57 x 10 Bearings587

ressure,
bearing pressure, p
7heretöre, 3.141
=
181,436.6 N/m- =
0.1814 N/mm2
Load, W=
d -df) xpxi

Number of 4W
collars, i= 4x75x 1000
rld, -d})p (240 -1602 )0.1814
=
16.4, say, 17

4x75 x 1000
Actual pressure, p= =
0.1755 N/mm2
T(240 1602)x 17
Coefficient of friction
84p-067,0.5
84 (0.1755
x x
105)0.67x (3.141)0.5
0.0456
Frictional torque, T=uWmean
120+80
= 0.0456 x 75,0000 x
2x 1000
342 N m

Power loss = 27tNT 27T x300x342 = 10.744 KW

60 60x 1000

15.10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS

roling element bearing, the contact between the bearing elements is rolling instead of
A S found in journal bearings. The shaft is supported on rollers or balls. A bearing of this
being that the friction due to rolling of surfaces
over
S Very small friction, the reason

less than the sliding friction. These bearings are sometimes caled
int 1s considerably amount of friction is always
Dearings which, of course, is a misnomer because some
Dree Rolling
of friction for three types of bearings.
eleme gure 15.17 shows the comparisonwhich is not much greater than
the usual running
have low starting friction
friction. ngs
friction The oefficient of friction for rolling element bearings varies from
0.001 to 0.0045

depending
ependine
upon the type of bearing. offers the
in properly designed applications
i lmanufactured rolling element bearing
owing advantages over the sliding bearing
(ii) LStarting friction is low. is approximately constant.
CGi
ii) d-carrying capacity
Can carry overload for a limited period of time.
 Elements
Machine
588 Design of
Ballbearing
-Rollerbearing
Journalbearing

Speed of shaft
Figure 15.17 Variation of friction with speed.

(iv) Can maintain accurate shaft alignment.

() Requires less axial space.
(vi) Lubrication is simple and a pre-greased bearing can run for a long period.
Rolling element bearings have the following disadvantages:
) High initial cost.
() Require large diametral space compared to journal bearings.
i) High running friction.
iv) Resistance to shock load is poor.

15.11 TYPES OF BEARINGS

Rolling element bearings may be classified ball er the
primary rolling elements are balls or rollers. Sometimes
as or roller depending upon wncu
needle
rolling element bearing; however it belongs to the bearings of repo
are
third type of
category
Depending upon the load to be carried, the rolling element bearings role
are e as
) radial, (i) angular contact, and
(i) thrust bearings.
15.11.1 Ball Bearings
The ball bearing, which is four paris
G) outer race, (i) inner
mainly used to take
radial and thrust load, consists of
up
(i) balls, and (iv) retaining
race,
the outer race and the inner cage or rator. In the
ball beant
ball bearin

balls held concentric with each other by inserting

race are separaocerting
sphes
ositions
other o ositjon by the
spherical

circimferentially equal intervals of space.

at
These balls are held in u
retaining cage, which also serves the
purpose of always keeping the balls
sepaia
 Bearings 389
frorubbing against cach oher. In some special
t.am
these bearings do not
he halls are placed in a race directly cut in cases
p r e v e n i i n gt h e m

ner rc
race;
the shaft. Figure 15.18 shows
h a v ea n

m of
i n n e r

diagram of the deep-groove ball

bearing. One
atic of the important
schematicc
eion
design is the conformity of ball radius to the
is aspects to
u l bea alure of the balls is increased, the unit
ssful bearing
curvature
raceway radius (Figure 15.19).
sUCCes

ius of
radius o y is reduced, thereby the
t h er a d i u s
surface stress induced between the
and
load-carrying capacity is increased. However,
tnhall radius
easing the ball increases the bearing friction. Therefore,
aery of ball and
and raceway is an important design consideration.
a proper selection of
rmity ofball

Outer race

Shoulder

- Inner race

Separatoror
cage

Ball

Figure 15.18 Nomenclature of ball bearing. Figure 15.19 Conformity of ball bearing

Ball bearings are classified into three types: (i) radial ball bearings, (i) angular-contact
Deanings, and (ii) thrust ball bearings.
radial
adual ball bearings. Radial ball bearings have been primarily designed to take up are
can also take up axial thrust to a certain extent. Various types of ball bearings
ey is given below:
show Figure 15.20. A brief description of these bearings
the circumference.
continuous raceway all
over

Const
Deep-groove bearing. It has deep
the bearing to support high radial load
on of the deep-groove ball bearing permits
dong with thrust load
[Figure 15.20(a)]. of the
radial load-carrying capacity
Filling notch type bearing. In order to increase the or loading
ep-groove alC
ball bearing, is slightly modified
and a filling notch
additional balls are
bearing, its construction this filling notch,
grOOve, as shown in 15.20(b) is created. Through
rled which incr« Figure
Inserted whic its radial load capacity. The
thrust load-carrying
capacity of these
Dearings ised
dngs is reduced.
ncrease
except that
deep-groove bearing
Counterbore
the outer ring ptype bearing
e bearing.
This bearing is
On
similar to
account of
this feature, this
it separable. c a n support
bearin ne shoulder, which makes
permits the inner and outer races to be mounted separately.
This bearing
one
direction thrust in addition to the
nner 15.20(c)].
radial load [Figure
applications
where
used in hose
Self-aligning bearing8
a misalignme
Bnmenearing.
The self-aligning
is likely
bearing is
to exist.
These
are
available in
bearings
"CEn the axes of shaft
590 Dsgn ef Machine Elemens
(u) selt-ahgning external bearinegs as shown
internal and
two ypes: (i) self-aligning in
Figures 15.0 (d) and (e).
can be used to
bearing. A double-row deep-groove bearing
Dowble-ow ball
contact for these types of bearings converges
carry high
high
The line of
radial and thrust loads 15.200 dside the
increases the rigidity of the bearing. Figures
bearing enmvelope which
double-row ball bearinRs
(g)show
Angalarcontact ball bearing. The angular-contact bearing is mainly used to talka
is available types:
in two () one-directional and
high axial thrust. This type of bearing beanng has a single row of balle The
directional bearings A one-directional angular-contact

b) Filing notch (c) Counterbore

a) Deep-groove
balbearig type bearing type bearing

() Double-row
(d) Self-aligring (e) Self-aligning
internal bearing external bearing deep-groove bearing

( ) Duplex back-to-back
(g) Double-row (h) Angular-contact
fling notch bearing bearing bearing

Figure 15.20 Different types of ball bearings.

 hotuween
contact bet the ball and the Bearings 591
race
these bearings has onemakes an angle which is called the contact
c e n t r e o fc o n

r
outer race of
race of
angle. T h e
The r is removed by counterbore. This heavy raceway shoulder, while the other
irectional thrust loads than whatdesign permits the bearing to carry higher
ceway sho.

and one-di
race the
a d i a l

Figure 15.20(h)].
deep groove bearing can carry
eure 19-
cases the where-rigid bearing
n supports required to support both axial and
are
on. the angular contact bearing in
r a d i a l
deflection,
duplexing form may be used as shownin
Figure 15.20(i).

Gigure.tive load-carrying capacities

The relative of various
types of ball bearings are listed in
3
The
Table15.3. The load-carrying capacity is defined in terms of the
radial load capacity of deep-
groove bearing.

Table 15.3 Relative load-carrying capacity of bearings

Radial capacity Thrust capacity Direction
Type
Single-row deep groove Frad 0.7Frad 2d
Filling notch (1.2-1.4)Frad 0.2Frad
Angular contact (1.0-1.15)F rad (1.5-2.3)Frnd ld
Double-row deep-groove 1.5Fad 1.5Fad 2d
Sself-aligning 0.7Frad 0.2Frad ld

Thrust ball bearings. Thrust ball bearings are designed to carry pure thrust load. These
one-directional grooved
bearings are available in three types: (i) one-directional flat race, (ii) consists of
flat race bearing
race, and (ii) grooved race. The one-directional
two-directional
is very
and ball separator. The friction in this type of bearing
two ungrooved flat washers, balls, race bearing,
limited due to centrifugal force. In the one-directional grooved
smal; its speed is moderate speeds and
balls. It can be used at
to the
RE Taces are grooved which provide passage this type of bearing is larger than
thrust loads. The coefficient of friction for
Can carry higher
that for flat race ball bearings. middle-grooved
separators and
a
bearing consists of
two
directions.
grooved race thrust in both
A two-directional can withstand high axial
race rotates with balls. These bearings
Ei
5C1,2l shows the schematic diagrams of thrust bearings.

(c) Two-directional

grooved race
( b ) O n e - d i r e c t i o n a l

a) One-directional grooved race

flat race bearings.

of thrust
Different types
Figure 15.21
 ElemehS
Machine
592 Design of
15.11.2 Roller Bearings
and a set of rollers uith.

A roller bearing
consists of an outer
be
race, an inner race,
case
absent. In that case the shaft
shaft
or
and/ without
h oa
one or both
races may a bored
roller cage. In
some cases as ball bearings hud
serve the same purpose ut can
hole serves as the Roller bearings
recess. because of their line conttact carry
large shaft diameters, nstead of
much higher loads and support rollers to the rotational axis of the suppor
contact. If the axes of the
are parallel
rollers of cylindrical roller d shaft,
shaft,
point roller bearing. The
the bearingg usually
is cylindrical
a
outside diameter of rollers is often cro e
I:l to 3:1. The
diameter ratio from intere
length to
If the axes of the rollers are inclined to and
increase the load-carrying capacity. is called the taper roller bearing. These he
common point,
the bearing carings
rotational axis at a loads at moderate to high speeds. If the lenerth
radial and thrust
are designed
to carry high or more, this type of bearing is called needle
rollers is large, say 6
diameter ratio of cylindrical shows the line diagram of vari
arious
can carry higher
radial loads. Figure 15.22
roller bearing; it
types of roller bearings.

ZZZZZZZZZZZZIILA

(c) Taper roller

(a) Cylindrical roller (b) Needle roller

Figure 15.22 Different types of roller bearings.

15.12 STANDARD DIMENSIONS

cost
Standardization of mechanical elements and devices is always desirable to reduce tne
design, and the cost of production and maintenance. Being the most commonly aced of
elemenis, a need
interchanged. was feltBearings
Antifriction to standardize bearings
Manufacturers' so that they
Association can be
(AFBMA) ofeasily pone
the USAureau
has done
of

Bureau
a lot of work in this regard. Later on, International Standards Organization (SO)
Indian Standards (BIS) have adopted these standards. he
According to AFBMA, a bearing is denoted by two digits. The first digit represen!s vidth series

width series, which is a ratio of the

width to bearing section height. Four stan
ard value
widthosefthe
0, 1. 2, and 3 were established where successive increasing
yalue of
numbers indicate the errseries.
te series.and
ratio of width to the
bearing section height. The second digit represents tne
denotes the oulside diameter of the 1 1, . 2,2, 3,3 the
4 were established, where 8 bearing. Seven standard diameter series o e p r e s e n t s

represents the smallest outside diameter (OD) a

largest OD. Thus forparticular bore, a variety of bearings such as 08, 07,
a 02,
63

31, 32, 33 are obtained. The SKF

bearing
a
series, respectively. Figure 15.23 catalogue has denoted 02, 03 Sei
imensio
shows the relative nomenclat
different types of bearings. Besides proportions
the width and diameter
of
aring nom
series, the bea
a n d t

also consists of a two or three

letters of the digit number which represents the bore
or
alphabet which represent the
type of the bearing.
u
 Bearings 593
3

Figure 15.23 Proportions of boundary dimensions of different bearings.

Tilhustrate the AFBMA procedure, suppose a

bearing is designated as 20BCO3. The
mher 20 represents 20 mm bore size. The letters BC represent a single-row
numbe

ing and 03 represents the width and diameter series. The details of
deep-groove bal
bearing designation
procedure are given in IS:5669 1970.
In the SKF way of bearing designation, the last two digits represent the code for bore.
The digits 00, 01, 02, and 03 represent 10, 12, 15, and 17 mm bore, respectively. The digits
starting from 04 represent one-fifth of the bore in millimetres. To illustrate the SKF procedure,
suppose a bearing is designated as SKF 6304. The first two digits 63 represent a deep-groove
ball-bearing having 03 width-diameter series. The next two digits 04 represent 20 mm (4 x 5)
imner race bore, which designation is similar to 20BCO3 in accordance with AFBMA and ISO.

15.13 LOAD AND LIFE RATING OF BEARINGS

is selected the basis
p and size of a bearing to be used for a particular application
on

and reliability. An installed

102d-carrying capacity and other requirements such as life
g uSually fails by fatigue failure caused by contact stresses.
15.13.1 Rated Life
The life of revolutions or the number
of hours at given
a radd1al ball bearing is the number of
Constant
COnstantc spe first evidence of fatigue develops in the material
eitherhthe
a a bearing runs before the tests and practical
evident from both laboratory
experience thatracewa
or the ball. However it is have different
seem identical bearings operating under
similar conditions
of
lives. Therefc
.Therefo ngIy as statisticat-life.
of a groupthat
The rated life
life is expressed
i90denica beari tne of bearings
is defined as the number of revolutions or hours
at some
constant speed
evidence
per Cent before the first
Per
of fatigue centfailure
of a gro of identical bearings will complete or exceed
the reliability
fail u p life. In other words,
fue i life is represented
as Lio
the s . T h e rated
bearin is
In certain ap90 per cent. risk to human lite or
to equipment,
it

becomes applications,
S necessary to seled a
where there is a greater
greater
than 90 per
cent. Based upon

various
and reliability
Periment
Clect bearing having a
reliability
the relation between the bearing
life

15.24. Since bearings

it is found that statistically in Figure
Olity foll esults curve, as
shown
he Wiebull distribution
"
594 Design of Machine Elements

t00%

90%

Life

Figure 1524 Life-reliability curve.

are available at 90 per cent reliability, the expected life of the bearing at any given reliability
other than 90 per cent. can be found by the relation

Re (15.24)
Lo

where
L is the bearing ife at the required reliability
R is the required reliability
L is the bearing life at 90 per cent (R) reliability
b is the constant (= 1.17).
Using Eq. (15.24), the expected life at the required reliability is transformed into life at
reliability and then such a bearing is selected from the manufacturer's catalogue.

15.13.2 Load Rating

The load-carying capacity of a rolling element bearing is called its load rating. In e u
terminology. there are two types of load ratings: (i) basic static load rating and (1) ayn
load ratin
the
Static load rating. It is defined as that load which causes at one contact area betwer the
rolling ekement and the raceway a permanent defomation of 0.0001 time the diameter
rolling ekement. The basic static load rating Co is used in calculation when beanngs ume
rotate at very slow speed or are to be stationary under load for extended periods o
The static load rating can be computed either from the formulae given in IS:2823 (Pa
-1966 or from the manufacturer's catalogue.
 Bearings 595
load
aad rating. The dynamic load
namíc rating is defined as the
constant stationary radial
ynah
which groupaa group of
of apparently identical bearings with
million revolutions of the inner stationary outer race can carry for
load which

oadwrated life
minimum rated of 1
race. The rated life in this definition
minimnon
i s base
the assumption that 90 per cent of the bearings will complete or exceed 1
is
brevolutions
million r e v o l
before
the tirst evidence of fatigue failure develops. The dynamic load
m is usually provided by the bearing manufacturers.
rating

15.14 EOUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

anv Dractical applications, bearings have to carry both radial and axial 10ads. In addition,
are Sometimes required to operate with a rotating outer race and a stationary inner race. It
therefore, necessary to convert the two loads and the rotating outer race condition into an
othetical equivalent load which satisfies the above conditions. An equivalent load is that
ionary radial load which if applied to the bearing with the rotating inner race and stationary
ter TaCe, would give the same life as a bearing operating under actual conditions.
The equivalent dynamic load P, which is applicable to ball and roller bearings, is given
by
P VXFrad + YFax (15.25)
where
Frd is the radial load
Fax is the axial thrust
Vis the rotation factor
1.0 for inner race rotating)
=1.2 for outer race rotating)
(= 1.0 for self-aligning bearings)
Xis the radial load factor
Yis the thrust load factor
The values of factors X, Y, and V can be obtained from Table 15.4.

15.15 LOAD-LIFE RELATION

have shown that the
Tl laboratory testing and subsequent statistical analysisrated
P and the bearing life L1o
between the dynamic load C, equivalent load
can
he
e
expressed by the equation

where b
L4o ( (15.26)
a
constant
3 for ball bearings)
10/3 for roller bearings)
The relatior between life in millions of revolutions
and life in working hours at a constant
rpm is p
given as

60NL (15.27)
where L1o10 10

N is
the speed in rpm
i s the bearing life in hours.
 Table 15.4 Values of factors X, Y and V

Bearing ype ig
Co ax
X
Co Y
If in relation For single-row For double-row
to the load, For single-row For double-row
bearing* bearings bearing*
the inner when when
bearing
ring is when when

Rotating Stationary
VPad VFnd
ax F
VFrad VFad VF
rad Vrud
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9 (10) (11)
0.014 (12)
0.028 2.30 2.3 .19
0.056 1.99 1.99 0.22
0.084 1.71 1.71 .26
0.110 1.55 1.55
1.2 0.56 0.28
0.170 0.56 1.45 1.45 0.30
0.280 1.31 1.31 0.34
0.420 1.15 .15 0.38
0.560 1.04
1.04 0.42
1.00 . .00
0.014 0.44
0.028 2.78 3.7 0.23
0.056 2
0.085 3.23 0.26
2.07 2.78
0.110 .30
1.2 1.87 2.52 0.34
0.170 0.78 1.75 2.36
0.280 0.36
.58 2.13 .40
0.420
.39 .87 0.4
0.560 1.26 69 0.50
1.21 I.63 0.52
*For single row bearings, when se, use X = 1 and Y= 0

Namher t rowN
Vad
 SELECTION OF BEARINGS Bearings 597
1 5 . 1 6

guideline for
15ne for the selection of a
bearing from the
Ageneral
manufacturer's catalogue is given as
nder

Compute the radial and axial thrust forces acting on the shaf
the shaft diameter.
2. Compute
t aa suitable bearing from a manufacturer's
Select
3.
unon the
upon the shaft diameter and magnitude of the radialcatalogue. This selection depends
and
4. Decide whether the inner race is rotating or stationary. axial forces.
of the rotation factor V.
Accordingly, select the value
Determine the value ot the radial load factor X and the axial load factor Y. Refer
Table 15.4. The values of these factors depend upon two ratios (FJF) and
where Co is the static load capacity. (FJC).
6. Compute the equivalent dynamic load factor from the following equation

P VXFrad+ YFax
7. Decide the expected life of the bearing. Convert the expected life in hours into
millions of revolutions.
8. Calculate the dynamic load capacity from the load-life equation

Lo-
9. Check whether the selected bearing has the required dynamic load capacity. If yes.
the selected bearing is suitable for this purpose. Otherwise, select another bearing
from the next series and go back to step 3 and continue.
in various example problems.
ne above procedure of bearing selection is illustrated

15.17 BEARINGS SPEEDS

FOR CYCLIC LOADS AND
For example,
la certair applications, to cyclic loads at different speeds.
subjected tor r
tbeari Pplications, bearings
&
are
thrust load Fax1 at speed N,
bearing
&ci supporting
pporting
fraction of the
a shaft
s is subjected to radial force Fradl,
and axial forces change to Frad2
and Fax the
the radial radial and axial
peed alco yclic period. Later on, Similarly,
also anges to N2 for r2 fraction of the cycle period. the cycle period in such a way
the

eS and on
ces and operating portions of circumstance, therefore,
Speed change for subsequent such a
the Sum of g
the sum the end of the cycle.
In
rating C and rated
T2
r,2 . y is 1.0 at
to the dynamic
load
lere
ile
"
is a need to
.,

a relationship
that will relate

Lio for uCDne

a
varying equivalent load.
The load-life equation for ball bearings is given
as

Lio-

(15.28)
C = Lio Xx P =
60
NLa ps
10
10
598 Design of Machine Elements
variation, if during a fraction cycle r, the
of ed N, and
load and speed
bq.(15.28) as a summation of th
For the case of cyclic
we can express
the equivalent load P; are constant,
r e c of
Thus, we obtain the dynamic load
fraction of the cycle. ratingas
N; and load P; for each

10 i=l (15.29)
where
I S the fraction of
the ith cycle period
ith cycle
N, is the speed during the
the ith cycle
Pis the equivalent load during
m is the total number of cycles
Ks is the service factor (1.0-2.5)

15.18 TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

Tapered roller bearings are mainly designed to withstand high radial and thrust loads. These
bearings can operate at moderate to high speeds (850-9000 rpm). Figure 15.25 shows the
schematic diagram of the single-row tapered roller bearing capable of resisting thrust in one
direction only. It consists of a tapered inner race called cone, the outer race called cup, anda
cage. The cup is separable from the remaining assembly of the bearing. In this type of beanng
it is possible to make adjustments for radial clearance.

Cup

Cone
Back face

Roller

Width

Figure 15.25 Nomenclature

of taper roller bearing
 roller bearing, even if the
Bearings 599
taper
nIn uCes a thrust
a external force is radial
it induces
reacuon w i n force and acts normal to
the bearing. To the
surtace,

must be balanced by an equal and

tion must avoid separation of the cup, this
eawith back-to-bac. face are mounted on theopposite
rust reactie

0gs shaft. force. Generally, two taper roller

The axial arial thrust force Fax due to pure radial load
Fad is
approximately given by

Y
(15.30)
Ph
is e
thethrust load factor, which is the ratio of
where the radial force
rating of the bearing whose value may be assumed 1.5. rating to thrust force
he equivalent dynamic
The equivaler load tor
tapered roller
following formulae: bearings may be computed by the
) Single tapered roller bearing

P Frad when se
Frad (15.31a)

P 0.4Fmd + YFax when Fax e (15.31b)

2) Paired tapered roller bearing
P Frad + YFax when Fax e (15.32a)
frad
P 0.67Fad + YFax when (15.32b)
Frad
u e s of the thrust factor Y and constant e are given by manufacturers of bearings. The
load-life relationship for tapered roller bearings is given by

Lao (15.33)

15.19
.19
The choice LUBRICATION
of
OF BEARINGS
bearing. Under lubricant Is primarily determined by the operating temperature and speed of the
non operating is the widely used Grease lubricant.
contains
n s oiloilrplus
mal conditions, grease most
selecting While
suitable grease
greas it is
the thickener, generally in the form of metallictemperature
soap.
range, and rust
a

inhibitün 1 s necessary to consider the consistency, operating

to the National Lubricating
Grease
nslNLGitute (NLGI) Consistency is classified according
may be used for
tü)ol insodium
gbearin gs.ae.
In
Metallic soap based greases of consistency
1, 2,
of thickeners, namely (i) calcium,
or 3

lubricating grease, three types

um, and (ii) lithium are the most commonly used ones.
When the tem
teplaced by oil. Solvent
Perature
*"nt
rise due to
refined mineral oils
bearing operation
are most
is high, then lubricating grease
is
used for lubrication of rolling
commonly
600 Design of Machine Elements

At temperatures more than 125°C,

the use of synthetic oil, namelv nolso
bearings. pe,j
recommended. Additives to improve
certain operating properties are generally
exceptional.
uired only
when the operating conditions are

A shaft rotating 1440 rpm is supported by two bearings. The forsa

at
forces: acing
Example 15.5
on each bearing are 6000 N radial load and neter cting
3500N axial thrust. If the shaft diameter is 40 mm
select suitable bearing.
life of the bearing is 500 h,
a
and the expected
Since FaxFad0.7, so a single-row deep-groove ball bearing may be suitohi.
Solution
Let us select the SKF 6208 bearing whose static load rating, Co 16,600 N and dy
dynamic
load rating, C = 30,700 N. Hence

3500
Fas 3500 0.2108
Co 16,600
and the corresponding value of e from Table 15.4 is 0.3545.
Since FFad 0.5834> e, from Table 15.4, the radial load factor, X =0.56 and the
thrust load factor, Y = 1.252 (by interpolation). Let us assume that the inner race is rotating,

therefore, the rotation factor V= 1.

Equivalent load, P = XVFFad + YFax

= 0.56 x 1 x 6000 + 1.252 x 3500 = 7742 N

Life in million of revolutions, L10 =

60NL
10
60 x1440 x500 43.2
10
The required dynamic load capacity

C (L1os . P
(43.2) x 7742 27,165.3 N namic

Since the dynamic load rating of the bearing SKF 6208 is larger than the requir
load capacity, the selected bearing is suitable.

Example 15.6 Select a suitable bearing for the load conditions and various da
Example 15.5, if the required reliability of the bearing is to be 99 per cent.
22,400 N
and Co
=
Solution Let us select the SKF 6308 bearing for which C = 41,000 NN and 1,000

3500
ForC22,400 29 400 0.1562, e = 0.3308 (refer Table 15.4).

Since FaFrad= 0.5834 >e, from Table 15.4, the radial load factor X = 0.56 anu ntauing
rota
a x i a lthrust

factor, Y = 1.35 (by interpolation) and the rotation factor V= 1, for inner race N
8085
N
=
500
Equivalent load, P = XVFad + YFax = 0.56 x 1x 6000 + 1.35 x 3500
 ife at
b x p e c t e dl i f e
99 per cent reliability Bearings601
60x 1440 x
Lo9 500_ 43.2 million revolutions
106

att
ife
Expectedl i f e a 90 per cent reliability (Loo) is obtained from

log 1]T.7
Lo9 loBe\0.99
0.99
L9o = 0.1342

0ge 0.9

Lgg 43.2
Loo0.1342 0.1342 =
321.9 million revolutions

load rating
Required dynamic
C (321.9) x 8085 =
55,410 N
uhich is greater than the rated dynamic load of bearing SKF 6308. Hence this
suitable. Let us try another bearing, i.e. SKF 6408, for which C 63,700 N and bearing not
is
Co 36,500 N. =
=

3500
For ax = 0.0959, e = 0.289
Co 36,500

Since F >e, therefore, X =

0.56, Y = 1.5, and V = 1.0.
Fad
Equivalent load, P = XVFrad YFax
= 0.56 x 1 x 6000 + 1.5 x 3500 8610 N
Required dynamic load capacity
C (321.9)18 x 8610 59,007.9N
which is smaller than the rated dynamic load capacity of the bearing. Hence the SKF 6408
Peanng is suitable.
Sxample 15.7
0 Lne spindle of a wood-working machine runs at 1000 rpm. It is mounted on

thrustsingle-row
load of ball
bearings,
100earings, one of which is required to carry
a radial load of 2250N and
oad of N. The machine runs 8 h per day. Assuming a life of four years
and spindle
0 0
er equal to 30
mm, select a suitable bearing.
Solution Here Fax Fa/Frad0.7, we select an angular-
ont"actact bearin ax/Frad
bearing. 1900/2250
= 0.8445.. Since
=
BE for which
From the SKF catalogue we select the bearing 7306
Co 19,000 N
C 34,500 N and
 602 Design of Machine Elements

For i 19.o00
xI900=0.1, from Table 15.4, e =0.292.
Co
Since Fa/Fnd > e, therefore, we get
X= 0.56 and Y = 1.5, and V = 1.0 for inner race rotating

Equivalent load, P = XVFmd + YF = 0.56 x 1 x 2250 + 1.5 x 1900= 4110 M

The life of the bearing in hours, assuming 300 working days/year

L = 4 x 300 x 8 = 9600 h

Life in million of revolutions

60NL 60x 1000 x 9600

Lio .

10 10
= 576 million revolutions
The required dynamic load, C = (576) x 4110

34,196.5 N
Since the required dynamic load is approximately equal to the dynamic load capacity, the
ngular-contact bearing SKF 7306 BE is suitable.
Example 15.8 A 75 mm diameter machine shaft is to be supported at the ends. It operates
continuously for 8 h/day, 300 days/year for 10 years. The load and speed cycle for one of tie
bearings is given below:

S. no. Fraction Radial Thrust Speed Load

of cycle load load rpm) condition
(N) (N)
0.25 3500 2000 1000 Steady
2 0.25 2500 2000 1500 Steady
3 0.5 4000 2000 Light shock
800

Select a suitable bearing.

Solution Service factor Ks = 1.0 for steady load
1.5 for light
shock load
FFd0.57, 0.8 and 0.5 for all three fractions
of cycle. Considering the values of fa
let us select a
deep-groove ball bearing, SKF 6315, for which
C 114,000 N and Co 72,000 N
2000
For = 0.0277, from Table 15.4,
72,000 e =
0.219.
 FaFrade,
X= 0.56, Y = 1.99 (by interpolation)! Bearings 603
and V = 1 for
Since
Equivalent load, P XVFnd + inner
S i n c e

=
race rotating
YF
Therefore,

p (0.25) 0.56 x 1 x 3500 +

1.99 x 2000 5940 N
P (0.25) =
0.56 x 1 x 2500 + 1.99 x 2000 =5380 N
P (0.5) = 0.56 * 1 x 4000 +
1.99 x 2000 =
6220 N
in hours, Lh 8 x 300 x 10 =
Life of bearing
=
24,000 h
required dynamic
load capacity
The

C60xL

106 2Nn(KP}
i=1

60
60xx24,000
24,0 x [0.25x 1000
10 x (1.0 x
5940)+0.25 x 1500
x (1.0 x 5380) + 0.5 x 800 x (1.5 x
6220)
C 85,606 N
which is less than the dynamic load rating of SKF 6315 bearing. Hence the selection is OK.
Example 15.9 A bearing, supporting a power transmitting shaft, is
load and 4500 N axial thrust. The shaft rotates at 400
subjected to 3000 N radial
rpm and the expected life of the bearing
is 10,000 h. Select a suitable
bearing, the diameter of the shaft is 40 mm.
if
Solution Here Fa/Frad= 4500/3000 1.5. Therefore a tapered roller bearing will be suitable
=

for the given load condition.

Let us select a single-row tapered roller bearing SKF 30208 from
the catalogue, having
C .58,300 N and Co 73,600 N
FrOm the manufacturer's catalogue, Y = 1.6 and e = 0.37

Since
Frad
Equivalent load, P =0.4Fnd YFax
= 0.4 x 3000 + 1.6 x 4500 = 8400 N

Life of 60x400x10,000= 240 million revolutions

bearing, Li0
he 10
required dynamic load capacity
C (Li00.3 x P
43,485.3 N
(240)0.3 x 8400
=
=

which is less than the rated dynamic load capacity of the bearing. Hence the selection of the
KF 30208 bearin
ring is satisfactory.