INVERSION mca emprnets aly when the sun is shining Ted you an winbrela but he wants it straight back when i tars to. rain INVERSION ] @ He didn't know/had no idea what was going to happen. (GQ necarive anverss Little did! he know what was going to happens 6 rarely © seldom little «© hardhy/barely/scarcely (ever). ® hardiyfbarely/scarcely... when/before.. © [had only just entered the room when | was asked to wait outside, ‘> Hardly had | entered the room when | was asked to wait outside, © never (beforefagain) © ovvenaia exenessions © at no point, time © onno > account, occasion «@ inno-> way, town, place... funder no circumstances (very) few (cases) © by no means @@{cxauses oF nesuir "@ so/such... (that) # tosuch a degree/an extent/lengths! a piteh/a pointfextremes... that NoT ONLY. BUT... AS WELL Gals sooner... 1 © The outcome of the match was never in doubt. ‘At no time was the outcome of the match in doubt. © The customer would on no account pay the added cost, ‘ On no account would the customer pay the added cost, ‘© Whatever happens, don't tell them. \ Under no circumstances should you tell them. @ The runner was so exhausted that he couldn't breathe. So exhausted was the runner that he couldn't breathe. © He was so afraid of confined spaces that he never took the lif. ‘» Such/To such a degree was his fear of confined spaces that he never took the lif. ® He set fre not only to the car, but also to the house. \» Not only did he set fre to the car, but also to the house. ‘» Not only did he set fre to the car, but to the house as well. « I'd no sooner contacted the agency than I received your offer. te No sooner had I contacted the agency than | received your offer. © Immediately after his election, he was assassinated, = No sooner had he been elected than he was assassinated. GA wenren conomonaus ‘Ist © If you (should)... =» Should you... 2nd e Hitwere. 3td © If they had. > Were it. Had they. El omen expressions in vain, nowhere, notoften, inot a word!/soul,no longer, innone of, not for, not since, not even once, neither. nor, neither/nor/so/as (with aux. verbs) * Ifyou (should) come firs, leave the keys on the table, \ Should you come fist, leave the Keys on the table. « Ifthe boat were mine, | wouldn't hire it out. , ‘Were the boat mine, | wouldn't hire it out. ¢ If they had known, they would have told us. ve Had they known, they would have told us, © | wasn't afrald of his threats any more. ‘= No longer was I afraid of his threats. ® The chemist’s will not be open either today or tommorrow. ‘ Neither today nor tomorrow will the chemist’s be open. * Both he and his brother play the piano well. ‘ He plays the piano well, as does/and so does his brother.TEACHER" NB: © Teachers © On the cov re advised fo use iho sample Stuconts are likely to revolutionary idea, Point out that enlences given here and droughout the eton of eac lesson, assign Ss the corresponding exorees inte Practice Book for homework. GUIDE acher's Book when presenting each stuctu, ncounterd inversion before, so puting the verb before the subject should not seem a © Inversion has long been a favourite structural conversion item in the Proficiency exam, for which reason alone it merits close study. © Most examples of inversion are typical of formal language, very often used for the rhetorical effect desired in, for example, poliical speeches, © Inversion is not common in everyday speech, and should be used with caution in Ss’ compositions, Gq scarive apverss never, rarely, and seldom are commonly used with the present perfect or past perfect, or with modals (can/could). Comparatives are often included, © I've seldom heard it performed so wel, \© Seldom have | heard it performed so well ADVERGIAL, EXPRESSIONS at no point ) © At no point during the journey did he have to ask for directions. In no way (= not in any way) © Inno way can he be blamed for this accident GG cunvses oF nesuer hardly, barely, scarcely... when/before are used to desctibe past actions which occurred almost simultaneously, one right after the other. The earlier action is (usually) in the past perfect and the later in the simple past. © Scarcely/Barely/Hardly had they cleared the table whenjbefore it began to rain [very] few [cases] (= rarely) © Invery few cases are one-year visas issued to immigrant workers. by no means (= not by any means) © By no means are we finished yet extent © The car was so damaged that It couldn't be repaired. ‘e Such was the damage to the car thalTo such an extent was the car damaged that it couldn't be repaired. lengths ‘© He made such an effort/went to such lengths that i exhausted him. ‘ Such were the lengths he went to/Such was the effort he made/To such lengths did he go that... pitch point © The crowd's excitement reached such a pitch/The crowd was so excited that the police stepped in. ‘Such was the crowd's excitement thal/To such a pitch was the crowd's excltement tha © She was 80 popular that they named a street ater her ‘ Such was her popularity that/To such a pointlextent was she popular that they named a street after her. GD nor ony... pur ausosur.. AS went Nt Not only can be used with a negative verb if but alsoybut... as well are replaced by but... either. © Not only does Amny not want to see him, but she does not want to hear from him either. G wwverreo conormonaus NOTES: * ‘© more formal than regular word order ® indicates that sth is ess likely to happen for ‘Were to (do)..” see Unit 8, p 27 oten expressions In vain (with no resulty ® In vain id they try to save the drowning man. nowhere (in no place) * Nowhere could they find the missing jewellery. ot a word/soul (= nobody) © Not a word did they say./Not a soul did they tell @alwo sooner... ran NB: © The simple past can be used in both clauses. © Word clues for converting to no sooner include immediately, after, the moment (that), hardly, barely, (ust) as soon as, etc. eg. © No sooner did | arrive/had | arrived than someone sent me a fax * Should you decide to stay another night, tell the manager. © Were they genuinely concerned, they'd call © Had I had the time, | would have written to you. in none of * In-none of the albums could we find his picture. not since © Not since fast century has an event like this happened: not even once ae © Not even once has he been to see his aling mother. neither/nor (+ auc) i *® She doesn't like vegetables and neither/nor do I.J TEACHER'S GUIDE Ql) mo rrnor seen ror * surFon » wiruour... . NOTE: % Had it not been for and But for can also be followed by “the fact that” + clause; see Unt 9, p 86 © Had if not been for/But forthe fact that she got ler iiness, we would have stayed longer. = Changes in paris of speech vary: Ss should be keenly aware of, and, constantly verb noun: he appeared » his appearance died on, changes of this nd as the i : «ae the Key to rophrasing or ‘transforming’ adi, noun: @ popular actress * her popularity as an actress 0, the. Key to renhash adv, ¢ adj. he thought quickly » his quick thinking ee ae = When converting a sentence involves choosing between a noun object or a garund, the noun is preferred « Ihe hadn't been personally interested inthe plan, it would never have succeeded, ‘© Had it not been foriBut foriWithout his personal interest (tis being personally interested} in the plan, it would never have succeeded. Gl ome... © Only then wil you be able to cross the stream. © Only in this way can we solve the problem. © Only on rare occasions does he appear in public. e Only if you're wearing a jacket and tie can you eat here. NOTE: There is no inversion after Only when it means being the only one ands the subject of the main verb. eg: Only John knew where they were. ONLY WHEN... (THAT)...OT UNTIL. (THAT)... ° Itwas only whenjnot until the plane had como to a complete stop that the passengers could leave their ‘Seats. (EHPHATIC, HO INVERSION) ‘© Only when/Not until the plane had come to @ complete stop could the passengers leave their seats. (HaTc, INVERSION IN WAIN CLAUSE) GS omy temor uness © He can't sleep uniess he's taken a sleeping % Only if he’s taken a sleeping pill can he sleep. ‘ Not unless he’s taken a sleeping pill can he sleep. The dog will perform tricks only if you feed him fist. % Only iNot unless you feed him first will the dog perform tricks. @B rassive. opposites * People seldom mention his name nowadays. ‘+ Seldom is his name mentioned nowadays. * Youll forget his name if you don’t write it down, SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: OTHER CASES ‘Another example, On the floor was a gun, is typical ‘of narrative writing. Sentences of this type begin with a prepositional phrase, have intransitive verbs (to be, appear, stand, etc.) as main verbs, and state a location. ® Black, threatening clouds appeared ‘on the horizon, ‘= On the horizon appeared black, threatening clouds. NB:The auxillary form of the verb, as in questions, is not used here. Inversion, without an auxiliary, may also ‘occur when verbs indicating movement: are accompanied by certain adverbs or adverbial phrases. « The police marched along/up/down the street. AlongiUp/Doun the street marched the pofce. The guard walked in. = In walked the guard. ‘= Only if you write it down will you remember his name. ORAL PRACTICE 41, Under no circumstances should/must you leave. me alon 2, little did the robbers realise that armed police 7 ‘were waiting for them, 3, No sooner had Paul heard from Angela thanher sister dropped in 4, Such was her anxiety about the exam that sho a couldn't sleep. 5. Had it not been for his rudenessybeing rude, 10. I would have given him the job. ‘Without her support, he wouldn't have passed the exams. But for his hard work, he wouldn't have succeeded Not until | received the call did | remember the appointment. Only on (very) rare occasions is the public allowed in, Only by accepting his conditions willean you keep your job.(oR ANI uh EE « nan ir sor see FOR © The only reason the concert wasn't a suecess was the rain, cur gor = yaruour © Had not been forthe ran, the concert would have been a success, > Bul for/Without ihe rain, the concert would have been a success. CHANGES Wy PARTS OF SPEECH © Ihe hadn't advised her, she wouldn't have acoepled the job. Had if not been for his advice, she would not have accepted the job: ZL omy... inversion in main clause} «© I heard only by chance that his father had passed away. only then, onty by chanceituck, only & My nyt int, oly Only by chance did I hear that his father had passed away. yesterdayjon (rare) occasions © He-gave in only after we had (had) a long argument. ONLY (inversion in main clause) ‘ Only after we head (had) a long argument did he give in. ‘only when, only if, ‘© The only way to learn is by practice. only after, only by = Only by practice|practising can/will you learn. I didn't realise how violent the film was until | saw it. ‘ Itwas only when/nol until | saw the film that I realised how violent it was. (emphatic, no inversion) \ Only when/Not until | saw the film did I realise how violent it was. (emphatic, inversion in main clause) a onty iemor umes You can see the doctor only if you have an appointment. ‘= Only if you have an appointment can you see the doctor. Aversion in main clause) te Not unless you have an appointment can you see the doctor. INVERSION based on © There are not many newspapers which covered the accident in detail, te In few newspapers was the accident covered in detall. (passive) © You will only fall your exam if you don't study hard. + Only ifyou study hard wil you pass your exam. (opposites) © passe © oprasmTes a seer ‘ SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS ‘© Not many cities (have)... “3. In (very few cities do they (have) |,*. The only way to find out Is to ask. - 5 © Only if we (ask) canwill we find out. “© Youll achieve your goals only ifyou are patient.” Onlywith patience wil you achieve your goals. © It's unusual to (see)... : > Seldom do your (see).. : : 3 > 2 [© As soon as| (arrived)... ; | © ttwas the first time that | (had been)... ORAL PRACTICE 4. Whatever you do, don'tleave me alone, Under... 6, Had it not been for her support, he wouldn't 2. The robbers did not realise that armed police have passed the exams, Without... were wating for them, Little. 7. Had t not been for his hard work, he wouldn't 3, Immediately after Paul heard from Angela, her have succeeded, But for... 8, Iforgot about the appointment until 4, She was so anxious about the exem that Ireceived the call. Not until. she couldn't sleep. Such. 9. The publics allowed in very rarely. Only or. 5, would have given him the job if he hadn't 40. The only way you won't lose your job is by been so rude. Had it not.. accepting his conditions. only by. sister dropped in. No sooner...EZ Kev WoRD TRANSFORMATION (based on Inversion) © 1, Smokingjis strictly forbidden in this building, (should) . © Under sna sifcummstances (whatever) should youl(anyjone{people smoke inthis building. The moment l walked in there was a power cut. (sooner) NO snnensenenninn SOME id walkihad | walked In than sun there Was a power Cut, 3, Patients rarely make a full recovery from this disease. (cases) InVery nonnnnnlgliare eases do pation wo» full recovery from this disease. 4, twas my first ime at a rock concert. (been) NOVEF wnintnnininninnnninnnBefOre had | beer att an sw 8f0Ck concert 5. Ihad no idea that we were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses. (know) Little now (th ...We were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses. 6. We finished on time because Karen gave us a hand. (given) © Had Karen not. given us.a hend, we wouldn't have finished on time. 7. They did not decide to move to a bigger house until efter the birth oftheir second child. (been) y Only when their second child u ‘toa bigger house. 2 8. He didn’t refer to the incident at all. (point) Ab sono £9 point did he referto | w» the incident. 8. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement. (time) [Ab casino time did the two SideS 100K suns likely to reach an agreement, ‘40. The reason they didn't give him the job was because he couldn't use a computer. (inabilty) Had it not been, fo. ..» @ computer, they would have given him the job, I znivarves Your Stars You're in a(0.. ‘mood this week and must make sure you REST control your (1)... . You might well feel in the circumstances PATIENT that a partner is being 2)... ve... , though most probebly OBSTRUCT they feel that you should be paying them more (9)......altention..... ATTEND So try your best to avoid a row in the next few days and you will definitely see an (4..../mprovement... in your close personal IMPROVE (6)...¢/atlonship(s) it would appear that some aspects of your work RELATE this week are (6) ly... challenging, and when you make PROFESSION your (7)... ‘concerning whether it would be wise right now DECIDE to take your career in a different (9)...... i DIRECT People close to home might give you selish (9). ADVISE will be far more (10)....... RenefCIAl........ to them than to you. BENEFITAPBITIONAL EXAMPLES 1 9% Under no circumstances will | ever trust him again. (happens) No matter what happens | will never trust him again. . I had just begun downloading the file when the fights went oul. (sooner) No sooner had I begun downloading the file than the lights went out, . | don't know of any cases in which anyone has turned down the award. (no) Inno cases { know of has anyone tured down the award, ‘That's the last time I lend you anything of mine. (again) Never again will | lend you anything of mine. Little did we suspect that he was afraid of flying. . His help was the key to our success. (helped) Had he not helped us we wouldn't have succeeded. ‘The Arab woman would not remove her veil until the men left the room. (after) Only after the men (had) left the room would/did the Arab woman remove her veil ‘Atno point did they mention his involvement. Jurors are forbidden to discuss the case with members of the press. (time) ‘tno time may jurors discuss the case with members of the press. . His fear of flying came as a big surprise to us all. (suspect) |. They failed to make any mention of his involvement. (point) 10. He was not willing to cooperate so they jailed him. (unwillingness) Had it not been for his unwillingness to cooperate, they wouldn't have jailed him Gj venivarives: YouR STARS VERB NOUN (thing) NOUN (person) _ ADJECTIVE ADVERB 0. rest rest : resttullrestiess restullyrestlossly aes (imypationce patient (im)pationt (impatiently 2,_obstruct obstruction obstructive obstructively 3. attend attendance, allention altendant attendant (iatientively (inattentive “4._improve __improvernent : improved = relate ~elation(ship),relalve relation, relative (unrelated relatively | ‘relativity relative ©. profess profession professor (un)professional (enjprofessionally | professionalism professional 7, decide (in)docision, decider - (undecided decidedly (in)docisiveness (indecisive (inecisvety 8. direct direction, drestve director (inirect, drectional direct, (n)direaty 9._ advise ‘advice, advisabilly adviser (injadvisable, edvisory = 70, benefit beneficiary benefactor beneficial ‘beneficially benefit benefactrossTEACHER'S GUIDE GUIDED GLOZE TEST: KEY & ANALYSIS Stoppine A Jumpo Jer . to (ful infinitive) . Only (adverb signalling inversion) . were (linking vert) : after (preposition indicating time; “after” correctly indicates that ‘touching down" and “rolling” are separate actions) 4, however (adverb indicating contrast; “however” can be inserted after the subject and enclosed by commas) 5. 80 (s0 + auxiliary beginning inverted clause) 6. have (present perfect-sequence of tenses) 7. being (present progressive passive) 8, matter (expression: in a matter of + seconds|minutes/hours, etc.) 9. equipped (meaning in context = are provided with) 10, Were (inverted passive = Ifit were...) 11, as (= in the role or function of sth) 12, contact (expression: make contact with) 43. when (hardly... when) being (participle replacing defining clause: which Is being...) 45. reaches (no dependent preposition) z KEY & ANALYSIS THe CONCEPT OF Time 0. at (preposition) 4. same (in contrast fo “tiferent’)/eastern (adjective, from context, describing compass direction) 2. alsome (indefinite article or pronoun) 3. round (preposition; meaning from context) 4, as/since/because/for (conjunction indicating reason) 5. into (preposition dependent on divided) 6. with (preposition indicating means/manner) 7. when/while (conjunction indicating time) 8. its (possessive adjective referring to “astronomy") 9. which (relative pronoun as object of preposition in non-defining relative clause) 10. as (actions compared) 11, would (conditional referring to habitual past action; “would” in “that” clause following) 12, one (deferminer indicating specific quantity) 13, at/above (preposition; meaning in context) 14, while/whereas/(al)though (conjunction indicating contrast) 15. to (preposition dependent on “added”)