RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER

RIZAL AND THE CAMPAIGN FOR various districts of Manila. A few months
later, however, the Supreme Council of the
PHILIPPINE REFORMS IN EUROPE
Liga dissolved the society.
Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino
 The reformist leaders found out that most of
liberties had assumed a new phase:
the popular councils which Bonifacio had
It must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain.
organized were no longer willing to send
funds to the Madrid propagandists because,
“The battlefield is in the Philippines,” he told
like Bonifacio, they had become convinced
countrymen in Europe, “There is where we should
that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile.
meet…There we will help one another, there together
 Afraid that the more radical rank and file
we will suffer or triumph perhaps.”
members might capture the organization and
unwilling to involve themselves in an
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
enterprise which would surely invite
 July 03, 1892, Jose Rizal and other
reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of
nationalists and masons like Apolinario
the Liga opted for dissolution.
Mabini, Deodato Arellano and Andres
 The Liga membership split into two groups:
Bonifacio, gathered in the house of Doroteo
the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Ongjunco, a Chinese mestizo in Kalye Ylaya,
Compromisarios which pledged to continue
Tondo, Manila for the establishment of the La
supporting the La Solidaridad while the
Liga Filipina.
radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves
 Jose Rizal started writing the La Liga
to a new and secret society, the Katipunan,
Filipina‘s constitution in Hong Kong. The
which Bonifacio had organized on the very
constitution embodies the organizational
day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.”
structure or blue print of the society.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
AIMS OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
 According to Renato Constantino (1975)
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one
The La Liga Filipina ―constituted a forward
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;
step in the reformist ideas of the times in the
2. Mutual protection in every want and
sense that the new group La Liga sought to
necessity;
involve the people directly in the reform
3. Defense against all violence and injustice;
movement. Many elements of society who
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture,
were anxious for change were attracted to the
and commerce;
Liga.
“UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM” – One Like All
 According to Teodoro Agoncillo (1990) The
La Liga Filpina is ―a civic society which
DISBANDMENT OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
embodies Jose Rizal‘s vision for the
 The Spanish authorities were so alarmed and
betterment of the Philippines. According to
considered the La Liga dangerous so they
Floro C.Quibuyen (1999)
secretly arrested Rizal on the night of July
6, 1892. After the arrest of Jose Rizal, the La
Liga became inactive.
 Through the efforts of some of its members it
was reorganized. However, the society was
split into two different paths – reform and
revolution.
 Constantino (1975) puts it: “At first the Liga
was quite active. Bonifacio in particular
exerted great efforts to organize chapters in
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND  Formal classes were conducted between
MARTYRDOM two and five o'clock, he sat in a hammock,
while the boys sat on a long bamboo
bench.
RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO
 Jose Rizal taught his students arithmetic,
 July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to
geometry, English and Spanish. In one
Malacañang Palace to resume his series of
day, Rizal requires them to speak only
interviews with governor general.
English; on the next day, only Spanish.
 July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila published
 If any boy forgot and spoke the wrong
the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced
language he had to wear rattan handcuffs.
indignant commotion among the Filipino
The best student was called "emperor"
people, particularly the members of the
and sat at the head of the bench. The
newly organized Liga Filipina.
poorest sat at the foot, and had to jump,
 The same issue of the Gaceta (July 7, 1892) dance, and take exercises before the
contained Governor General Despujol’s others.
decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands
 This system was similar to the one he
in the South”.
experienced in Ateneo Municipal.
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is
 Another subject in Rizal‘s school was the
12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was
"Nature study" wherein his students
brought under heavy guard to the steamer
helped him collect specimens of flowers,
Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This
shells, insects, and reptiles.
steamer under Captain Delgras departed at
1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing  A large number of collection of shells,
Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan on snakes and insects collected by Jose Rizal
Sunday, the 17 th of July at 7:00 in the and his students are housed in the Manila
evening. Jesuit Museum.

 Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish  In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan,

commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote
Delgras handed Rizal · Tagalog grammar, made a comparative
study of the Bisayan and Malayan
 July 17, 1892- July 31, 1896- Rizal began his
languages and studied Bisayan (Cebuan),
exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four years
and Subanun languages.
 By this time, Rizal could rank with the
JOSE RIZAL IN DAPITAN
world’s great linguists.
 Jose Rizal by the order of the governor-
 He knew 22 languages—Tagalog,
general, was exiled to Dapitan, a remote
Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish,
place in Zamboanga Del Norte. On July 17,
Latin, Greek, English, French, German,
1892, Jose Rizal reached Dapitan
Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit,
boarding the boat Cebu.
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese,
 He was loved by the people of Dapitan Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and
because of the way he treated and cared Russian.
for them.
 Jose Rizal put up a school which
accommodated seventeen boys who were
sons for the most part of leading citizens
of Dapitan.
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
JOSE RIZAL AS A DOCTOR
 Jose Rizal spent many months draining
swamps to get rid of the malaria which
infested the region. He cared for the sick of
Dapitan without ever accepting a fee. News
about him traveled fast and people from
distant areas came to him for consultation
and treatment, and these he charged
according to their financial capacity.
 Rizal practiced Medicine in Dapitan. He had
many patients, but most of them were poor so
that he even gave them free medicine.
 As a physician, Rizal became interested in
local medicine and in the use of medicinal
plants. He studied the medicinal plants of the
Philippines and their curative values.
JOSE RIZAL AS A SCIENTIST
 Rizal found Mindanao a wonderful field for
collecting specimens. Using his canoe, he
explored the coast, seeking specimens of
shells, bugs, and new varieties of plants. He
also wrote to his friend Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt articles about the ethnography
of the Philippines and a detailed map of
Mindanao.
 Rizal sent over four hundred articles of
scientific value and many specimens of
animals, insects, and plants for identification
to the Anthropological and Ethnographical
Museum of Dresden. He did not receive any
monetary payment. He wanted in exchange
were scientific books, magazines and surgical
instruments which he needed and used in
Dapitan.
 Rizal discovered some rare specimens which
were named in his honor by the scientists.
Among these were Draco rizali (a flying
dragon), Apogoniarizali (a small beetle),
and Rhacophorusrizali (a rare frog)
 During his four-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal
built up a rich collection of conchology
which consisted of 346 shells representing
203 species. Rizal also conducted
anthropological, ethnographical,
archaeological, geological, and geographical
studies, as revealed by his voluminous
correspondence with his scientists friends in
Europe.
JOSE RIZAL AS A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER
 Jose Rizal envisioned the establishment of
the New Calamba in Dapitan. Jose Rizal
with the help of Father Pastells remade
the town plaza.
 He made a relief map of Mindanao outside
the town‘s church. He directed the
construction of a water system for
Dapitan.
 He spent most of his winnings in the
lottery (6,000 pesos) for the
improvement of Dapitan. He installed
lamps for the Dapitan streets from the
money (500 pesos) he was paid for
having successfully removed an
Englishman‘s cataracts.
 He put up a hospital which was located
opposite the house where he dwelt.
JOSE RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
 Jose Rizal and Josephine Leopoldine
Bracken met when an American engineer
named George Taufer who was based in
Hong Kong came to Dapitan for his
cataracts to be treated by Jose Rizal.
Josephine was his adopted daughter.
 Accompanying them was Manuela Orlac, a
Filipina who was on intimate terms with a
canon in the Manila Cathedral. Rizal found
Josephine who was then 18 years old
extremely attractive. He described her as
not highly educated, but was quick, witty,
and eager to hear all he had to say. Every
time they met, Josephine seemed more in
love with Jose Rizal. Within a month they
were engaged to be married, and asked
Father Obach, the Dapitan priest, to marry
them. However, they were not married
because the priest needed the sanction of
the bishop of Cebu before he could marry
them and Jose Rizal‘s family especially his
mother was against it.
 Rizal‘s family was suspicious of Josephine
Bracken due to her cloudy ‘origins and
dubious company. They were convinced
that she was sent there to spy on him.
However, there is no written evidence
that Josephine was being used by anyone
to spy on Jose Rizal.
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
 Jose Rizal also became suspicious at first
of Josephine as a spy, but found no reason
to continue his suspicion. Rizal tried
relentlessly to persuade his family to
accept Josephine Bracken. Despite not
being married, they spent their days in
Dapitan in each other‘s arms.
 Their love affair has brought them a baby
boy but unfortunately died a few hours
after his birth.
JOSE RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN
 In May 1896, Andres Bonifacio sent Dr. Pio
Valezuela for an advice about the revolution.
Rizal refused to be rescued by the Katipunan
and advised them to prepare first by means of
acquiring sufficient arms and ammunitions
and securing the loyalty and support of the
principalias or middle classes.
DEPARTURE FROM DAPITAN
 On October 06, 1896, Jose Rizal was
arrested for being implicated in the
revolution and was sent back to Manila and
detained in Fort Santiago.
 July 31, 1896- Rizal’s four-year exile in
Dapitan came to an end.
 Midnight of that date, Rizal embarked on
board the steamer España
 As farewell music, the town brass band
strangely played the dolorous Funeral March
of Chopin. Rizal must have felt it deeply, for
with his presentment of death, it seemed an
obsequy or a regimen · Rizal wrote in his
diary, “I have been in that district four years,
thirteen days and a few hours”.
Rizal’s Trial and Martyrdom
TIMELINE OF JOSE RIZAL’S ARREST, TRIAL AND
MARTYRDOM
 August 1, 1896: Rizal bade farewell to the
Dapitan students and neighbors, and sailed
for Manila with his wife and sister.
 August 5, 1896: Andres Bonifacio prepared
to save him. Emilio Jacinto and others,
disguised as sailors, went to the S. S. España
on a launch. Jacinto started to swab down the
deck until he had a chance to speak to Rizal
alone. Rizal refused to escape.
 September 3, 1896: Bearing letters of
introduction from the Governor-General to
the Secretaries of War and Foreign Affairs in
Spain, he departed for Barcelona. An attempt
was made to rescue Jose Rizal by Pedro B.
Roxas, a fellow Filipino passenger, and
Captain Camus, while he was in Singapore
bound for Spain.
OCTOBER 6, 1896
 3:00 AM: On his 4th day of being held in his
cabin at the MV Isla de Panay docked at
Barcelona, Spain on his way to Cuba, Rizal
was awakened to be brought to Montjuic
Prison in Barcelona, Spain.
 2:00 PM: Interview with General Eulogio
Despujol
 8:00 PM: Aboard the Colon, Rizal left
Barcelona for Manila. Another attempt was
made to rescue Jose Rizal by Dr. Antonio
Regidor and Sixto Lopez when he was in
Singapore going back to the Philippines. The
attempt was unsuccessful.
 November 3, 1896: Rizal was brought to
Fort Santiago, where other patriots, including
his brother Paciano, were being tortured to
implicate him. Paciano refused to sign
anything despite his body being broken and
his left hand crushed.
 November 20, 1896: Preliminary
investigation began with Rizal appearing
before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco
Olive. The investigation lasted five days.
 November 26, 1896: The records of the case
were handed over to Governor-General
Ramon Blanco who then appointed Captain
Rafael Dominguez as special Judge Advocate.
 December 8, 1896: From a list submitted to
him by the authorities, he chose the brother
of his friend, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade to
become his trial lawyer. He was only made to
choose among army officers and not a civilian
lawyer.
 December 11, 1896: In his prison cell, Rizal
was read the charges against him: ―principal
organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection, the founder of societies,
periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting
and propagating the ideas of rebellion [for the
crime of having founded illicit associations
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
and for having incited and promoted
rebellion].
 December 13, 1896: Ramon Blanco was
replaced by Camilo de Polavieja, a more
ruthless character, as Governor-General of
the Philippines. Dominguez submitted the
papers of the Rizal case to Malacañang Palace.
 December 15, 1896: Rizal issued his
manifesto to certain Filipinos calling to end
the ―absurd‖ rebellion and to fight for
liberties with education as a prerequisite. The
authorities suppressed the manifesto.
 December 25, 1896 Rizal‘s saddest
Christmas, away from family and friends
 December 26, 1896: 8:00 AM: Trial of Rizal
began at the Cuartel de España. On the same
day, the court martial secretly and
unanimously voted for a guilty verdict with
the penalty of death before a firing squad.
 December 28, 1896: Governor-General
Camilo de Polavieja signs the death verdict.
DECEMBER 29, 1896
 6:00 AM: Rizal was read his verdict by
Captain Rafael Dominguez: To be shot the
next day at 7:00 AM at the Luneta de
Bagumbayan (Rizal Park).
 7:00 AM: Rizal was transferred to the chapel
cell adorned by religious images to convince
him to go back to the Catholic fold. His first
visitors were Jesuit priests Fathers Miguel
Saderra Mata and Fr. Luis Viza.
 7:15 AM: After Fr. Saderra left, Rizal asked Fr.
Viza for the Sacred Heart statuette which he
carved when he was an Ateneo student. From
his pocket the statuette appears.
 8:00 AM: Fr. Viza was relieved by Fr. Antonio
Rosell who joined Rizal for breakfast. Lt. Luis
Taviel de Andrade joins them
 9:00 AM: Fr. Federico Faura, who once said
that Rizal would lose his head for writing the
Noli Me Tangere, arrived. Rizal told him,
―Father you are indeed a prophet.
 10:00 AM: Fathers José Vilaclara and Vicente
Balaguer visited Rizal, followed by a Spanish
journalist, Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo de
Madrid, for an interview.
 12:00-3:30 PM: Rizal‘s time alone in his cell.
He had lunch, wrote letters and probably
wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas which he
wrote in his flowing handwriting in a very
small piece of paper. He hid it inside his
alcohol stove. The untitled poem was later
known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last
Farewell). In its second stanza, he already
praised the revolutionaries in the battlefield
for giving their lives ―without doubt, without
gloom.
 3:30 PM: Fr. Balaguer visits again and,
according to him, talks to Rizal about
retracting his anti-Catholic writings and his
being a mason.
 4:00 PM: Visit of Rizal‘s mother, Teodora
Alonso. Then Rizal‘s sister Trinidad entered
to get her mother and Rizal whispered to her
in English referring to the alcohol stove,
―There is something inside. They were also
accompanied by Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa, Maria
and son Mauricio Cruz. Leoncio Lopez Rizal,
Narcisa‘s eleven year-old son, was not
allowed to enter the cell. While leaving for
their carriages, an official handed over the
alcohol stove to Narcisa. After their visit,
Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March
returned to the cell followed by Father Rosell.
 6:00 PM: Rizal was visited by the Dean of the
Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon.
Fathers Balaguer and March left Father
Vilaclara to be with the two.
 8:00 PM: Rizal‘s last supper where he
informed Captain Dominguez that he already
forgave those who condemned him.
 9:30 PM: Rizal was visited by the fiscal of the
Royal Audiencia of Manila, Don Gaspar
Cestaño with whom Rizal offered the best
chair of the cell. According to accounts, the
fiscal left with ―a good impression of Rizal‘s
intelligence and noble character.
DECEMBER 30, 1896
 3:00 AM: According to Father Balaguer‘s
account, Rizal asked to have confession, hear
mass and be given Holy Communion.
Allegedly he also signed the document
retracting his anti-Catholic writings and his
membership in masonry. This series of events
is still a contentious issue among Rizal
experts.
 5:30 AM: Rizal took his last meal. According
to stories told to Narcisa by Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner
of a cell for the ―poor rats, ―Let them have
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
their fiesta too. Rizal also wrote to his family
and to his brother.
 5:30 AM: Teary-eyed Josephine Bracken and
Josefa Rizal came. Josephine was gifted by
Rizal with the classic Thomas á Kempis book
Imitations of Christ in which he inscribed,
―To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine,
December 30th, 1896, Jose Rizal. They
embraced for the last time.
 6:00 AM: Rizal wrote to his father, Francisco
Mercado ―My beloved Father, Pardon me for
the pain with which I repay you for sorrows
and sacrifices for my education. I did not
want nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father,
goodbye…Jose Rizal. To his mother, he had
only these words, To my very dear Mother,
Sra. Doña Teodora Alonso 6 o‘clockin the
morning.
Martyrdom of Rizal
December 30, 1896
 6:30 AM: Death march from Fort Santiago to
Bagumbayan begins. Four soldiers with
bayoneted rifles lead the procession followed
by Rizal, Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara
and March and other soldiers. They passed
by the Intramuros plaza, then turned right to
the Postigo gate then left at Malecon, the
bayside road now known as Bonifacio Drive.
 7:00 AM: Rizal, after arriving on the
execution site at the Luneta de Bagumbayan,
was checked with his pulse by Dr. Felipe Ruiz
Castillo. It was perfectly normal. Rizal once
wrote, ―I wish to show those who deny us
patriotism that we know how to die for our
duty and our convictions. “Preparen”
“Apunten” Rizal shouted, “Consummatum”
est. It is done.
 7:03 AM: With the captain shouting ―Fuego!
Shouts rang out from the guns of eight indio
soldiers. Rizal, being a convicted criminal
was not facing the firing squad. As he was hit,
he resists and turns himself to face his
executors. He falls down, and dies facing the
sky.
 The Spaniards shouted “Viva España! Muerte
a los traidores” But in two years, the
victorious Philippine revolutionaries will seal
the fate of the Spanish Empire in the east.
Three hundred thirty three years of
Spanish Colonialism ended in 1898.
 December 30, 1896, afternoon: Narcisa,
after a long search, discovered where her
brother‘s body was secretly buried, at the old
unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the guards
to place a marble plaque designed by
Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal‘s initials
in reverse.
 One of the most debated topics about Jose
Rizal up to this day is his role or participation
in the 1896 Philippine revolution. Each side
of the debate presents their arguments and
evidence to prove what was [if there was]
Rizal‘s role or participation in the revolution.
• Despite not reaching a conclusion yet, the
following facts are recognized as “factual and
true” by both sides:
 1.Jose Rizal‘s name was used as one of the
passwords of the Katipunan, his portrait was
hanged in the meeting places of the
Katipunan and his name was shouted in the
battlefield.
 2. The Katipunan through Pio Valenzuela
heeded the advice of Jose Rizal regarding the
planned rebellion.
 3. The Katipunan made two attempts to
rescue Jose Rizal: while he was in Dapitan
and when Rizal was bound to Spain to go to
Cuba.
 Jose Rizal and the 1896 Philippine
Revolution The last poem written by Jose
Rizal was untitled and undated. The title “Mi
Ultimo Adios “was given by Mariano Ponce. It
was believed to have written by Rizal on
December 29, 1896 while he was alone in
his prison cell. Rizal hid it in an alcohol
stove/burner. It is a 14-stanza poem and is
considered as Jose Rizal‘s best poem. It was
folded so many times when it was hidden in
the lamparilla. Rizal‘s sisters had to unfold it
delicately with their hairpins. The original
manuscript has writing on both sides of the
paper which measured 9.5 x 15 cm
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
FACTS ABOUT THE NOVELS OF RIZAL women. Most of them were not interested in
Rizal's proposed project.
 He did not lose hope, using his talent and
AN EYE OPENER
writing skills he started to write his
 The novels of Jose Rizal were so powerful that
masterpiece the, "Noli me Tangere".
they served as eye-opener for Filipinos and
 He managed to finish the first half of the
Spaniards on the social ills and defects
novel in Madrid. He continued writing in
perpetuated by Spanish authorities and
Paris and finished it in Germany.
clergies and imbibed by some Filipinos.
 Uncle Toms Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe
 The novels reflected the social conditions of
it inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that
the Philippines at that time. Though it must
would depict the miseries of his people under
be noted that these novels particularly the
the lash of Spanish tyrants.
Nola and El Fili were written in Spanish and
their publication and circulation were
prohibited and punishable by the law, Jose
Rizal through these novels had inspired the
revolution that ended more than three
centuries of Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines.
 He also expressed his views and ideas about
the Philippine society and its people. His
unfinished third novel was another attempt
to expose the social ills and defects he had
observed plaguing the Philippines.

NOLI ME TANGERE
 It was published in 1887 in Berlin,
Germany through the financial aid from
Maximo Viola.
 The title means “Touch Me Not”. It is a Latin
version of words spoken by Jesus in Mary
Magdalene after the resurrection (John
20:13-17).
 The original English translation is “The Social
Cancer‟. In the introduction, Jose Rizal
dedicated the novel to the Philippines
[„fatherland‟] hoping that by exposing the
social cancer, reforms will be granted for its
improvement.
 It was written in Spanish which intended to
raise political consciousness in relation to the
current state of affairs in the Philippines.
 Jose Rizal hoped that through this novel, THE CHARACTERS OF NOLI
Spain the mother country will be aware of the  Crisostomo Ibarra - also known in his full
conditions of the Philippines and grant her name as Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y
the needed reforms for the betterment and Magsalin, a Filipino who studied in Europe
progress of the country and its people. for 7 years, the love interest of Maria
 Rizal proposed a book writing project to the Clara. Son of the deceased Don Rafael Ibarra.
Filipino members of the Circulo Hispano- The main and most important character in
Filipino. The book would deal on the socio- the novel manifesting in him the Filipino who
cultural and political aspects of life in the acquired European idea through his
Philippines. education in Europe.
 Most of the members wanted to write about
the characters and activities of the Filipino
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
 Elias - Ibarra's mysterious friend, a master
boater, also a fugitive. He was referred to at
one point as "the pilot". He wants to
revolutionize his country. In the past, Ibarra's
grandfather condemned his grandfather of
burning a warehouse, making Elias the
fugitive he is. The character that Rizal placed
to represent the Filipino masses who suffered
from Spanish brutalities and abuse due to
their powerlessness in the novel and in real
Philippines social situation of that time.
 Maria Clara - Maria Clara de los Santos,
Ibarra's sweetheart; the legitimate
daughter of Father Damaso and Pia Alba.
In her, Ibarra has fallen inlove, she also
mirrored the Filipin owoman of religious
upbringing and orientation, and through her
love toIbarra, and she represents true loyalty
and religiosity of the woman in real Filipino
society.
 Father Damaso - also known in his full
name as Damaso Verdolagas, a friar and
Maria Clara's biological father. An
antagonist in character and represents the in
Christian works for the Catholic friars who
are in the church.
 Sisa - the mother of Basilio and Crispin
who became insane after losing his sons.
She represented in the novel unfortunate
Filipina mothers losing her two sons; Basilio
and Crispin. In the novel, Sisa loses her sanity.
 Captain Tiago - also known in his full name
as Don Santiago de los Santos, the known
father of Maria Clara but not the real one,
lives in Binondo. An illegal opium leader
who subsequently was a landlord. He
represented a businessman who used his
money to work for him even in religious life
and obligations.
 Pilosopong Tasyo - also known as Don
Anastacio, portrayed in the novel as
pessimistic, and mad by his neighbors. He
portrays the role of a Philosopher who was
completely misunderstood in many aspects,
he argues with the belief of the Catholic
Church and social changes and concerns in
the novel.
 Dona Victorina - Victorina de los Reyes de
Espadaña, a woman who poses herself as a
Peninsulares. Wife of Don Tiburcio de
Espadana, known in the novel as a trying hard
rich woman who abhors anything that is
Filipino and clings for Spanish way of life.
This kind of character was manifested on
some Filipinos of that time.
 Pedro - abusive husband of Sisa who
loved cockfighting.
 Don Rafael Ibarra - known in the plot as a
concerned citizen and property owner
who was a father of Crisostomo Ibarra.
Padre Damaso who played an antagonist role
called him a heretic and filibustero due to his
view on relating to liberalism in society.
 The School Master - A teacher at San Diego
who's view in the novel represented the
weak and useless education in the
Philippines. He attributes the problem from
facilities and methods of learning that the
friars implemented in the country.
 Tandang Pablo - The leader of the rebels,
whose family was destroyed because of the
Spaniards.
 Basilio - the elder son of Sisa.
 Crispin - the younger son of Sisa who died
from the punishment of the soldiers from the
false accusation of stealing an amount of
money.
 Padre Sibyla - Hernando de la Sibyla, a
Filipino friar. He is described as short and
has fair skin.
 Padre Salvi - also known in his full name
as Bernardo Salvi, a secret admirer of Maria
Clara.
 The Alferez chief of the Guardia Civil,
mortal enemy of the priests for power in San
Diego.
 Don Tiburcio - Spanish husband of Doña
Victorina who was limp and submissive to
his wife; he also pretended to be a doctor.
 Doña Consolacion - wife of the Alferez,
another woman who passed herself as a
Peninsular; best remembered for her
abusive treatment of Sisa. Being the only
competitor of Captain Tiago in godliness, she
did everything to pretend that she was really
religious by showing off to the public what
she could contribute to the Church.
 Captain General (no specific name) - The
most powerful official in the Philippines; a
hater of secular priests and corrupt officials;
and a friend of Ibarra.

Summary of Noli
Having completed his studies in Europe, Juan
Crisostomo Ibarra came back to the Philippines after
a 7-year absence. In his honor, Captain Tiago threw a
get together party, which was attended by friars and
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other prominent figures. In an unfortunate incident,
former curate Father Damaso belittled and slandered
Ibarra. But Ibarra brushed off the insult and took no
offense.
Ibarra went to see Maria Clara, his love interest, a
beautiful daughter of Captain. Their long-standing
love was clearly manifested in this meeting, and
Maria Clara cannot help but reread the letters her
sweetheart had written to her before he went to
Europe. Before Ibarra left for San Diego, Lieutenant
Guevarra, a Guardia Civil, revealed to him the
incidents preceding the death of his father, Don
Rafael Ibarra, a rich haciendero of the town.
According to the Lieutenant, Don Rafael was unjustly
accused of being a heretic and filibuster. Father
Damaso's animosity against Ibarra's father was
aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael
helped out on a fight between a tax collector and a
student fighting, and the former's death was blamed
on him, although it was not deliberate. Suddenly, all
of those who thought ill of him surfaced with
additional complaints.
THOUGHTS AND IDEAS OF JOSE RIZAL IN THE
NOVEL
 Social cancer Jose Rizal referred to the social
cancer as the abuses and injustices
committed by the Spanish authorities and
clergies and the defects of Filipinos (See the
Introduction of the Noli Me Tangere) which
constituted the prevailing social conditions of
that time.
 The “flaws‟ in the main characters of the
novel reflect the traits of Spanish authorities
and clergies and the Filipinos who have
imbibed and/or assimilated these “defects‟
cause and perpetuated by the Spanish
colonial regime.
 Jose Rizal viewed the friars as the major
cause of the social cancer. Jose Rizal
emphasized in the novel that the friars
hindered the attainment of progress, justice
and reforms in the Philippines.
 The country became stagnant and backward
because the friars controlled almost every
aspect of the Filipinos (this could also be
inferred in his essay on the “On the Indolence
of the Filipinos‟.
 Rizal also exposed the power and influence of
the friars that they were the ones who
practically ran the government. He also
showed the power struggle between the
Spanish civil authorities and Spanish clergies.
 Jose Rizal criticized religious fanaticism of
Filipinos. The Noli Me Tange re-portrayed the
religious fanaticism of Filipino through the
mindless religiosity exhibited by main
characters in the novel. The Spanish clergies
were blamed as the perpetrators of religious
fanaticism.
 Jose Rizal emphasized that education is a
prerequisite of reform, progress and social
change . Rizal emphasized through the
character of Crisostomo Ibarra how education
would bring about progress and social
change. In the novel Ibarra planned to
establish a school that will educate the
Filipinos but was not realized due to the
opposition of Spanish clergies who had
personal grudge on him.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Sa Filipino, “Ang Pilibusterismo”. Samantalang sa
Ingles ay “The Reign of the Greed”
 Jose Rizal dedicated the novel to the
GOMBURZA –the three priests who were
executed in Bagumbayan for being implicated
in the Cavity Mutiny in 1872.
 Like the Noli Me Tangere, it was written in
Spanish and intended to raise political
consciousness in relation to the state of
affairs in the Philippines observed by Rizal.
 The theme of the El Filibusterismo focuses on
revolution as an alternative solution to
reforms that failed to create significant
change in the country. However, Jose Rizal
also emphasized the danger of a revolution
that is built upon hatred and vengeance or
personal vendetta.
 LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM Matapos ang
isang taon, isinaayos angbanghay (plot) ng
nobela at sa ilangbahagi ng mga kabanata
 PARIS, FRANCE and MADRID, SPAIN
Pagdaragdag ng ilan pang kabanata ng Nobela
 BIARITZ, FRANCE and GHENT, BELGIUM
Natapos ang manuskripto ng nobela noong
Marso 29, 1891
THOUGHTS AND IDEAS OF JOSE RIZAL IN THE
NOVEL
1. Jose Rizal‟s thoughts of how justice must be
attained Jose Rizal through the characters of
Kabesang Tales and Simoun discussed the
RIZ 101 MIDTERM REVIEWER
moral issues in attaining justice especially
when the injustices were committed by
Spanish authorities.
2. Revolution as an alternative to reform Jose
Rizal discussed the alternatives for the
Philippines and Filipinos in the debate between
Simoun and Basilio about reform and revolution.
a. Simoun tried to convince Basilio that
revolution is the only way to attain
independence and progress.
b. Basilio remained naïve and maintained that
social change could be achieved through the
reforms that Spain will grant the Philippines.
c. He was hoping to alleviate the physical ills of
the Filipinos and live his own life and fulfill
his ambition of becoming a doctor. Jose Rizal
posited that rebellion or revolution that will
topple the Spanish colonial regime could be
an alternative for the failure of reforms
coming from Spain.
d. The failure of the rebellion was attributed not
on the idea of rebellion as a means of social
change but on the motives and qualities of the
people who supported and perpetrated the
rebellion.
3. Qualities that a leader of social change must
possess Jose Rizal might be advocating rebellion
as a means of social change but killed Simoun -
the main character that instigated rebellion
against the Spanish authorities. Historians and
Thoughts and ideas of Jose Rizal in the novel
Rizal scholars inferred that Simoun was killed in
the novel for he was not worthy to lead the
rebellion.
a. It was pointed out that though the motive of
rebellion is noble and justified (social
transformation), Simoun‟s objectives were
personal hatred and vengeance for the
injustices committed to him and to his family
and loved ones. Simoun manipulated others
to get his vengeance.
b. The failure of revolution was further
explained by Rizal through the character of
Father Florentino who stressed the
importance of education, justice and morality
in the attainment of freedom.
4. The defects of the Spanish colonial regime and
the Filipino people Jose Rizal did not only focus
on the evils of the Spanish authorities and
clergies but also the defects of the Filipino people.
Rizal pointed out through the characters in the
novel such as those of Doña Victorina, Basilio,
Simoun and Kabesang Tales how Filipinos have
imbibed these defects brought about by the
Spanish colonial regime.
ETIKANG TAGALOG/MAKAMISA
• It is considered as the third and unfinished
novel of Jose Rizal. It is believed that Rizal
started writing this in 1892 while he was in
Hong Kong.
• The manuscript was first compiled under the
drafts of the Noli Me Tangere and was only
discovered in 1987 by Prof. Ambeth Ocampo.
• “Makamisa‟ is the title given by Prof. Ambeth
Ocampo who wrote the English translation of
the novel.
• “Etikang Tagalog‟ is the title given by Dr. Nilo
Ocampo who wrote the Tagalog translation of
the novel.
• It is considered as the third and unfinished
novel of Jose Rizal. It is believed that Rizal
started writing this in 1892 while he was in
Hong Kong.
• The manuscript was first compiled under the
drafts of the Noli Me Tangere and was only
discovered in 1987 by Prof. Ambeth Ocampo.
• “Makamisa‟ is the title given by Prof. Ambeth
Ocampo who wrote the English translation of
the novel.
• “Etikang Tagalog‟ is the title given by Dr. Nilo
Ocampo who wrote the Tagalog translation of
the novel.
• The “defects‟ of the Spanish clergies and the
Filipinos Jose Rizal exposed in the novel the
qualities and defects of the Spanish clergies
and the Filipinos. The novel revolves. around
the qualities of Padre Agaton and his actions
during and after officiating a Sunday mass.
• The novel attempts to portray how the lives
of the town folks were affected by Padre
Agaton (a Spanish friar). Rizal also portrayed
the religious fanaticism which the Filipinos
had imbibed from the Spanish clergies