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Learning Outcomes:
• Recognize the important role played by job performance in selection and assessment.
[Analyze]
• Define the differences among task, contextual, and counterproductive work behaviours.
[Understand, Remember]
• Identify the different types of counterproductive work behaviours. [Understand]
• Describe the importance of developing and using scientifically sound measures of job
performance in selection and assessment. [Apply, Analyze]
• Recognize what constitutes acceptable criteria for assessing performance. [Understand,
Remember]
• Explain the relationship among individual performance measures, criteria, and performance
dimensions related to a job. [Understand, Remember]
• Discuss the technical aspects of measuring job performance. [Analyze]
Chapter 5 – Recruitment, Selection, and Job Performance
Individual Research
• Ask students to research different types of performance appraisal forms. As part of the
research, students will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different performance
appraisal forms. Which appraisal form is the best one to use with respect to reliability and
validity? This research could be given as an assignment.
• Instruct students to contact a human resources professional to determine how important
employee performance is within his or her organization’s recruitment and selection
procedures. Ask students to request a copy of the organization’s performance review process
(including accompanying review tools, questionnaires, checklists, etc.).
Group Discussion
• Facilitate a discussion about the changes to the technologies used in performance appraisals
in modern workplaces. For example, you may wish to discuss the rising use of wearable
technology in police organizations (e.g., biofeedback, body cameras). Other organizations
have started to use “tracking apps” to locate employees and gather other performance-
related data. Divide students into groups of four or five and ask students what the benefits
of these technologies might be in terms of measuring performance (e.g., collecting useful
data quickly and efficiently with less human bias). What are the drawbacks (e.g., to employee
privacy?)
• See Table 5.1, The Relationship of Campbell’s Eight Job Dimensions to Task,
Contextual, Adaptive, and Counterproductive Behaviour. Divide students into groups
of four or five. Assign one performance dimension from Campbell’s model to each of the
groups. Have students review the performance dimension, create an example that is different
from the examples in the text, and share it with the class.
• Ask students to list the many counterproductive behaviours that they have observed during
their working lives. Examples of these include lying, theft, property damage, violence,
engaging in risky behaviours, harassment of coworkers, sabotage, drug and alcohol use, and
unsafe work practices.
• Ask students to review several job postings in the HR field. Have them identify the
behaviours that the organization is looking for in that particular job. Students should think
about the following questions: Are there any performances that are expressed in relation to
the organization’s mission and goals? How could the desired performance be measured?
What criteria could be used?
• In groups of four or five, ask students to conduct an Internet search and identify six to eight
recruitment ads for human resources managers. Ideally, they should focus on two different
industries and also different job ranks, such as VP of human resources, director of human
resources, and manager of human resources. Instruct students to list the required
competencies in each advertisement. Then have them write a report summarizing their
findings and highlighting the differences across different organizations and job levels.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Why is it important to understand performance as part of the recruitment and selection
process?
Selection is not simply interviewing and testing employees. This means that HR staff must be
aware of any inadequacies in the methods they are using to assess employee performance.
Performance measurement goes beyond providing employees with an evaluation of their
performance. The organization and its human resources manager must decide what performance
to measure and what level of performance is needed to attain organizational excellence.
The fundamental issue that an organization must address when it develops an integrated
recruitment system is which aspect or aspects of performance should drive recruitment and
selection. Contextual performance contributes to the culture and climate of the organization; it is
the context in which the organization’s core activities take place. Counterproductive behaviours
are voluntary behaviours that violate significant organizational norms and in so doing threaten
the well-being of an organization, its members, or both. Task performance criteria provide the
performance standards for judging success or failure on the job. Criteria also provide guidance
on the standards that must be met by someone placed into a job. A lack of standards may lead to
the selection of inappropriate job candidates.
3. If you were limited in selecting employees on the basis of only one of the four types of
performance discussed in this chapter, which one would you choose? Why?
A multidimensional conceptualization of job performance that includes measures of task,
contextual, and counterproductive behaviours (see Figure 5.1, Components of Individual
Work Performance) is most important.
4. Discuss Campbell’s performance taxonomy. Can you think of a job that does not fit that
model?
Campbell’s performance taxonomy proposes that the behaviours that people are expected to
exhibit as part of their jobs appear to fall into eight job performance dimensions, which together
specify the job performance domain. A job that may not fit this taxonomy is that of an
assembly-line worker in an auto plant.
6. Discuss the distinction among criterion relevance, criterion contamination, and criterion
deficiency.
Criterion relevance is the degree to which the criterion measure captures behaviours or
competencies that constitute job performance. Criterion deficiency refers to those job performance
behaviours or competencies that are not measured by the criterion. Criterion contamination is the
degree to which the criterion measure is influenced by, or measures, behaviours or competencies
that are not part of job performance.
EXERCISES
Many of the forms used by colleges and universities to assess teaching performance suffer
from all the defects of graphic rating scales. For this exercise:
1. Obtain a copy of the teaching assessment form used by your institution and critique it using
the information presented in this chapter. If a teacher were dismissed solely on information
obtained from this instrument that indicated the person was a poor teacher, would the
decision stand up before a court or labour arbitration board?
ANS:
Student answers will vary, but most will recognize that the information from instructor assessment
forms are likely insufficient as a sole means of termination, particularly because it ignores the
research and service components of a professor’s job. Students may also question the reliability and
validity of their institution’s assessment form, which can lead to good classroom discussions.
2. Assume that teaching involves the following major activities: lecture preparation and
organization; communication skills; use of examples and exercises; use of audiovisual
materials/PowerPoint/Internet; grading; course-related advising and feedback; interaction
with students; and maintaining class and office hours.
a. Place these activities into the job performance dimensions developed by Campbell as
well as the leadership competencies described in the text. More than one activity
may be placed in a dimension.
ANS:
(Student answers may vary for dimensions only.)
1. Job-specific task proficiency: lecture preparation/organization; grading; course-related
advising and feedback; use of examples and exercises
2. Non-job-specific task proficiency: AV materials (knowledge of PowerPoint, Excel, etc.)
3. Written and oral communication task proficiency: interaction with students; use of
examples and exercises; AV materials
4. Demonstrating effort: maintaining class and office hours; grading; lecture
preparation/organization
LEPIDOPTERA.
NYMPHALIDAE.
Danainae: Limnas chrysippus (Linn.) ♀. The ground
colour of the pale tint characteristic of
1
Oriental specimens and usually replaced by
a much darker shade in African.
Danainae: L. chrysippus (Linn.) var. alcippus (Cram.) ♂♂.
2
Typical.
Nymphalinae: 1 Neptis agatha (Cram.).
1 Precis cebrene (Trim.).
PAPILIONIDAE.
Pierinae: 1 Catopsilia florella (Fabr.) ♂.
2 Colias electra (Linn.) ♂ ♀.
Terias brigitta (Cram.) ♂ ♂ ♀.
3
Dry season forms; not extreme.
3 Eronia leda (Boisd.) ♂ ♀ ♀.
One of these females has an orange apical
patch on the forewing, almost as distinct as
that of the male.
1 Pinacopteryx sp. ?
A female, rather worn; simulating Mylothris
agathina ♀.
Probably a new species, but being in poor
condition and a single specimen it would not
be advisable to describe it.
1 Belenois severina (Cram.) ♀. Dry season form.
1 Phrissura sp. ♂.
A male, of the P. sylvia group. This form of
Phrissura has not previously been recorded
from any part of East Africa.
Papilioninae: 8 Papilio demodocus (Esp.).
HYMENOPTERA.
1 Dorylus fimbriatus (Shuck.) ♂.
COLEOPTERA.
LAMELLICORNIA.
Scarabaeidae: Oniticellus inaequalis (Reiche).
1
Only known from Abyssinia.
Cetoniidae: 1 Pachnoda abyssinica (Blanch.).
1 Pachnoda stehelini (Schaum).
Both Abyssinian species.
PHYTOPHAGA.
Cassididae: 1 Aspidomorpha punctata (Fab.).
HETEROMERA.
Cantharidae: 2 Mylabris, probably a new species.
NEUROPTERA.
1 Nemoptera, probably a new species.
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiidae: 1 Cyrtacanthacris
sp.
1 Phymateus brunneri? (Bolivar).
1 Phymateus leprosus (Fab.).
1 Petasia anchoreta (Bolivar).
Mantidae: 1 Sphodromantis bioculata (Burm.).
1 Chiropus aestuans? (Sauss.).
In addition to the above, Dr. Hayes presented three insects
captured by him at Gedaref in the Soudan, including a pair of a
magnificent new species of Buprestid beetle of the genus
Sternocera, taken in coitu. This species has recently been described,
from Dr. Hayes’ specimen and two others in the British Museum, by
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, who has given it the name Sternocera druryi
(“Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.” Oct., 1904, p. 247). The third insect is an
example of a Cantharid beetle, which does great damage to the
crops at Gadarif. Its determination as Mylabris hybrida (Bohem.) is
therefore a matter of some importance.
THE END
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LAKE TSANA
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