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Quality Management in The Imaging Sciences 5th Edition Papp Solutions Manual
Quality Management in The Imaging Sciences 5th Edition Papp Solutions Manual
Instructor’s Manual
OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following:
• Explain the difference between single-phase, three-phase, and high-frequency x-ray
generators.
• Recognize the voltage waveform characteristics of the three types of x-ray generators.
• List the voltage ripple values for the three types of x-ray generators.
• Calculate the power output rating for the three types of x-ray generators.
• List the three main parts of a quality control program for radiographic equipment.
• List and describe the performance tests for radiographic equipment.
OUTLINE
X-Ray Generators
Single-Phase Generator
Half-Wave Rectified
Full-Wave Rectified
Three-Phase Generator
Three-Phase, Six-Pulse
Three-Phase, Twelve-Pulse
High-Frequency Generator
Voltage Ripple
Power Ratings
Control or Operating Console
High-Voltage Generator
X-Ray Tube, Tube Accessories, and X-Ray Table
Quality Control Program for Radiographic Units
Visual Inspection
Control Panel
Overhead Tube Crane
Radiographic Table
Protective Lead Apparel
Miscellaneous Equipment
Environmental Inspection
Performance Testing
Radiation Measurement
Reproducibility of Exposure
Radiation Output
Filtration Check
Kilovolt (Peak) Accuracy
Timer Accuracy
Voltage Waveform
Milliampere and Exposure Time Linearity and Reciprocity
Focal Spot Size
Beam Restriction System
Beam Alignment
Source-to-Image Distance Indicator
Overload Protection
X-Ray Tube Heat Sensors
Automatic Exposure Control Systems
Detectors
Photodetectors
Ion Chambers
Solid-State Detectors
Comparator
Automatic Exposure Control Testing
Backup, or Maximum Exposure, Time
Minimum Exposure Time
Quality Control for Automatic Exposure Control
Consistency of Exposure with Varying Milliampere
Consistency of Exposure with Varying Kilovolt (Peak)
Consistency of Exposure with Varying Part Thickness
Consistency of Exposure with Varying Field Sizes
Consistency of Automatic Exposure Control Detectors
Reproducibility
Density Control Function
Reciprocity Law Failure
Conventional Tomographic Systems
Quality Control of Tomographic Systems
Section Level
Section Thickness
Level Incrementation
Exposure Angle
Spatial Resolution
Section Uniformity and Beam Path
Patient Exposure
Grids
Grid Uniformity
Grid Alignment
2. A three-phase x-ray generator can operate at a maximum of 100 kVp and 500 mA at 100 ms.
What is the kilowatt rating of this generator?
a. 5 kW
b. 35 kW
c. 50 kW
d. 500 kW
3. The backup timer for an AEC system should terminate the exposure at _______ second(s) or
________ mAs, whichever comes first.
a. 1; 100
b. 3; 300
c. 6; 600
d. 9; 900
4. How large of an arc appears during a spinning top test of a three-phase x-ray generator at 50
ms?
a. 18 degrees
b. 20 degrees
c. 36 degrees
d. 90 degrees
5. A quality control program for radiographic equipment should include which of the following:
(1) visual inspection, (2) environmental inspection, and/or (3) performance testing?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
6. The minimum HVL for x-ray units operating at 80 kVp is _______ mm of aluminum.
a. 1.3
b. 1.5
c. 2.3
d. 2.5
8. Any variations between the stated kilovolt (peak) on the control panel and the measured
kilovolt (peak) must be ± ____%.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
9. The variability allowed for timer accuracy in exposures shorter than 10 ms is ± ____%.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
10. The variability allowed for milliampere and time linearity is ± ____%.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
The Republicans had named May 16th, 1860, as the date and
Chicago as the place for holding their second National Convention.
They had been greatly encouraged by the vote for Fremont and
Dayton, and, what had now become apparent as an irreconcilable
division of the Democracy, encouraged them in the belief that they
could elect their candidates. Those of the great West were especially
enthusiastic, and had contributed freely to the erection of an
immense “Wigwam,” capable of holding ten thousand people, at
Chicago. All the Northern States were fully represented, and there
were besides partial delegations from Delaware, Maryland,
Kentucky, Missouri and Virginia, with occasional delegates from
other Slave States, there being none, however, from the Gulf States.
David Wilmot, of Penna., author of the Wilmot proviso, was made
temporary chairman, and George Ashmun, of Mass., permanent
President. No differences were excited by the report of the committee
on platform, and the proceedings throughout were characterized by
great harmony, though there was a somewhat sharp contest for the
Presidential nomination. The prominent candidates were Wm. H.
Seward, of New York; Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois; Salmon P. Chase,
of Ohio; Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, and Edward Bates, of
Missouri. There were three ballots, Mr. Lincoln receiving in the last
354 out of 446 votes. Mr. Seward led the vote at the beginning, but
he was strongly opposed by gentlemen in his own State as prominent
as Horace Greeley and Thurlow Weed, and his nomination was
thought to be inexpedient. Lincoln’s successful debate with Douglas
was still fresh in the minds of the delegates, and every addition to his
vote so heightened the enthusiasm that the convention was finally
carried “off its feet,” the delegations rapidly changing on the last
ballot. Lincoln had been a known candidate but a month or two
before, while Seward’s name had been everywhere canvassed, and
where opposed in the Eastern and Middle States, it was mainly
because of the belief that his views on slavery were too radical. He
was more strongly favored by the Abolition branch of the party than
any other candidate. When the news of his success was first conveyed
to Mr. Lincoln he was siting in the office of the State Journal, at
Springfield, which was connected by a telegraph wire with the
Wigwam. On the close of the third ballot a despatch was handed Mr.
Lincoln. He read it in silence, and then announcing the result said:
“There is a little woman down at our house would like to hear this—
I’ll go down and tell her,” and he started amid the shouts of personal
admirers. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was nominated for Vice-
President with much unanimity, and the Chicago Convention closed
its work in a single day.
The American Convention.
Lincoln received large majorities in nearly all of the free States, his
popular vote being 1,866,452; electoral vote, 180. Douglas was next
in the popular estimate, receiving 1,375,157 votes, with but 12
electors. Breckinridge had 847,953 votes, with 76 electors; Bell, with
570,631 votes, had 39 electors.
The principles involved in the controversy are given at length in
the Book of Platforms, and were briefly these: The Republican party
asserted that slavery should not be extended to the territories; that it
could exist only by virtue of local and positive law; that freedom was
national; that slavery was morally wrong, and the nation should at
least anticipate its gradual extinction. The Douglas wing of the
Democratic party adhered to the doctrine of popular sovereignty, and
claimed that in its exercise in the territories they were indifferent
whether slavery was voted up or down. The Breckinridge wing of the
Democratic party asserted both the moral and legal right to hold
slaves, and to carry them to the territories, and that no power save
the national constitution could prohibit or interfere with it outside of
State lines. The Americans supporting Bell, adhered to their peculiar
doctrines touching emigration and naturalization, but had
abandoned, in most of the States, the secrecy and oaths of the Know-
Nothing order. They were evasive and non-committal on the slavery
question.
Preparing for Secession.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
MISSISSIPPI.
FLORIDA.
LOUISIANA.
ALABAMA.
ARKANSAS.
TEXAS.
NORTH CAROLINA.
VIRGINIA.
KENTUCKY.