Selection of Teeth

Selection of teeth, teeth arrangement and articulators
1. The hinge joint articulator was designed by

A) Bonwill
B) Gariot
C) Gysi
D) Hanau
Ans: B
#Explanation of correct option-Hinge joint articulator is representative of class I articulators. It
was designed by Gariot in 1805. It comsisted of a simple hinge with a set screw in the posterior
against a metal plate to serve as a vertical stop.
#Easy#clinical#Prosthodontics#INICET#NEET PG
#Highyield- Hinge articulator with fixed condylar guidance control • some eccentric movement can occur
but is limited in direction and form and cannot be altered to accommodate individual patient variations. It is
used to perfect the occlusal contact in centric relation only.
#Explanation of other options-
A) Bonwill-The hinge joint articulator was designed by Gariot
C) Gysi- The hinge joint articulator was designed by Gariot
D) Hanau- The hinge joint articulator was designed by Gariot
#Extraedge-
What is a standard hinged joint?
 The Standard Hinged Joint range is well known for its outstanding performance. Featuring flexible hinged joint, easy roll out
design & all standard galvanised 2.50mm wires The Black Angas Hinged Joint range is suited to all fencing requirements.
Specially made for those who require a stronger fence.
#Reference-Nallaswamy,2nd ed,pgno.206-
2. The characteristic of an “arcon” articulator is
a) The condylar elements are placed on the upper member of the articulator
b) The condylar elements are placed on the lower member of the articulator
c) The condylar elements are non-movable
d) The inclination of condylar path is in a curved plane
Ans bThe condylar elements are placed on the lower member of the articulator
#Explanation of correct answer- Arcon articulator. The fossae are on the upper member, the
condyles on the lower. The condyles are not rigidly held in the fossae and, therefore, can move
away from the fossae if required by occlusal contacts. The lower cast has been mounted to the
upper cast via a jaw registration. The upper cast has been mounted via a facebow transfer
#Highyield- Arcon articulators usually have a removable upper member and are good teaching instruments since
the position of the fossae correspond to that in the patient. If casts are mounted in a non-Arcon articulator with a
centric relation record, it may be difficult to position them subsequently in the intercuspal position, as the condyles
are restricted by the fossae slots which may not permit the correct condylar movement to occur between CRCP and
the IP.
a) The condylar elements are placed on the upper member of the articulator-In arcon type of
elements the condylar elements are placed on the lower member of the articulator
c) The condylar elements are non-movable--In arcon type of elements the condylar elements are
placed on the lower member of the articulator
d) The inclination of condylar path is in a curved plane--In arcon type of elements the condylar
elements are placed on the lower member of the articulator
#Extraedge-
Simple Hinge Articulators

The simple hinge articulator is a cast holder, not an articulator. Its disadvantages and
advantages are:
 It cannot be closed accurately after removal of the jaw registration, as the relationship
of its axis of rotation to the teeth differs from that in vivo; it is useless for the diagnosis
of CRCP deflective contacts.
 There is no facility for accurate alteration of the vertical dimension.
 It will maintain the intercuspal position if the casts are mounted atthe correct vertical
dimension and could, therefore, be used for waxing in the intercuspal position,
particularly if used with a functionally generated path technique
 Lateral and protrusive excursions are inaccurate because when the hinge is loosened
to allow some lateral movement, the relative position of the ‘condyles’ does not
correspond to that of the patient’s condyles.
 It does not allow aesthetic perspective, since it is used without a facebow.
#Mantra-
Semi-Adjustable Articulators
There are two types of semi-adjustable articulators:
 The Arcon, in which the fossae are on the upper member and,
 the non-Arcon , in which the fossae are on the lower member.
#Reference-Nallaswamy,2nd ed,pgno.210
3. Hanau H2 articulator has a intercondylar distance of

A) 90mm
B) 100mm
C) 110mm
D) None
Ans : C,
#Explanation of correct answer-Hanau H2 articulator is a Arcon type of articulator
It has an intercondylar distance of 110mm
It accepts face bow transfer
#Highyield-They are of Arcon principle, wherein the Condylar Guidances are associated with the
Upper Articulator Member, as the patient’s glenoid fossa is a portion of the cranium
The Condyle of the Articulator is a part of the Lower Member and functions as the condyle of
the patient’s mandible. Articulator movements may be directly related to the anatomical function
of the patient
A) 90mm-Hanau H2 articulator has a intercondylar distance of 110mm
B) 100mm- Hanau H2 articulator has a intercondylar distance of 110mm
D) None- Hanau H2 articulator has a intercondylar distance of 110mm
#Extraedge-
CONDYLAR GUIDANCE,: The Condylar Guidances are the control centers of the Articulator
and they adjustably assimilate the multiple function of the glenoid fossa. The Condylar Track
may be adjustably inclined on the horizontal transverse axis from a “zero” to a plus 60 degree or
to a minus 20 degree. These inclinations are termed the protrusive inclination and simulate the
patient’s superior wall of the fossa. The Condylar Track may also be adjusted on the vertical axis
from a “zero” sagittal to 30˚. This angle is termed the progressive Bennett angle and corresponds
to the medial wall of the patient’s fossa.
4. Lateral condylar guidance is

A) L=12+d/H
B) L=H + d/12
C) L=H/8 + 12
D) L= H+ d/12
Ans: C
#Explanation of correct answer-The Bennet angle(L) can be calculated from the horizontal
condylar inclination (H) by means of Hanau equation.
If the horizontal condylar imclinationis 30° then the Bennet angle would be approximately 16°
#Highyield-The condylar element should contact the centric stop during articulation. The
condylar guidance can be rotated around the vertical axis to set the Bennett angle. Bennett angle
is determined by the following formula: Bennett angle (L) = (H/8) + 12, where H is the
protrusive angle. With the help of a protrusive positional record,the horizontal angle is set on the
condylar guidance by rotating it.The lateral angle is calculated with the above formula. The
articulator is programmed by adjusting the graduated scale on its superior surface.
A) L=12+d/H- Lateral condylar guidance is L=H/8 + 12

B) L=H + d/12- Lateral condylar guidance is L=H/8 + 12
D) L= H+ d/12- Lateral condylar guidance is L=H/8 + 12
#Extraedge-
Incisal Guide Table The Hanau Wide Vue has a customizable incisal guide table. Just like the
condylar guidance, the incisal guide table is also an assembly of many components.The
important components of the incisal guide table are alone described here. The platform of the
articulator forms the base of the incisal table. The adjustable incisal guide table rests on top of
the platform. The incisal guide table alone is a small rectangular strip of metal. The slope of the
incisal guide can be changed in the anteroposterior direction
#Mantra-
he LCG in Hanau series of articulators are being calculated using Hanau's formula; The
exact derivation and mathematical proof of this formula are unknown till date. The denominator 8
and the +12 values were subjective to interrogation with respect to their origin. However, the
current recommended average settings use this formula as a gold standard to calculate LCG in
Hanau series articulators. The validity of this formula is questionable, and hence, reassessment is
needed to verify the reliability of the formula.
5. The condylar inclination in average type of articulators is
A) 10-15 degrees
B) 15-20 degrees
C) 20-25 degrees
D) 30-40 degrees
Ans: B ,
#Explanation of correct answer-The average condylar inclination in normal healthy individual
is around 40-50. It is customary to set average condylar incination at around 20 degrees since
articulators are less steep than natural mouth.
 #Highyield-The condylar inclinations provided in semi-adjustable articulators are horizontal and

lateral condylar inclinations. Horizontal condylar inclination (HCI) is usually obtained with
protrusive interocclusal record and the lateral condylar inclination can be calculated either from
HCI using Hanau's formula or with individual lateral records.
A) 10-15 degrees- The condylar inclination in average type of articulators is 15-20 degrees
C) 20-25 degrees- The condylar inclination in average type of articulators is 15-20 degrees
D) 30-40 degrees- The condylar inclination in average type of articulators is 15-20 degrees
#Extraedge-
How to calculate lateral condylar inclination?
Are condylar inclination values higher in the first movement sequence?
 For the left joint, condylar inclination values in the first condylar movement sequence
demonstrated, on the average, 14.4% higher values compared to the second movement sequence,
and 39.2% higher values than in the third movement sequence.
#Mantra-
Which articulator is used to measure horizontal condylar inclination?

 The majority of studies used a Hanua Wide Vue semi-adjustable articulator after the protrusive
jaw relation was determined, while a few studies used a whip mix semi-adjustable articulator to
measure horizontal condylar inclination. To determine the horizontal condylar inclination, a
reference line is used.
6. Theoretically for maximum stability of the complete denture the incisal guidance should
be
A) zero degree
B) 45 degree
C) 90 degree
D) none of the above
Ans: A,
#Explanation of correct option-The more closely the incisal guide angle approaches 0°, the
more stable will be the dentures because of the reduction of lateral inclines. The cusp inclination
of teeth selected should have higher values than incisal guidance
#Highyield-The platform of the articulator forms the base of the incisal table. The adjustable
incisal guide table rests on top of the platform. The incisal guide table alone is a small
rectangular strip of metal. The slope of the incisal guide can be changed in the anteroposterior
direction
B) 45 degree- The more closely the incisal guide angle approaches 0°, the more stable will be the
dentures because of the reduction of lateral inclines
C) 90 degree- The more closely the incisal guide angle approaches 0°, the more stable will be the
dentures because of the reduction of lateral inclines
#Extraedge-
Does incisal guidance affect temporomandibular joint growth?
 The incisal guidance angle (IGA) is related to temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and changes to
the IGA are often involved in the prosthetic and orthodontic treatment of anterior teeth.
However, the influence of incisal guidance on the growth, development and remodelling of the
TMJ is not yet clear.
#Mantra-
What are the three controls of an articulating instrument?
 When an articulating instrument is being used, the three controls are the two condylar
guidances of the articulator, which represent the two temporomandibular joints, and
the incisal guidance formed by the incisal guide pin of the articulator and the surface upon which
it functions.
7. Anatomic teeth should have a cusp angle of

A) 30°
B) 31°
C) 32°
D) 33°
Ans: D
#Explanation of correct answer-Anatomic teeth used in CD have cuspal inclination of 33
degrees.
Anatomic teeth with 30° cuspal angulation are also available and are commonly known as
Pilkington Turner teeth
#Highyield-These teeth resemble normal newly erupted teeth. They provide the best aesthetics
and are the most commonly used type of artificial teeth. The cusps resemble normal dentition
with an angle of 33.
A) 30°-The anatomic teeth have a cusp angle of 33°
B) 31°- The anatomic teeth have a cusp angle of 33°
C) 32- The anatomic teeth have a cusp angle of 33°
#Extraedge-
Advantages of Anatomic Teeth
Closely resembles natural teeth - highly aesthetic. Proper contours for crushing and triturating.
Presence of adequate sluiceways. Greater chewing efficiency, excessive chewing pressure is
minimized. More vertical chewing stroke. Cuspal inclines provide a depth to obtain eccentric
balance. Provide a greater resistance to rotation of dentures. Provide a comfortable position to
return when cusps are making contact in fossae.
#Mantra-
8. The labiodental sounds are
A) F,v,ph
B) S, z, c
C) F, z,s
D) F, v,z
Ans: A
#Explanation of correct answer-Labiodental sounds “f” and “v” are made between the upper
incisors and the labiolingual center to the posterior third of lower lip
#Highyield-The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and
the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is
restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa (Olson & Hajek 2003). With most
other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals,
form the class of labial consonants).
B) S, z, c- The labiodental sounds are F,V,Ph
C) F, z,s- The labiodental sounds are F,V,Ph
D) F, v,z- The labiodental sounds are F,V,Ph
#Extraedge-
Dentolabial consonants
Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by
contacting lower teeth against the upper lip. They are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the
prevalence of dental malocclusions (especially retrognathism) that make them difficult to
produce though the voiceless dentolabial fricative is apparently used in some of the southwestern
dialects of Greenlandic (Vebæk 2006).
#Mantra-
There are five possible examples of human speech sounds that have labiodental as their place of
articulation. These are:
 /ɱ/ - labiodental nasal
 /ⱱ/ - labiodental tap or flap
 /f/ - labiodental fricative
 /v/ - labiodental fricative
 /ʋ/ - labiodental approximant
9. Theory of balancing ramp occlusion is given by
A) Gysi
B) Frischer
C) Sears
D) Hanua
Ans: C
#Explanation of correct answer- Balanced Occlusion is defined as the bilateral, simultaneous,
anterior, and posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric and eccentric positions. Balanced
occlusion in complete dentures is unique, as it does not occur with natural teeth
#Highyield-Masticatory efficiency in complete denture wearers is approximately 80% lower

than in people with natural dentition. Other factors that affect chewing ability include bone
resorption, reduced sensory perceptions, motor impairment and arrangement of teeth.
A) Gysi- Theory of balancing ramp occlusion is given by scars
B) Frischer- Theory of balancing ramp occlusion is given by scars
D) Hanua- Theory of balancing ramp occlusion is given by scars
#Extraedge-
Indication: 1. In class 2 occlusion in which Patient complaint of discomfort of intercuspal
interferences, diminished retention, tissue irritation, and clicking teeth. 2. To Stabilize the
existent denture. Balancing ramps provide a tripodization of the denture bases
#Reference-Nallaswamy.2nd ed,pgno.52
10. “Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by

A) Fisher
B) Pound
C) Payne
D) Cari Boucher
Ans: D
#Explanation of correct option- Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by Cari Boucher
Anterior artificial teeth should be placed in essentially the same position previously occupied by
the natural teeth, and the labial surface of the denture base material should duplicate, as nearly as
possible, the contour and position of the ridge
#Highyield-The form or outline of the anterior teeth can be determined using the following factors: •
Shape of the patient's face or facial form. • Patient's profile. • Dentogenic concept and dynesthetics.
A) Fisher-“Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by Cari Boucher
B) Pound- Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by Cari Boucher
C) Payne- Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by Cari Boucher
#Extraedge-
Dentogenic concept and dynesthetics (sex, personality, age or SPA factor) . It was first described by
Frush and Fisher. According to them,the sex,personality and age of the patient determine the form of
the anterior teeth.
11. Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to

a. 15 degree
b. 10 degree
c. 12 degree
d. 8 degree
Ans b. 10 degree
#Explanation of correct answer- Incisal guidance is the influence on mandibular movements

provided by the contacting surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The
steepness of the incisal guidance is influenced by the horizontal and vertical overlap of the
anterior teeth
. Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree
#Highyield-The incision guidance (IG) is one of the determinants of occlusion . Occlusal factors, including incisal guidance,
are often altered during prosthetic and orthodontic treatment, such as occlusal reconstruction and restorative treatment of anterior
teeth.
a. 15 degree-Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree
c. 12 degree- Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree
d. 8 degree- Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree
#Extraedge-
What is the incisal guide factor?

 The incisal guide factor must include all six upper and lower anterior teeth.) The eccentric
inclines of lower tooth (B) conforms to the steepness of the established incisal guidance of 30
degree. The eccentric inclines of lower tooth (A) are steeper than the established incisal
guidance.
12. Movement that may be occurred with mean value articulator is
a. vertical movement
b. Iateral movement within limit
c. protrusive movement within average
d. all of the above
Ans d. all of the above
#Explanation of correct answer- It is a nonadjustable articulator. This articulator is designed using

fixed dimensions,which are derived from the average distance between the incisal and condylar
guidance of the population
#Highyied-The condylar guidance (equivalent of glenoid fossa) is attached to the lower member and
the condylar element (equivalent of the mandibular condyle) is attached to the upper member
a. vertical movement-The vertical movement occurs with mean articulator
b. Iateral movement within limit- The vertical movement occurs with mean articulator
c. protrusive movement within average- The vertical movement occurs with mean articulator
#Extraedge-
Incisal guide table is defined as "that part of the articulator which maintains the incisal guide angle". The
incisal guide table gives the incisal guidance of the articulator . The incisal guide table can be described
as a very short cylinder whose upper surface is concave. The vertical rod should rest on the center of the
incisal guide table during articulation. The depth of the concavity is designed to have a slope equal to
the average incisal guide angle . The incisal guide angle is fixed and non customizable.
13. All records are applied to semi-adjustable articulator except
a. protrusive record
b. centric relation record

c. face bow record
d. lateral record
Ans d. lateral record
#Explanation of correct option- The Semi-adjustable Class III Articulators are the most common in the
dental clinic as they allow the majority of dental treatments to be carried out. They are the most suitable for training
and dentistry studies.Semi adjustable articular used to record protrusive ,centric relation and face bow
record.
#Highyield-They are able to simulate condylar trajectories, using patient-equivalent values for almost all
mandibular movements. Transmission to the models in relation to the patient's temporomandibular joints is
achieved by transfer with the facebow.
a. protrusive record-Semi –adjustable articulators are used to record protrusive record.
b. centric relation record-–adjustable articulators are used to record centric relation record.
c. face bow record- adjustable articulators are used to record face bow record
#Extraedge-
What is the difference between an articulator and an occluder?
 Dental articulators are instruments that allow the dentist to simulate the relationship of
the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the jaws. They do not duplicate the movement, but recreate it.
They are able to simulate jaw movements and relate maxillary and mandibular movements.
 The occlusor belongs to the dental articulator family. It is a single hinged instrument and only allows
opening and closing movements and unlike the articulator, it only recreates the occlusal relationship.
#Mantra-
Semi-adjustable articulators further divided into arcon and non arcon articulators
Arcon- They have condylar articulation movement equal to the human articulation; with the
glenoid cavity located in the upper branch and the condyle in the lower branch. They are the
most recommended for beginners and are in often used in university prosthetic
practices thanks to their adaptability and ease of use.
Non –Arcon- Unlike the first articulator, it has the condyles in the upper part of the articulator
and the glenoid cavity in the lower part of the instrument. This type of articulator is less used. An
example of this type of articulator is the "Balance" from Hager Werken.
14. Intercondylar distance adjusted with .......... only
a. fully adjustable articulator
b. semiadjustable articulator
c. mean value articulator
d. simple hinge articulator
Ans a. fully adjustable articulator
#Explanation of correct answer- Fully adjustable articulators allow the independent adjustment of each
condyle and duplicate the trajectory unilaterally and its path through the transmission of the movement registered by
the pantograph as if it were the patient's own mouth. These instruments, together with the pantographs, are able
to record and measure the exact axis of rotation by means of a kinematic locator and the intercondylar
anatomical distance.
#Highyield-They can measure lateral and protrusive movements, their nature, condylar inclination, time and extent
of movement and Bennet's angle.
Due to its high learning complexity its use is almost restricted to the most severe and difficult cases of
malocclusion, since it allows the preparation of restorations that are precisely adjusted to the occlusal needs of the
patient.
b. semiadjustable articulator-. Intercondylar distance adjusted with Fully adjustable articulator

only
c. mean value articulator- Intercondylar distance adjusted with Fully adjustable articulator only
d. simple hinge articulator- Intercondylar distance adjusted with Fully adjustable articulator only
#Extraedge-
What is the difference between an articulator and an occluder?
 Dental articulators are instruments that allow the dentist to simulate the relationship of
the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the jaws. They do not duplicate the movement, but recreate it.
They are able to simulate jaw movements and relate maxillary and mandibular movements.
 The occlusor belongs to the dental articulator family. It is a single hinged instrument and only allows
opening and closing movements and unlike the articulator, it only recreates the occlusal relationship.
#Mantra—
What are the factors in choosing the most suitable articulator?
As you may know, the choice of articulator type depends on many factors:
 Skill of the clinician.

 Knowing the advantages or limitations of the system.
 Knowing the centric relationship of the patient, or their maximum intercuspidation.
It's fair to say the most commonly used articulators are the semi-adjustable articulators with an anatomical
facebow, however, it will depend on the requirements of each particular case, which should be evaluated
15. Non adjustable articulator are
a. fully adjustable articulator
b. simple hinge articulator
c. mean value articulator
d. both B & C
Ans d. both B & C
#Explanation of correct option- Non adjustable articulator are simple hinge

articulator and mean value articulator. Class II articulators allow horizontal and
vertical movements, but are still unable to reproduce the patient's natural temporomandibular joint
relationship, and is the intermediate step to the next type.
#Highyield-The set-up time of this version is much shorter, however, it does not reproduce eccentric
movements and the occlusal relationships may not be accurate.
a. fully adjustable articulator-Non adjustable articulators are simple hinge

articulator and mean value articulator
b. simple hinge articulator- Non adjustable articulators are simple hinge articulator
and mean value articulator
c. mean value articulator- Non adjustable articulators are simple hinge articulator
and mean value articulator
#Extraedge-
Fully adjustable articulators - They are capable of being adjusted to follow the mandibular movement in
all directions. These articulators have numerous adjustable readings,which can be customized for each
patient.They do not have a condylar guidance.Instead,they have receptacles in which acrylic dough can
be contoured to form a customized condylar and incisal guidance. They are not commonly used due to
their complexity, e.g. Stuart instrument gnathoscope, Simulator by E Granger.
16. The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on
a) The depth of the glenoid fossa
c) The cuspal inclines
d) The vertical overlap of the Incisors
d) The Inclination of the articulator eminence
Ans d) The Inclination of the articulator eminence
#Explanation of correct answer- It guides the movement of the condyle. In the mean value
articulator it is represented by a slot (condylar track) located in the upper part of the vertical arm of the
lower member.
#Highyield-The slot is inclined at an angle equal to the average inclination of the condylar guidance
in the population.
The condylar element of the upper member passes through this track. A spring is mounted within this
track (condylar guidance) to stabilize the condylar elements and hold them in their posterior most
position (centric relation) when no movements are made. This condylar guidance does not accept face-
bow transfer
a) The depth of the glenoid fossa- The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on
inclination of articulator eminence.
c) The cuspal inclines- The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on inclination of

articulator eminence.
d) The vertical overlap of the Incisors- The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on
inclination of articulator eminence.
#Extraedge-
What methods are used to record condylar guidance?

 Several extra oral and intra oral methods are used to clinically record condylar guidance. Extra
oral methods are generally exemplified by Gysi and McCollum and mainly used in edentulous
patients. Interocclusal protrusive wax records, Lucia jig, leaf gauge and intra oral tracers are the
most commonly used intra oral methods.
#Reference-Nallaswamy,2nded,pgno.233
17.When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be
a) In contact with guidance table
b) Out of contact
c) not at all related
d)None of the above
Ans b) Out of contact
#Explanation of correct option- When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be out of
contact, It is attached to the upper member of the articulator. It represents the glenoid fossa of the
temporomandibular joint
#Highyield-The condylar guidance is a circular structure with a slot in the center. The condylar element
of the lower member articulates with this slot (also called condylar track ) . The condylar track can be
opened or closed. Closed track condylar guidance has a complete circular structure.
a) In contact with guidance table- When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be out
of contact,
c) not at all related- When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be out of contact,
d)None of the above- When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be out of contact,
#Extraedge-
What methods are used to record condylar guidance?

 Several extra oral and intra oral methods are used to clinically record condylar guidance. Extra
oral methods are generally exemplified by Gysi and McCollum and mainly used in edentulous
patients. Interocclusal protrusive wax records, Lucia jig, leaf gauge and intra oral tracers are the
most commonly used intra oral methods.
#Reference-Nallaswamy,2nded,pgno.233
Try in and Denture insertion
1. In a denture wearing patient there is

A) No bone resorption
B) Bone formation
C) Independent of denture, there is bone resorption
D) Initial bone resorption followed by bone formation
Ans: C,
#Explanation of correct option-Bone resorption is a continuos and physiological in nature and is
independent of denture wearing
 #Highyield- Bone resorption is a major problem for denture wearers. After your teeth are
removed, the bone that used to support them is considered surplus material by your body, which
removes the bone and uses the nutrients elsewhere. As this process occurs, denture wearers
notice changes in how their dentures fit and function.
A) No bone resorption-. In a denture wearing patient there is independent of denture,
there is bone resorption
B) Bone formation- In a denture wearing patient there is independent of denture,
there is bone resorption
D) Initial bone resorption followed by bone formation- In a denture wearing
patient there is independent of denture, there is bone resorption
#Extraedge-
Do dentures cause bone loss?
 Dentures put pressure on your jawbone, but it’s not the type of pressure that stimulates bone
growth. If the pressure is too great, or too uneven, dentures can actually speed bone loss in the
jaw.
2. Maxillary edentulous arch resorbs

A) upward and inward
B) upward and outward
C) Downward and inward
D) Downward and outward
Ans : A
#Explanation of correct option- Teeth loss in the maxilla initiates residual ridge/alveolar
resorption, especially in the anterior region, which is flared labially.
#Highyield-The consequences of this resorption is a gradual medial or palatal shift of the crest of
the maxilla.
B) upward and outward- Maxillary edentulous arch resorbs upward and inward
C) Downward and inward- Maxillary edentulous arch resorbs upward and
inward
D) Downward and outward- Maxillary edentulous arch resorbs upward and
inward
#Extraedge-
How does bone resorption affect the alveolar ridge?
 This results in a clinical situation where the residual vertical height and width of the alveolar
ridge is significantly reduced and thus minimises the amount of available bone for dental implant
placement. Diagram showing the anatomical changes in the alveolar ridge as a result of bone
resorption and sinus pneumatisation following tooth extraction
4. As age advances the mandibular ridge in the posterior region
A) Widens
B) Narrows
C) Remains same
D) None
Ans: A ,
#Explanation-Resorption in the posterior area is centripetal in the maxilla and centrifugal in the
mandible. Hence the size of maxillary arch will decrease with resorption and the size of the
mandibular arch will increase with resorption.
 #Highyield-As age advances in an individual, and the long term wearing of ill dentures, bone resorption occurs, which results
in poor quality denture bearing area. This further progresses to conditions like excessively resorbed ridges and flabby tissues.
C) Narrows- As age advances the mandibular ridge in the posterior region widens
C) Remains same- As age advances the mandibular ridge in the posterior region
widens
#Extraedge-
Residual ridge resorption is defined as: "It is pathological/ physiological change which produce
severe alteration in complete denture treatments. The progress of RRR can be described as
follows:
This is the most common and important sequel of wearing complete dentures.59 There is
continuous loss of bone after tooth extraction and even after the placement of a complete
denture. RRR is more common in women due to osteoporotic changes in the bone.60 RRR is
nothing but alveolar remodeling, which occurs due to change in the functional stimulus of bone
tissue. Ridge resorption is a chronic progressive change in the bone structure,which results in
severe impairment in the fit and function of the prosthesis. Alveolar remodeling is more
important in areas with thick cortical bone especially the buccal parts of the maxilla and lingual
parts of the mandible which are load-bearing regions.
#Mantra-
5. The impression material that can record tissues in functional form
A) Impression paste
B) Alginate
C) Plaster of paris
D) Fluid wax
Ans: A ,
#Explanation of correct
Mucocompressive: Impression paste, compound wax
Mucostatic impressions: Plaster of paris, alginate
#Highyield-Mucocompressive technique requires special impression tray with build in occlusal
rims. The patients is requested to bite (closed mouth impression) on the rims while making the
impression.
#Explanation of other options
B) Alginate- The impression material that can record tissues in functional form impression paste
C) Plaster of paris- The impression material that can record tissues in functional form
impression paste
D) Fluid wax- The impression material that can record tissues in functional form impression
paste
#Extraedge-
Mucostatic Theory • Thistheory wasproposedbyRichardsonand popularized by Henry Page •
This technique is based on Pascals law of hydrodynamics: "The pressure applied to a confide
liquid is transmitted undiminished through the liquid in all directions, regardless of the area to
which the pressure is applied".7 Similarly,the tissue fluid under the denture behaves like a
confined liquid wherein the force on the denture is counteracted by the buoyancy of the tissue
fluid flowing from one area to another. This is believed to distribute the force and improve the
denture stability.
#Reference-Nallaswamy,2nd ed,pgno71
6. Most accurate reproducible relationship for recording jaw relations is
A) physiologic rest position
B) Centirc occlusion
C) Centric relation
D) Both B & C
Ans; C
#Explanation of correct option-Centric relation is the most accurately reproducible for
recording jaw relations. It is muscle determined position
 The least reproducible relation is protrusive relation
 #Easy#clinical#Prosthodontics#INICET#NEET PG
#Highyield-"The maxillomandibular relationship in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest
avascular portion of their respective discs with the complex in the anterior-superior position against the
slopes of the articular eminences. This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically
discernible when the mandible is directed superior and anteriorly. It is restricted to a purely rotary
movement about the transverse horizontal axis”.
A) physiologic rest position- Most accurate reproducible relationship for recording jaw
relations is centric relation
B) Centirc occlusion- Most accurate reproducible relationship for recording jaw relations is
centric relation
D) Both B & C- Most accurate reproducible relationship for recording jaw relations is
centric relation
#Extraedge-
Importance of Centric Relation (Significance)
We know that proprioceptive impulses (impulses of threedimensional spatial orientation) guide the
mandibular movements. In dentulous patients the proprioceptive impulses are obtained from the
periodontal ligament.
Edentulous patients do not have any proprioceptive guidance from their teeth to guide their mandibular
movements. The source of the proprioceptive impulses for an edentulous patient is transferred to the
temporomandibular joint. The centric relation position acts as a proprioceptive center to guide the
mandibular movements
7. When patient closes in centric occlusion if lower jaw is placed anteriorly in relation to
upper jaw, it is called as
A) Normal occlusion
B) Centric occlusion
C) Pre normal occlusion
D) Centric relation
Ans: C,
#Explanation of correct option-when maxilla is ahead it is called as prenormal or class III
malocclusion. When maxilla is ahead it is called as postnormal or class II or disocclusion
 #Highyield-Angle Class III, or prenormal, occlusion is evident when the mandibular first molar
is in a prenormal position compared to the normal occlusion, i.e. in front of the normal position,
or in a mesial relationship . In cases of Angle Class III occlusion, the overjet is often reversed
(<0 mm), implying an anterior crossbite.
A) Normal occlusion- When patient closes in centric occlusion if lower jaw is

placed anteriorly in relation to upper jaw, it is called as prenormal occlusion
B) Centric occlusion- When patient closes in centric occlusion if lower jaw is
D) Centric relation- When patient closes in centric occlusion if lower jaw is
#Extraedge-
What is ideal occlusion?
 Ideal occlusion also required the perfect and maximal fitting together (interdigitation) of the
upper and lower teeth as described here. The incisal edges of maxillary teeth are labial to the
incisal edges of mandibular teeth.
8. The interarch distance measure when the occlusal rims are in uniform contact is
A) Freeway space
B) Vertical dimension of occlusion
C) Vertical dimension of rest
D) Christensen’s space
Ans: B
#Explanation of correct option-The difference between the VDR & VDO gives the freeway
space or interocclusal space. It is usually 2-4mm when observed at the position of premolars
Freeway space or IOS = VDR-VDO
#Highyield-It is defined as,"The length of the facewhen the teeth (occlusal rims, central-bearing
points, or any other stop) are in contact and the mandible is in centric relation or the teeth are in centric
relation"
A) Freeway space- The interarch distance measure when the occlusal rims are in uniform
contact is Vertical dimension of occlusion
C) Vertical dimension of rest- The interarch distance measure when the occlusal rims are in
uniform contact is Vertical dimension of occlusion
D) Christensen’s space- The interarch distance measure when the occlusal rims are in
uniform contact is Vertical dimension of occlusion
#Extraedge-
Vertical Dimension at Rest
It is defined as,"The length of the face when the mandible is in rest position"—GPT. This is the position
of the mandible in relation to the maxilla when the maxillofacial musculature are in a state of tonic
equilibrium.This position is influenced by the muscles of mastication, muscles involved in speech,
deglutition and breathing. It is essential to record the vertical dimension at rest as it acts as a reference
point during recording the vertical dimension at occlusion.
#Mantra-
9. Muscles involved in centric relation

A) Temporalis and masseter
B) Medial and lateral pterygoid
C) Temporalis and lateral pterygoid
D) None of the above
Ans: A
#Explanation of correct option- Muscles involved in centric relation are Temporalis and
masseter The muscles that act on the temporomandibular joint are arranged in such a way that it is
easy to move the mandible to the centric position from where all movements can be made.
#Highyield- A clinically-determined position of the mandible placing both condyles into their anterior
uppermost position. This can be determined in patients without pain or derangement in the TMJ”
(Ramsfjord 1993).
B) Medial and lateral pterygoid-Muscles involved in centric relation are temporalis
and masseter
C) Temporalis and lateral pterygoid- Muscles involved in centric relation are
temporalis and masseter
D) None of the above- Muscles involved in centric relation are temporalis and
masseter
#Extraedge-
Importance of Centric Relation (Significance)
We know that proprioceptive impulses (impulses of threedimensional spatial orientation) guide the
mandibular movements. In dentulous patients the proprioceptive impulses are obtained from the
periodontal ligament.
Edentulous patients do not have any proprioceptive guidance from their teeth to guide their mandibular
movements. The source of the proprioceptive impulses for an edentulous patient is transferred to the
temporomandibular joint. The centric relation position acts as a proprioceptive center to guide the
mandibular movements
10. Niswongers technique is used to determine

A) Horizontal relation
B) Vertical relation
C) Orientation relation
D) Centric relation
Ans: B ,
#Explanation-Physiological methods: Power point by Boos
Physiological rest position: Niswongers method ( Niswonger and Thomson in 1934). It is not
considered as an accurate method because it requires patients cooperation, which is variable and
alterations in jaw position can occur during this procedure.
#Highyield-Phonetics:
▪ Silverman’s Closest Speaking Space – This differs from the Niswongers and Thomson’s
method in that the Niswonger’s method measure the vertical dimension when the muscles
controlling the mandible are at the rest or physiological tonus , whereas in this method the
muscles are active.
▪ The F or V and S speaking anterior tooth relation ( Pound and Murrel)
A) Horizontal relation- Niswongers technique is used to determine vertical relation

C) Orientation relation- Niswongers technique is used to determine vertical relation
D) Centric relation- Niswongers technique is used to determine vertical relation
#Extraedge-
Vertical Dimension at Rest
It is defined as,"The length of the face when the mandible is in rest position"—GPT. This is the position
of the mandible in relation to the maxilla when the maxillofacial musculature are in a state of tonic
equilibrium.This position is influenced by the muscles of mastication, muscles involved in speech,
deglutition and breathing. It is essential to record the vertical dimension at rest as it acts as a reference
point during recording the vertical dimension at occlusion.
#Mantra-
11. The functionally generated path technique was originally described by

A) Meyer
B) Shillingburg
C) McLean
D) Hughes
Ans: A
#Explanation of correct option-The functional generated path technique for use in fixed
prosthodontics first discussed by FS Meyer in 1938; has been popularized by the Pankey Mann
Institute
#Highyield- The functionally generated path as described is based on the original work of Meyer
who developed the functional bite technique for full denture construction.
The functionally generated pathway (FGP) technique consists of registering the occlusal
pathways of the posterior teeth in the functional wax and has been classically described as the
“three-dimensional static expression of dynamic tooth movement.”
B)Shillingburg- The functional generated path technique for use in fixed

prosthodontics first discussed by FS Meyer in 1938;
C) McLean- The functional generated path technique for use in fixed prosthodontics
first discussed by FS Meyer in 1938;
D) Hughes- The functional generated path technique for use in fixed prosthodontics
first discussed by FS Meyer in 1938;
#Extraedge-
Clinical Relevance to Interdisciplinary Dentistry
The FGP is highly versatile technique of developing the occlusion-pattern in the removable and fixed dental
prostheses including implant restorations. It can be employed with equal efficacy in fabrication of relatively simple
restorations such as a single crown, or more complex full mouth reconstructions.
#Reference- Patil, Pravinkumar G.; Nimbalkar-Patil, Smita P. ; Kulkarni, Rahul S. . Functionally generated pathways to
1 2
develop occlusal scheme for removable partial denture. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 5(3):p 154-157, Sep–Dec 2015.
12. To transfer the axis orbital plane we require

A) Arbitrary facebow
B) Kinematic facebow
C) Either Arbitrary or Kinematic facebow
D) An aar bow only
Ans: C
 #Explanation of correct option-Facebows generally fall into the category of being
either arbitrary or kinematic. Arbitrary facebows, as the name perhaps suggests, are less accurate
in the manner in which they relate to the terminal hinge axis. However, they are suitable (and
have been proven to be so) for most routine restorative dental procedures.
 #Highyield-Identifying the hinge axis position using a kinematic facebow is time consuming and
most clinicians use arbitrary positions. The use of an earbow is convenient and in nearly 90% of
patients the earbow axis will be within 6 mm of the true terminal hinge axis.
A) Arbitrary facebow- To transfer the axis orbital plane requires either arbitrary or
kinematic facebow
B) Kinematic facebow- To transfer the axis orbital plane requires either arbitrary
or kinematic facebow
D) An aar bow only- To transfer the axis orbital plane requires either arbitrary or
kinematic facebow
#Extraedge-
What is an arbitrary axis facebow?
 Arbitrary axis facebows may be used with an arbitrary hinge axis that is located at a point 12 mm
along a line drawn from the upper aspect of the superior border of the tragus of the ear to the
outer canthus of the eye. This point bilaterally is used to position the condylar locator of the
facebow.
13. Pantograph tracing is used for

A) Recording jaw movements
B) Testing the speech
C) A radiographic technique similar to OPG
D) All of the above
Ans: A
#Explanation of correct option- It is a three-dimensional dynamic registration procedure utilized in
Class IV B type of articulators. The tracings produced by pantographs are called pantograms.
#Highyield-The pantograph is an apparatus consisting of two face bows; one fixed to the maxilla and
other to the mandible and one holds the styli and the other recording tables. Six styli and recording
tables are attached. Two are located adjacent to each condylar area in horizontal and vertical planes.
Two additional tracing tables are placed in the incisal region of anterior teeth, in the horizontal plane.
B) Testing the speech- Pantograph tracing is used for Recording jaw movements
C) A radiographic technique similar to OPG- Pantograph tracing is used for Recording jaw
movements
D) All of the above- Pantograph tracing is used for Recording jaw movements
#Extraedge-
Functions
It serves two principal functions: First, it acts as a facebow to transfer the maxillary cast to the
articulator in an exact relationship to the condyles; second, it stores all the needed information for
adjusting the articulator to the precise condylar movements of the patient.
14. Wills gauge is used to measure

A) Vertical height
B) Bizygomatic width
C) Intercondylar distance
D) Interpapillary width
Ans: A
#Explanation of correct answer-Wills gauge: used to measure vertical height of face
Boley gauge: used to record the measurements between the borders of maxillary and mandibular
dentures
Boos bimeter: device measuring maximum force of closure
 #Highyield- In the case of the Willis gauge, three points require attention to minimise the potential errors of this
technique. If the patient has a well-defined naso-labial angle, the fixed arm can be positioned with reasonable
accuracy. However, if the naso-labial angle is obtuse, positioning of the gauge becomes less precise.
B) Bizygomatic width-Wills guage is used to measure vertical height
C) Intercondylar distance- Wills guage is used to measure vertical height
D) Interpapillary width- Wills guage is used to measure vertical height
#Extraedge-
How does a Willis Guage work?

 With the help of a Willis guage, it will obtain the OVD by placing the solid arm facing towards
you on the base of the patients nose and the second arm towards the patient that slides up and
down on the border of the chin. You then lock it into position via the screw on the movable arm,
this will show the overall vertical dimension (OVD) in mm.
15. During gothic arch tracing, apex indicates
A) Centric occlusion
B) Horizontal jaw relation
C) Centric relation
D) Physiologic rest position
Ans: C
#Explanation of correct option-The gothic arch tracing is an extraoral method to record centric
relation. The lateral movements should be made until the apex is sharp to indicate the true
retruded position of the mandible
 #Highyield- The gothic arch tracing technique, which relies on the use of 2 metal plates attached to the patients’ arches, is
one of the most accepted methods of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and the centric relation (CR). A
stylus is attached to the maxillary plate that marks the mandibular plate.
A) Centric occlusion- During gothic arch tracing, apex indicates centric relation
B) Horizontal jaw relation- During gothic arch tracing, apex indicates centric relation
D) Physiologic rest position- During gothic arch tracing, apex indicates centric relation
#Extraedge-
Why is Arch tracing important?
 It is the most important and critical relationship among all the intermaxillary relations because failure in its correct acquisition
will cause disharmony in occlusion. Gothic arch tracing is established verified method for the acquisition of centric jaw relation.

Selection of Teeth

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Selection of Teeth

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Selection of teeth, teeth arrangement and articulators

1. The hinge joint articulator was designed by

2. The characteristic of an “arcon” articulator is

c) The condylar elements are non-movable

d) The inclination of condylar path is in a curved plane

Simple Hinge Articulators

3. Hanau H2 articulator has a intercondylar distance of

4. Lateral condylar guidance is

A) L=12+d/H- Lateral condylar guidance is L=H/8 + 12

 #Highyield-The condylar inclinations provided in semi-adjustable articulators are horizontal and

Which articulator is used to measure horizontal condylar inclination?

7. Anatomic teeth should have a cusp angle of

#Highyield-Masticatory efficiency in complete denture wearers is approximately 80% lower

10. “Set the teeth where they grow” was stated by

#Explanation of other options-

11. Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to

#Explanation of correct answer- Incisal guidance is the influence on mandibular movements

. Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree

#Explanation of other options-

a. 15 degree-Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree

c. 12 degree- Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree

d. 8 degree- Average of incisal guidance that is fixed on it is equal to 10 degree

What is the incisal guide factor?

b. Iateral movement within limit

c. protrusive movement within average

d. all of the above

Ans d. all of the above

#Explanation of correct answer- It is a nonadjustable articulator. This articulator is designed using

#Explanation of other options-

a. vertical movement-The vertical movement occurs with mean articulator

13. All records are applied to semi-adjustable articulator except

b. centric relation record

Ans d. lateral record

#Explanation of other options-

a. protrusive record-Semi –adjustable articulators are used to record protrusive record.

What is the difference between an articulator and an occluder?

14. Intercondylar distance adjusted with .......... only

a. fully adjustable articulator

c. mean value articulator

d. simple hinge articulator

Ans a. fully adjustable articulator

#Explanation of other options-

b. semiadjustable articulator-. Intercondylar distance adjusted with Fully adjustable articulator

What are the factors in choosing the most suitable articulator?

 Skill of the clinician.

15. Non adjustable articulator are

a. fully adjustable articulator

b. simple hinge articulator

c. mean value articulator

Ans d. both B & C

#Explanation of correct option- Non adjustable articulator are simple hinge

a. fully adjustable articulator-Non adjustable articulators are simple hinge

16. The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on

a) The depth of the glenoid fossa

c) The cuspal inclines

d) The vertical overlap of the Incisors

d) The Inclination of the articulator eminence

Ans d) The Inclination of the articulator eminence

#Explanation of other options-

c) The cuspal inclines- The condylar guidance of an articulator is dependent on inclination of

What methods are used to record condylar guidance?

17.When noting condylar guidance, incisal pin should be

a) In contact with guidance table