s primary feature is its grid-based structure, allowing users to
create spreadsheets with rows and columns for organizing and managing data.
 Formulas and Functions: Excel enables performing calculations and operations on data
through formulas and functions, such as SUM, AVERAGE, IF, and VLOOKUP.
 Data Visualization Tools: Excel offers powerful data visualization tools, enabling users to
represent data visually using charts, graphs, and sparklines.
 Sorting and Filtering Options: Excel’s robust sorting and filtering capabilities allow users to
arrange and sift through large datasets easily.
 Conditional Formatting: Excel lets users automatically format cells based on predefined
conditions, emphasizing critical data points, trends, or outliers.
 Data Analysis ToolPak: This collection of statistical functions and tools supports advanced
statistical analysis, including regression analysis, sampling, and hypothesis testing.
 Custom Cell Formatting: Users can enhance the clarity and presentation of spreadsheets
using custom cell formats, font styles, colors, and borders.
 Excel Tables: Excel allows users to convert ranges of data into structured tables, providing
additional functionality like automatic formula expansion and banded row shading.
 External Data Connections: Excel facilitates importing and linking external data sources, such
as databases, websites, and text files, directly into worksheets.
 Macros and Automation: Excel supports macros—recordings of repetitive tasks—enabling
users to automate processes and increase efficiency.

3.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a popular presentation program that was first created by Robert Gaskins
and Dennis Austin at Forethought, Inc., and was later acquired by Microsoft in 1987. Initially
released for Macintosh computers, PowerPoint quickly became a staple application for creating
and delivering professional presentations. Over the years, it has evolved to include various 5
Microsoft Office Access features such as transition effects, animation, and multimedia
integration. Today, PowerPoint is available as part of the Microsoft Office Suite for Windows,
macOS, and mobile devices, enabling users to create, edit, and share presentations from
anywhere. With its powerful tools and ease of use, PowerPoint remains a go-to solution for
businesses, educators, and individuals alike.

3.3.4.1 Basics Features & Capabilities:

 Pre-designed Slide Templates: PowerPoint offers a variety of pre-built slide templates that
allow users to create visually appealing presentations quickly. These templates cover various
categories, including business, education, personal, and more.
  Slide Master: This feature enables users to manage the overall look and feel of their
presentations by setting common elements like background, color schemes, and font styles
for multiple slides at once. Changes made to the Slide Master will apply consistently
throughout the presentation.
 Animations and Transitions: PowerPoint includes numerous animation effects and slide
transition options to enhance the visual interest of presentations. Users can animate
individual slide objects, control timing, and even trigger animations during live presentations.
 Multimedia Integration: PowerPoint supports embedding various media formats within
slides, such as images, videos, audio files, and even interactive elements like hyperlinks and
buttons. This capability enriches the storytelling experience and improves engagement.
 Collaboration Tools: PowerPoint facilitates collaborative editing among teams by allowing
simultaneous access to shared presentations via OneDrive or SharePoint. Team members can
view, comment, and suggest edits, streamlining the review process.
 Presenter View: An exclusive mode available for speakers, Presenter View displays speaker
notes, current slide, next slide, and a clock or timer while presenting. This feature assists
presenters in delivering smooth and confident presentations.
 Easy-to-use Interface: PowerPoint boasts an intuitive user interface, ensuring ease of use for
both beginners and experienced professionals alike. Key functionality is readily accessible
from the home tab, simplifying the process of designing and delivering presentations.
 Flexible Content Creation: PowerPoint accommodates diverse content forms, ranging from
basic text and bullet points to complex tables, charts, diagrams, and SmartArt graphics. This
flexibility caters to varying presentation needs and preferences.
 Organisation and Structure: PowerPoint offers robust tools for managing large presentations,
including section breaks, outline views, and hierarchical slide sorting. Maintaining
organisation becomes effortless, regardless of presentation size.

3.3.5 Microsoft Office Access

Microsoft Access is a database management system that is part of the Microsoft 365 office suite. It
combines Microsoft’s relational Jet Database Engine with software development tools and a
graphical user interface (GUI), and was first released in November 1992. Access is known for its ease-
of-use in creating business applications, from templates or from scratch, and offers a wide range of
features including a user-friendly interface, customizable templates, macros for automating tasks,
modules for writing custom code, and built-in security features. It also offers the capability to store
data in SQL Server and Microsoft Azure SQL for enhanced reliability, scalability, security, and long-
term manageability. Access is designed for handling large scale projects and accommodating multiple
simultaneous users, making it a more robust option compared to programs like Microsoft Excel for
database management needs.

3.3.5.1 Basic and capabilities of Ms Access

 Database creation and management: MS Access allows you to create and manage relational
databases, including defining tables, setting up relationships, and implementing data
integrity rules.
 Data import and export: Easily move data between MS Access and external sources, such as
Excel, CSV, or XML files, enabling smooth data migration and integration.
 Advanced querying: Utilize sophisticated query techniques, such as parameter queries,
crosstab queries, and action queries, to analyze and manipulate data efficiently.
  SQL support: Write complex queries using Structured Query Language (SQL) for advanced
data manipulation and extraction.
 Custom coding with VBA: Extend the functionality of your databases by writing Visual Basic
for Applications (VBA) code for custom procedures, functions, and event handling.
 User-friendly forms: Design interactive forms with various control options, ensuring accurate
data input and enhancing usability.
 Powerful reporting: Generate detailed and visually appealing reports based on your data,
helping you make informed decisions.
 Integration with Microsoft Office products: Seamlessly integrate MS Access with other
Microsoft applications, such as Excel, Word, and Outlook, for enhanced collaboration and
data exchange.
 Normalization and optimization: Structure your data properly using normalization principles
and optimizing indexes and data types for improved performance.
 Learning resources and community support: Leverage extensive learning materials and active
communities to maximize your proficiency in utilizing MS Access’s features.

3.3.6 Microsoft Office Outlook

MSM Outlook is a powerful email software and information management tool that is part of the
Microsoft Office Suite. It offers various features for sending and receiving emails, managing
calendars, contacts, and tasks, and integrating with other Microsoft Office applications. Its
capabilities range from basic email functionalities to advanced features such as rules, quick parts,
and VBA for automation. MS Outlook is designed to help individuals and organizations streamline
their communications, increase productivity, and stay organized.

3.3.7 Microsoft Office Publisher

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application that is part of the Microsoft Office suite,
aimed at providing affordable and easy-to-use features for designing professional-looking
publications. Its primary focus is on page layout and graphic design, making it suitable for small
businesses, everyday users, educators, parents, or freelancers who need to create branding and sales
materials but lack extensive graphic design experience. With a variety of pre-designed templates and
intuitive drag-and-drop functionality, users can create anything from simple greeting cards to
sophisticated newsletters and marketing materials.

3.4 Camera

3.4.1 Introduction

A camera is a device used to capture and store images, either digitally or chemically, by controlling
the amount of light that reaches a light-sensitive surface. At its core, a camera is composed of a light-
tight box, a glass lens to focus the light, and a light-sensitive surface, such as film or a digital sensor,
within the box to capture the image created by the light. Modern cameras come in various forms and
serve different purposes, including single-lens reflex (SLR), large-format and medium-format
cameras, compact cameras, rangefinder cameras, motion picture cameras, and digital cameras. With
advancements in technology, particularly in smartphones, the line between dedicated cameras and
multifunctional devices has become increasingly blurred.In 1685, Johann Zahn proposed a design for
what would become the handheld reflex camera, although it was not physically built until 1816 by
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. Niépce’s prototype laid the foundation for the development of the first
photographic camera, which he created around 1826 using silver chloride-lined paper to make
photographic images.Digital photography started gaining traction in the late 20th century, with Steven
Sasson building the first digital camera at Eastman Kodak in 1975. Since then, digital cameras and
camera phones have continued evolving, offering increasingly sophisticated features while
maintaining ease of use and accessibility.

3.4.2 Basics part of camera

 Lens – This component gathers and focuses light onto the image sensor. Different lenses have
varying properties like focal length and aperture size, affecting the captured image’s
perspective, brightness, and depth of field.
 Shutter – The shutter controls the duration of light exposure on the image sensor. When
released, the shutter opens briefly, exposing the sensor to light reflected off the scene being
photographed before closing again.
 Aperture – Located within the lens, the aperture is an opening that changes size to regulate
the amount of incoming light. Adjusting the aperture affects the depth of field, with larger
openings resulting in shallower depths of field and vice versa.
 Image Sensor – Found inside the camera body, the image sensor converts the light focused
by the lens into electrical signals. These signals are subsequently processed and stored as
digital images.
 Viewfinder – This provides a way for the photographer to see the scene they intend to
capture. Some cameras employ an eye-level optical viewfinder, while others rely solely on a
live preview displayed on an integrated screen.
 Body – Housing the internal mechanisms and electronics required for operation, the camera
body supports the attachment of other components like lenses and batteries.
 Memory Card Slot – Allowing removable storage, the memory card slot enables users to save
and transfer captured images easily. Various formats cater to diverse performance
requirements and capacity preferences.

3.4.3 Types of Camera 📷

 Point-and-Shoot Camera / Compact Digital Camera

  DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) Camera
 Mirrorless Camera
 Action Camera
 360-degree Camera
 Medium Format Camera
 Bridge Camera

3.4.4 Photoshop

Adobe Photoshop is a highly popular and powerful raster graphics editor developed and published by
Adobe Inc., mainly for Windows and macOS platforms. First introduced in 1988 by Thomas and John
Knoll, Photoshop quickly became the de facto standard for professional digital art and image
manipulation. Its versatile layer-based editing system facilitates various visual creations and
modifications, supporting multiple overlays and adjustments. With its extensive range of features,
Photoshop handles not only raster images but also offers limited editing capabilities for text, vector
graphics, 3D graphics, and videos. Users can expand its functionalities via third-party plugins.

3.4.4 Brief on photoshop using cannon Camera

 Photoshop CS5 can be used to edit Canon camera RAW files, although it may not support the
latest camera models.
 To use the latest RAW files, you can convert them to Digital Negative (DNG) format using the
free Adobe DNG Converter.
 Another option is to use Canon’s free Digital Photo Professional (DPP) software, which is
specifically designed for Canon cameras and provides accurate RAW conversions.
 Adobe Lightroom is a popular alternative to DPP, offering powerful cataloging and file
management tools, as well as RAW processing capabilities.
 Adobe Photoshop is a highly capable image editor, suitable for professional use, but it comes
with a steep learning curve due to its vast array of features.
 Sharpening should be applied as the final step in the editing process, after all other
adjustments and resizing. In DPP, the recommended starting point for sharpening is Strength
at 4, Fineness at 2, and Threshold at 1.