PRACTICE TEST 6

SECTION 1: LISTENING (5 points)

Part 1: You will hear a discussion on the history of an English word and decide whether
these statements are True (T) or False (F). Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided.
1. The topic that the students choose is a little bizarre.
2. The students decided to go for the word ‘nice’ mainly because it’s so well-known.
3. Listening to interesting lectures inspired the students to research the history of the word.
4. The students agree they need to add computer software to their presentation.
5. With regard to the reading background, Ruby is worried about its overlap with other modules.
Your answer:
1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. _______

Part 2: For questions 6-10, listen to a radio interview with Marianne Nolan, a surfing
champion and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you hear.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
6. What does Marianne Nolan say about entering the senior surfing championships?
A. She is pleased to have the chance to learn from experienced surfers.
B. She is realistic about the amount of training that will be involved.
C. She has confidence that she will succeed in the early rounds.
D. She has mixed feelings about competing at such a high level.
7. According to Marianne, women surfers today ________.
A. are prepared to take more risks than they did in the past.
B. are mainly concerned with having a beautiful surfing style.
C. are more likely to think in terms of becoming professional surfers.
D. are determined to achieve the same recognition for their skill as men.
8. In Marianne’s opinion, young girls who surf should ________.
A. find creative ways to promote surfing as a sport in top international events.
B. thank previous generations for pioneering surfing as a serious sport for women.
C. push their friends to take up surfing as a way of staying fit and healthy.
D. join surfing clubs that encourage boys and girls to compete with each other.
9. What does Marianne say about being considered a good surfer?
A. She thinks it could lead to sponsorship in the future.
B. It gives her hope that she will win the same title.
C. She feels it is both a burden and a compliment.
D. It surprised her to receive so much publicity.
10. What lesson does Marianne say she has learned from competitive surfing?
A. Prepare for the unexpected.
B. Be generous to people you defeat.
C. Know when you have reached your limit.
D. Do not let victory make you too confident.
Your answer:
6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. ________ 10. _______

Part 3: For questions 11-15, listen to a talk about the history of fish and chips, and answer
the questions. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each answer in the space provided.
11. What was the status of potatoes before the 18th century?
_________________________________________________________________
12. What was the primary target of bread-crumbed filets?
_________________________________________________________________
13. Apart from the development of railroad system, what stimulated the shipping of fish to inland
regions?
_________________________________________________________________
14. What are the most common supplementary ingredients of fish and chips in the UK?
_________________________________________________________________
15. Besides being clean from printers, how was the newspapers used for wrapping?
_________________________________________________________________

Part 4: For questions 16-25, listen to an interview with Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla on Covid-19
vaccine manufacturing outlook and supply the blanks with the missing information. Write
NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR NUMBERS taken from the recording for each answer in
the space provided.
 Both Pfizer and Moderna may not suffer from intensified (16)_____________________________ in
vaccine manufacturing despite a soaring in the number of individuals who could become
eligible to get the vaccine.
 A ramp-up in alterations to administer more vaccines is considered the (17)
_____________________________ at the moment.
 Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla shared his confidence in the company’s ability to deliver the
vaccines on time thanks to the (18) _____________________________ with the US government.
 This is viewed as a(n) (19) _____________________________ contrast to the hitherto popular
conception that vaccine supply can be insufficient.
 For the time being, around (20) _____________________________ have been released.
 Because of a (21) _____________________________ of an extra dose in the vial and rising
productivity in manufacturing, it is also possible to expect an increased pace of vaccine
output on a (22) _____________________________ all year round.
 The six doses have been submitted to all (23) _____________________________ and already been
approved by the FDA, WHO, EU, Switzerland authorities, (24) _____________________________
authorities etc.
 Pfizer’s manufacturing team is now (25) _____________________________ in virtually impossible speeds.

SECTION 2: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (2 points)

Part 1: For question 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (1.5 points)
26. Mr. Brown has been ________ for gross misconduct.
A. impressed B. impeached C. impounded D. impelled
27. The report was written in technical language, which would have been ________ to most people.
A. illegible B. irregular C. inarticulate D. incomprehensible

28. The community should take the doctor’s advice into consideration since he’s in ________
earnest about the epidemic.
A. mortally B. fatally C. deadly D. gravely
29. The new company had been________ with one problem after another and looked as if it were
about to go under.
A. glorified B. tainted C. fraught D. bewildered
30. The job wasn’t giving the ________ of the experience he wanted.
A. breadth B. depth C. length D. width
31. He must have been hungry; he ________ that burger in record time and ordered another.
A. whipped up B. tucked in C. chopped up D. bolted down
32. This conservative, evangelical megachurch, just outside San Diego, is a ________ of
activity on a Sunday morning.
A. nest B. home C. seat D. hive
 33. Two weeks ________, we will celebrate our coronation.
A. yet B. hence C. hitherto D. albeit
34. Our plans to hold an end-of-year picnic in the woods were ________ by the bad weather.
A. provoked B. thwarted C. emulated D. vented
35. My daughter has a very sunny ________, unlike my son who is often moody and uncommunicative.
A. behavior B. condition C. disposition D. nurture
36. I’m in a real ________ and I just don’t know what to do.
A. dilemma B. paradox C. query D. hunch
37. The Minister was accused of ________ the truth.
A. distorting B. revising C. reforming D. shifting
38. Lionel Messi was ________ over his team’s victory against Brazil.
A. delighted B. ecstatic C. jubilant D. blissful
39. Something’s ________ up, so I’m afraid I won’t be able to make it this afternoon.
A. shown B. pulled C. cropped D. cut
40. We don’t want him to suspect we’re giving him a surprise party. Make sure you don’t ____________.
A. break the ice B. kick the bucket C. spill the beans D. sweep the board
Your answer:
26. ________ 27. ________ 28. ________ 29. ________ 30. _______
31. ________ 32. ________ 33. ________ 34. ________ 35. _______
36. ________ 37. ________ 38. ________ 39. ________ 40. _______

Part 2: For questions 41-45, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered
space provided in the column on the right. (0.5 point)
The internet represents the biggest explosion of data in human
history. The information 41_______ (SYSTEM) is a bit like a tropical 41. _________________
rainforest: luxuriant, dense and fiercely competitive. As such, it contains
its fair share of predators and poisonous plants. Deliberately misleading
articles, websites and social media posts can come about for lots of
different reasons: they might be trying to influence elections or policies;
they might represent a form of cyber warfare between states; they might
be aimed at raising someone’s profile and influence, or 42_______ 42. _________________
(CREDIT) their opponents. Or they might simply be about making money,
relying on the attention-grabbing nature of outrageous lies to generate ad
revenue. They noted 43_______ (PROPAGATE) tends to use abstract 43. _________________
44_______ (GENERAL) like “truth” and “freedom”, and intriguingly showed
that use of the second-person pronoun “you” was closely linked to fake 44. _________________
news. For me there’s an interesting correspondence with certain kinds of
political rhetoric here. The language of 45_______ (FAKE), with its 45. _________________
powerful subjective statements and focus on anxiety, has something in
common with that used by populist leaders. Their style involving
“adversarial, emotional, patriotic and abrasive speech” should put us on
our guard too.

SECTION 3: READING COMPREHENSION (5 points)

Part 1: For questions 46-55, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits
each gap. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (1 point)
THE RAVEN
A very large fierce black bird, the raven, has always been (46) ________ with evil women. But
the myths and stories that surround ravens also take account of their unusual intelligence, their
ability to (47) ________ sounds and voices and the way they seem to (48) ________ up a situation. The
fact is, people have never known quite how to (49) ________ the raven. In many northern myths he
was creator of the world, bringer of daylight, but also an aggressive trickster. Many traditional stories
turn on the unpleasant ways in which Raven gets the (50) ________ of a human adversary.
 Legend (51) ________ it that when there are no more ravens in the Tower of London, the
monarchy will fall. In the seventeenth century King Charles II (52) ________ that at least six ravens
should always be kept in the Tower. Today there are seven; six to preserve the monarchy, and a
seventh in (53) ________. To the amusement of tourists, the ravens are officially enlisted as defenders
of the kingdom, and, as is the (54) ________ with soldiers, can be dismissed for unsatisfactory
(55)________.
46. A. related B. coupled C. associated D. accompanied
47. A. fake B. mimic C. mirror D. simulate
48. A. size B. match C. eye D. catch
49. A. put B. work C. pick D. take
50. A. best B. most C. better D. good
51. A. holds B. states C. has D. keeps
52. A. decreed B. compelled C. required D. enacted
53. A. substitution B. reserve C. continuity D. standby
54. A. truth B. issue C. circumstance D. case
55. A. conduct B. mistake C. action D. carriage
Your answer:
46. ________ 47. ________ 48. ________ 49. ________ 50. _______
51. ________ 52. ________ 53. ________ 54. ________ 55. _______

Part 2: For questions 56-68, read the text below and do the tasks that follow. (1.3 points)
THE SWIFFER
For a fascinating tale about creativity, look at a cleaning product called the Swiffer and
how it came about, urges writer Jonah Lehrer. In the story of the Swiffer, he argues, we have the
key elements in producing breakthrough ideas: frustration, moments of insight and sheer hard
work. The story starts with a multinational company which had invented products for keeping
homes spotless, and couldn't come up with better ways to clean floors, so it hired designers to
watch how people cleaned. Frustrated after hundreds of hours of observation, they one day
noticed a woman do with a paper towel what people do all the time: wipe something up and
throw it away. An idea popped into lead designer Harry West's head: the solution to their
problem was a floor mop with a disposable cleaning surface. Mountains of prototypes and years
of teamwork later, they unveiled the Swiffer, which quickly became a commercial success.
Lehrer, the author of Imagine, a new book that seeks to explain how creativity works, says
this study of the imagination started from a desire to understand what happens in the brain at
the moment of sudden insight. 'But the book definitely spiralled out of control,' Lehrer says.
'When you talk to creative people, they'll tell you about the 'eureka' moment, but when you press
them they also talk about the hard work that comes afterwards, so I realised I needed to write
about that, too. And then I realised I couldn't just look at creativity from the perspective of the
brain, because it's also about the culture and context, about the group and the team and the way
we collaborate.'
When it comes to the mysterious process by which inspiration comes into your head as if
from nowhere, Lehrer says modern neuroscience has produced a 'first draft' explanation of what
is happening in the brain. He writes of how burnt-out American singer Bob Dylan decided to walk
away from his musical career in 1965 and escape to a cabin in the woods, only to be overcome by
a desire to write. Apparently 'Like a Rolling Stone' suddenly flowed from his pen. 'It's like a ghost
is writing a song,' Dylan has reportedly said. 'It gives you the song and it goes away.' But it's no
ghost, according to Lehrer.
Instead, the right hemisphere of the brain is assembling connections between past influences
and making something entirely new. Neuroscientists have roughly charted this process by mapping
the brains of people doing word puzzles solved by making sense of remotely connecting information.
For instance, subjects are given three words - such as 'age', 'mile' and 'sand' - and asked to come up
with a single word that can precede or follow each of them to form a compound word. (It happens to
be 'stone'.) Using brain-imaging equipment, researchers discovered that when people get the answer
in an apparent flash of insight, a small fold of tissue called the anterior superior temporal gyrus
suddenly lights up just beforehand. This stays silent when the word puzzle is solved through careful
analysis. Lehrer says that this area of the brain lights up only after we've hit the wall on a problem.
Then the brain starts hunting through the 'filing cabinets of the right hemisphere' to make the
connections that produce the right answer.
Studies have demonstrated it's possible to predict a moment of insight up to eight seconds
before it arrives. The predictive signal is a steady rhythm of alpha waves emanating from the brain's
right hemisphere, which are closely associated with relaxing activities. 'When our minds are at ease-
when those alpha waves are rippling through the brain - we're more likely to direct the spotlight of
attention towards that stream of remote associations emanating from the right hemisphere,' Lehrer
writes. 'In contrast, when we are diligently focused, our attention tends to be towards the details of the
problems we are trying to solve.' In other words, then we are less likely to make those vital
associations. So, heading out for a walk or lying down are important phases of the creative process, and
smart companies know this. Some now have a policy of encouraging staff to take time out during the
day and spend time on things that at first glance are unproductive (like playing a PC game), but day-
dreaming has been shown to be positively correlated with problem-solving. However, to be more
imaginative, says Lehrer, it's also crucial to collaborate with people from a wide range of backgrounds
because if colleagues are too socially intimate, creativity is stifled.
Creativity, it seems, thrives on serendipity. American entrepreneur Steve Jobs believed so.
Lehrer describes how at Pixar Animation, Jobs designed the entire workplace to maximise the chance
of strangers bumping into each other, striking up conversations and learning from one another. He also
points to a study of 766 business graduates who had gone on to own their own companies. Those with
the greatest diversity of acquaintances enjoyed far more success. Lehrer says he has taken all this on
board, and despite his inherent shyness, when he's sitting next to strangers on a plane or at a
conference, forces himself to initiate conversations. As for predictions that the rise of the Internet
would make the need for shared working space obsolete, Lehrer says research shows the opposite has
occurred; when people meet face-to-face, the level of creativity increases. This is why the kind of place
we live in is so important to innovation. According to theoretical physicist Geoffrey West, when
corporate institutions get bigger, they often become less receptive to change. Cities, however, allow our
ingenuity to grow by pulling huge numbers of different people together, who then exchange ideas.
Working from the comfort of our homes may be convenient, therefore, but it seems we need the
company of others to achieve our finest 'eureka' moments.

Questions 56-63
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? For questions
56-63, choose:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
56. It did not take long for the Swiffer to develop once the idea for it was conceived.
57. When Jonah Lehrer began writing his book, he had not focused on creativity.
58. Lehrer was driven by his own experience of the ‘eureka’ moment.
59. Lehrer refers to the singer Bob Dylan in order to propose particular approaches to regaining
lost creativity.
60. Neuroscientists discovered from the word puzzle experiment that one part of the brain only
becomes active when a connection is made suddenly.
61. Scientists know a moment of insight is coming because there is greater activity in the right
side of the brain.
62. Some companies require their employees to stop working so they can increase the possibility
of finding answers.
63. A team will function more successfully when people are not too familiar with one another.
Your answers
56. F 57. F 58. NG 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. T

For questions 64-68, complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
HOW OTHER PEOPLE INFLUENCE OUR CREATIVITY
 Steve Jobs: made changes to the (64)__________ to encourage interaction at Pixar.
 Lehrer: company owners must have a wide range of (65)__________ to do well.
it’s important to start (66)__________ with new people
the (67)__________ has not replaced the need for physical contact.
 Geoffrey West: living in (68)__________ encourages creativity.
Your answers
64. ______________ 65. ______________ 66. ______________ 67. ______________ 68. ______________

Part 3: In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 69-75, read the
passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered
space provided. (0.7 point)
The Do-gooders
The people who changed the morals of English society
In the last decades of the 18th century, the losers seriously outnumbered the winners. Those who
were fortunate enough to occupy the upper levels of society, celebrated their good fortune by living a
hedonistic life of gambling, parties and alcohol. It was their moral right, they felt, to exploit the weak
and the poor. Few of them thought their lives should change, even fewer believed it could.
69.
But the decisive turning point for moral reform was the French revolution. John Bowlder, a popular
moralist of the time, blamed the destruction of French society on a moral crisis. Edmund Burke, a
Whig statesman agreed. 'When your fountain is choked up and polluted,' he wrote, 'the stream will
not run long or clear.' If the English society did not reform, ruin would surely follow.
70.
Englishmen were deeply afraid that the immorality of France would invade England. Taking
advantage of this, Burke was able to gain considerable support by insisting that the French did not
have the moral qualifications to be a civilised nation. He pronounced 'Better this island should be
sunk to the bottom of the sea that than... it should not be a country of religion and morals.'
71.
Sobering though these messages were, the aristocracy of the time was open to such reforms, not least
due to fear. France's attempt to destroy their nobility did much to encourage the upper classes to
examine and re-evaluate their own behaviour. Added to this was the arrival of French noble émigrés
to British shores. As these people were dependent on the charity of the British aristocracy, it became
paramount to amend morals and suppress all vices in order to uphold the state.
72.
Whether the vices of the rich and titled stopped or were merely cloaked is open to question. But it is
clear that by the turn of the century, a more circumspect society had emerged. Styles of dress became
more moderate, and the former adornments of swords, buckles and powdered hair were no longer
seen. There was a profusion of moral didactic literature available. Public hangings ceased and riots
became much rarer.
73.
One such person was Thomas Wackley who in 1823 founded a medical journal called 'the Lancet'.
At this time, Medicine was still a profession reserved for the rich, and access to knowledge was
impossible for the common man. The Lancet shone a bright light on the questionable practices
undertaken in medicine and particularly in surgery, and finally led to improved standards of care.
74.
How though did changes at the top affect the people at the bottom of the societal hierarchy? Not
all reformers concerned themselves which changes at the authoritative and governmental levels.
Others concentrated on improving the lives and morals of the poor. In the midst of the industrial
revolution, the poorest in society were in dire straits. Many lived in slums and sanitation was
poor. No-one wanted the responsibility of improvement.
75.
Could local authorities impose such measures today? Probably not. Even so, the legacy of the
moral reform of the late 1800s and 1900s lives on today. Because of it, the British have come to
expect a system which is competent, fair to all and free from corruption. Nowadays everyone has
a right to a home, access to education, and protection at work and in hospital. This is all down to
the men and women who did not just observe society's ills from a distance, but who dared to take
steps to change it.

Missing paragraphs
A But a moral makeover was on the horizon, and one of the first people to promote it was William
Wilberforce, better known for his efforts in abolishing the slave trade. Writing to a friend, Lord
Muncaster, he stated that 'the universal corruption and profligacy of the times taking its rise amongst
the rich and luxurious has now spread its destructive poison through the whole body of the people.'
B But one woman, Octavia Hill, was willing to step up to the mark. Hill, despite serious opposition by
the men who still dominated English society, succeeded in opening a number of housing facilities for
the poor. But, recognizing the weaknesses of a charity-dependent culture, Hill enforced high moral
standards, strict measures in hygiene and cleanliness upon her tenants, and, in order to promote a
culture of industry, made them work for any financial handouts.
C At first, moralists did not look for some tangible end to moral behavior. They concerned themselves
with the spiritual salvation of the rich and titled members of society, believing that the moral tone set
by the higher ranks would influence the lower orders. For example, Samuel Parr, preaching at London's
St Paul's Cathedral, said 'If the rich man abandons himself to sloth and all the vices which sloth
generates, he corrupts by his example. He permits his immediate attendants to be, like him, idle and
profligate.”
D In time, the fervor for improve morals strayed beyond personal behavior and towards a new
governance. People called for a tightening of existing laws which had formerly been enforced only laxly.
Gambling, dueling, swearing, prostitution, pornography and adultery laws were more strictly upheld to
the extent that several fashionable ladies were fined fifty pounds each for gambling in a private
residence.
E So far, however, circumspection in the upper classes had done little to improve the lives of those in
the lower classes. But that was to change. Against a backdrop of the moral high ground, faults in the
system started to stand out. One by one, people started to question the morality of those in authority.
F The attitudes of the upper classes became increasingly critical during the latter part of the eighteenth
century. In 1768, the Lord of the Treasury was perfectly at ease to introduce his mistress to the Queen,
but a generation later, such behavior would have been unacceptable. Such attitudes are also seen in the
diaries of Samuel Pepys, who, in 1793 rambles without criticism about his peer's many mistresses. A
few years later, his tone had become infinitely more critical.
G Similar developments occurred in the Civil Service. Civil servants were generally employed as
a result of nepotism or acquaintance, and more often than not took advantage of their power to
provide for themselves at the expense of the public. Charles Trevelyan, an official at the London
Treasury, realised the weaknesses in the system and proposed that all civil servants were
employed as a result of entrance examinations, thus creating a system which was politically
independent and consisted of people who were genuinely able to do the job.
H These prophecies roused a little agitation when first published in 1790. But it was the events
in 1792-93 which shocked England into action. Over in France, insurrection had led to war and
massacre. The King and Queen had been tried and executed. France was now regarded as
completely immoral and uncivilized, a country where vice and irreligion reigned.
Part 4: For questions 76–85, read the following passage about the human immune system and
choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) according to the text. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided. (1 point)
The Human Immune System
The human immune system is composed of both an innate and an adaptive immune system.
First, humans have an innate immune system that is intrinsic in all organisms, and it functions
particularly through establishing biological barriers and creating biochemical reactions that
immediately respond with a maximal effort in order to destroy infectious microbes. [A] Second,
humans have an adaptive immune system, which can only be found in vertebrates with jaws. [B]
The adaptive immune system gains an immunological memory from previously encountered germs,
so it is able to prevent these specific microbes from causing further infection. [C] With these dual
capacities of fighting infection and acquiring resistance to germs, humans can maximize their
immunity. [D]
A person’s innate immune system has many complex barriers and biochemical reactions
designed to ward off infections. The most visible one is the skin, which keeps most bacteria, fungi,
and viruses from ever entering the body, but humans also have mucus, which traps germs that
reside in the body’s tissue. In addition to such biological material, there are other internal barriers
like gastric acids, tears, saliva, urine, and various chemicals that either destroy or flush out germs.
Even involuntary functions like sneezing and coughing are barriers that serve to expel germs.
Beyond these, there are biochemical reactions that come from leukocytes, which are found in the
blood. Leukocytes are white blood cells that effectively clear out cellular debris, create inflammation
near an infection, summon immune cells to the inflammation, activate several other chemical
reactions, and even destroy tumors. However, perhaps the most important action these cells
perform is activating a human’s adaptive immune system, which is essential in not only curing
current diseases but also preventing future infections.
With an adaptive immune system, cells learn how to best combat pathogens and develop a
higher resistance to them. Like the innate immune system, this involves chemical reactions and
cellular cooperation. Unlike the innate immune system, this system doesn’t respond very quickly or
with its full strength all at once. Instead, it uses its time and energy to provide cells with an
immunological memory to the pathogens they encounter, making them more resistant to recurring
infections (similarly to how a vaccination works). Certain white blood cells called T-cells are the
principal actors in this system; these identify “self” cells with the same DNA and distinguish them
from any foreign cells with different DNA. After this, they seek and destroy these foreign cells,
whether they are invading microbes or infected host cells. T-cells also mediate the responses from
the innate and adaptive immune systems so that the body can effectively exterminate the infection.
After destroying infectious cells, the body uses B-cells to develop antibodies, or specialized
proteins that prevent future infections. A B-cell is designed to connect with an individual type of
antigen created by an infectious cell. The B-cell uses this antigen to produce antibodies that seek out
and neutralize infectious bacteria, fungi, and viruses. However, the most important process comes
after the infection disappears: these B-cells will duplicate, and their progeny will manufacture the
same antibodies. Thus, the body will constantly produce antibodies that successfully fight off a
specific infection, and the body can successfully fight off any subsequent infections from this
pathogen. In addition to this, B-cells also mark antigens for leukocytes to attack, thus making them
and microbes easier targets for the biochemical reaction.
An interesting feature of the human immune system is how it affects infants both before and
after birth. When babies are first born, they do not have very many previously formed antibodies, so
they have a greater risk of infection than adults do. However, they ward off many infections by
temporarily obtaining the mother’s antibodies from breast milk and nutrients passed through the
placenta. Also interesting is the very inception of the fetus among such an aggressive immune
system: somehow, the fetus, which doesn’t have its mother’s exact DNA, is ignored by the mother’s
T-cells and B-cells. Scientists currently have a few theories about this phenomenon. For instance, the
uterus may not be monitored by white blood cells, or it may produce special proteins that suppress
any local immune responses. Nonetheless, the fact that the immune system restrains its
programming for reproductive development continues to puzzle many scientists.
76. The word intrinsic in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. fundamental B. auxiliary C. detrimental D. extraordinary
77. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the
paragraph the sentence ‘However, this particular action never changes to counter specific
threats of infection’ can be inserted?
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
78. According to passage 2, which bodily fluid initiates biochemical reactions in a human’s
innate immune system?
A. urine B. blood C. saliva D. tears
79. The word mediate in the passage is closest in meaning to _________.
A. interrupt B. magnify C. contemplate D. coordinate
80. Based on the information in paragraph 3, what can be inferred about the adaptive immune
system?
A. Because it takes so long to act, it is less effective in purging infectious cells than the innate
immune system.
B. Even though it takes longer to act, it is more effective in long term immunity than the
innate immune system.
C. Because humans already have an innate immune system, this system is unnecessary and
only used as a substitute.
D. It works differently from the innate immune system, so the two are completely
independent of one another.
81. The word progeny in the passage is closest in meaning to _________.
A. willingness B. mechanism C. offspring D. mutation
82. According to paragraph 4, what do B-cells produce?
A. antigens B. antibodies C. leukocytes D. pathogens
83. The word inception in the passage is closest in meaning to __________.
A. conception B. invulnerability C. contamination D. consumption
84. According to paragraph 5, where do newborn babies get most of their antibodies?
A. from their own white blood cells B. from immune cells in the uterus
C. from mucus and other barriers D. from breast milk and the placenta
85. Based on the information in paragraph 5, what can be inferred about how the mother’s
immune system should scientifically be affecting the fetus?
A. It should protect the fetus from infection.
B. It should help develop cells in the fetus.
C. It should be attacking foreign fetal cells.
D. It should be exposing the fetus to microbes.
Your answers:
76. ________ 77. ________ 78. ________ 79. ________ 80. _______
81. ________ 82. ________ 83. ________ 84. ________ 85. _______

Part 5: The passage below consists of five paragraphs marked A, B, C, D and E. For questions 86 -
95, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes.
A. In our company, people come first. We know that our success depends on the people who work for
us. We believe in equal opportunities, and we certainly offer a variety of career paths, from flight
attendants to management positions, baggage handlers to pilots, IT experts to engineers, and many
more.
Flight attendants are expected to work hard, but they receive good salaries, get to wear designer
uniforms and see the world! A career as a flight attendant begins with two month’ s paid training, and
there are great opportunities for career advancement. Flight attendants learn to handle emergency
situations and provide essential medical aid. Of course, duties also include serving meals and
beverages, selling on-board duty-free items and assisting passengers to stow their hand luggage. To
work as a flight attendant, you must be at least 21 years old and be willing to work on international and
domestic flights. In-flight professionals should display superior customer service skills and have a
strong work ethic.
B. Customer service agents work at airports, and are responsible for checking passengers in, dealing
with tickets and bookings, directing passengers to their gate and helping them to find their luggage
when they arrive at their destination. We want our customers to know that we are aware of the fact
that air travel can be stressful, and that we always do our utmost to make the experience as trouble-
free and enjoyable as possible. Our aim is, therefore, to provide top customer service so that travelers
may begin to view air travel as a positive experience. Customer service agents need to work flexible
hours, but benefits include flight privileges. To qualify for a position as a customer service agent, you
need to be 18 years of age or over, and be authorized to work in this country. You also need to be able
to read, write and speak English.
C. Members of the ground crew work in a team environment. As a baggage handler or ramp operator,
it will be your job to make sure that passengers’ luggage arrives when they do. Many passengers worry
that they will arrive at their destination only to find that their cases have ended up somewhere else. It is
our job to make sure this never happens. Ramp operators load, unload and transport luggage, post and
cargo to and from our aircraft. The work also involves operating equipment such as tugs and conveyor
belts. The ground crew must be safety conscious at all times, and applicants should be able to
understand detailed job instructions. As part of our new programme, successful candidates can work
up to 1,000 hours per year to begin with, and later apply for a full-time position if they wish. To qualify,
candidates must have the physical strength to lift at least 30 kilos, and possess a valid driving licence.
Previous experience is preferred but not essential.
D. An information technology field engineer provides operational support to IT infrastructure at
airports, reservation centers and offices. The field engineer is responsible for the installation and
maintenance of desktop and network devices, peripherals, airline-specific equipment such as flight
information display systems, and telephone systems. He or she will be expected to be able to upgrade
hardware and software. The work also involves troubleshooting. The field engineer position requires
formal IT training or equivalent experience, and the candidate must have the technical know-how to
successfully apply technical processes to satisfy business needs. You will be required to deliver quality
work on time. Most importantly, the field engineer must be willing to provide on-site, on-call support as
needed, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, all year round.
E. As for technical operations, our engineers are responsible for ensuring that all the aircraft in
our fleet are safe, reliable and efficient. Successful candidates will be able to multitask, prioritize
multiple projects based on urgency, and identify critical information when sorting through an
enormous amount of data. Engineers have to handle large, in-depth projects for which it may take
months to collect information and come up with appropriate proposals. Clearly, an engineer has
to be very well-organized so that any one document (from the dozens of on-going projects) will
be instantly available. In fact, he or she needs to be something of a perfectionist, since full
compliance with regulations is vital. The candidate must be able to read and interpret technical
drawings and should have completed a bachelor’s degree in aerospace or mechanical
engineering. The position and salary offered to successful applicants will depend on their
experience and abilities.
In which section are the following mentioned? Your answer
the ability to work on several projects simultaneously 86. ______
the fair treatment of applicants, irrespective of gender, race or color 87. ______
the availability of part-time employment 88. ______
the fact that appointments and pay are contingent upon skills 89. ______
a post where an important aspect of the job is resolving problems 90. ______
the wearing of exclusive garments 91. ______
an attempt to change customers’ attitudes 92. ______
permission necessary for employment 93. ______
the importance of punctuality 94. ______
cooperation among colleagues 95. ______

SECTION 4: WRITING (6 points)

Part 1: Read the following passage and use your own words to summarise it. You MUST NOT copy
or re-write the original. Your summary should be about 100-120 words long. (1.5 points)
Man is forever changing the face of nature. He has been doing so since he first appeared on the
earth. Yet, all that man has done is not always to the ultimate advantage of the earth or himself. Man
has, in fact, destroyed more than necessary.
In his struggle to live and extract the most out of life, man has destroyed many species of
wildlife; directly by sheer physical destruction, and indirectly by the destruction or alteration of
habitats. Some species may be able to withstand disruptions to their habitat while others may not be
able to cope.
Take the simple act of farming. When a farmer tills a rough ground, he makes it unsuitable for
the survival of certain species. Every change in land use brings about a change in the types of plant and
animals found on that land.
When man builds a new town, this means the total destruction of vast areas of farmland or
woodland. Here, you have the complete destruction of entire habitats and it is inevitable.
It follows therefore, that every form of human activity unavoidably upsets or changes the
wildlife complex of the area. Man has destroyed many forms of wildlife for no reasonable purpose.
They have also made many great blunders in land use, habitat destruction and the extermination of
many forms of wildlife.
Man's attitude towards animals depends on the degree to which his own survival is affected. He
sets aside protection for animals that he hunts for sport and wages a war on any other creature that
may pose a danger or inconvenience to him. This creates many problems and man has made
irreversible, serious errors in his destruction of predators. He has destroyed animals and birds which
are useful to farmers as pest controllers. The tragedy that emerges is that all the killing of predators did
not in any way increase the number of game birds.
Broadly speaking, man wages war against the creatures which he considers harmful, even
when his warfare makes little or no difference to the numbers of those he encourages. There is a
delicate predator and prey equilibrium involving also the vegetation of any area, which man can
upset by thoughtless intervention.
Therefore, there is a need for the implementation of checks and balances. The continued
existence of these animals depends entirely on man and his attitude towards his own future.

Part 2: The charts below show reasons for travel and the main issues for the travelling
public in the US in 2019. (1.5 points)
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant. You should write about 150 words.
Part 3: Essay writing. (3 points)
Some educational systems emphasize the development of students’ capacity for reasoning
and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught
them to explore their own emotions.
Write an essay of 350 words to express your opinion on the statement.
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