2023 - AL Essay Part - I

Explore the World with a New Vision...
miq.sh úNd. .eg`M

PHYSICS hdka;% úoHdj
for G.C .E Ad va nce d Lev el Ex am ina ti on
A++
ADVANCED LEVEL 2000 Time target : 15 minutes
01. i. újD; wjldYhla ;=< ;sria ÈYdjla Tiafia v ksh; m%fõ.fhka iq<x yud hhs' jd;fha >k;ajh  f,i i,ld"
p,kh jk jd; l|l tall mßudjla i;= pd,l Yla;sh E i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
ii. iq<x fuda,l N%uKh jk fm;s uÕska" iq<Õ /f.k hk pd,l Yla;sh Wlyd .; yels w;r miqj tu Yla;sh
m%fhdackj;a Yla;shla njg mßj¾;kh lr .; yel' iq<x fuda,l fm;s N%uKh jk ;,hg wNs,ïn j
iq<Õ yuk wjia:djla i,lkak' N%uKh jk fm;a;la u.ska lmd yßkq ,nk lafIa;%M,h A fõ' A yrialv
lafIa;%M,h yryd yuk iq<f.a iïmq¾K pd,l Yla;sh u fm;s uÕska ,nd.; yelss hhs Wml,amkh lr iq<fÕa
Yla;sh iq<x fuda, úiska ,nd .kakd is>%;djh ½  A v3 nj fmkajkak'
iii. tla;rd iq<x fuda,la ksoyfia lrlefjk wjia:djl ^tkï th c, fmdïmhla jeks fjk;a WmlrKhlg
noaO fkdlr we;s wjia:djl& tys fm;s ñks;a;=jlg jg 30 l ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hla iys; j N%uKh fjñka
mj;S' tla jru iq<x yeóu kej;=k úg >¾IK n, fya;= fldg f.k fm;s ñks;a;= 2 l ld,hlg miqj
ksYap,;djg meñfKa' N%uK wlaIh jgd N%uK fm;s iys; moaO;sfha wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh 10000 kgm2 kï" moaO;sh
u; l%shd;aul jk >¾IK jHdj¾;fhys idudkH w.h .Kkh lrkak'
iv. ta khska iq<x fudaf,a fm;s uÕska iq<f.a Yla;sh Wlyd .kq ,nk is>%;djh .Kkh lrkak'
v. iq<f.a m%fõ.h 10 ms o" fm;a;la uÕska lmdyßkq ,nk lafIa;%M,h 30 m o jd;fha >k;ajh 1.3 kgm–3o kï
iq<x fuda, ksoyfia lrlefjk wjia:dfõ § iq<x fudaf,a ld¾hlaIu;djh .Kkh lrkak'
ms<s;r
= e
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Samitha Ratnayake -1- Innovative Physics

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02. ;r, m%jdyhla i|yd nZkq,S iólrKh p + ½ v2 + hg = ksh;hla f,iska ,shd ±laúh yel' fuys ishü
ixfla;hkag iqmqreÿ f;areu we;'
i. a) nZkq,S iólrKh j,x.= ùu i|yd wjYH ;;a;ajhka i|yka lrkak'

b) by; iólrKh udk jYfhka i;H jk nj fmkajkak'
ii.
rEmfha fmkajd we;s lDñkdYl úÈkhg (insecticide sprayer) úIalïNh 60 mm jk fmdïmhla we;' Q ìysfodr
(outlet) k<fha úIalïNh 2mm jk w;r lDñkdYl Èhr uÜgu we;af;a tu k<hg 90mm my<sks' A ,laIHfha
mSvkh B ,laIHfha mSvkhg iudk nj;a" ( i ) a ) ys § Tn i|yka l< ish¨ ;;a;ajhkag wkqj jd;h yeisfrk
nj;a Wml,amkh lrkak'
a) Q k<fha we;s jd; lafIamfha (air jet) lDñkdYl Èhrh wvx.= ùu i|yd fmdïmfha P msiagkh (piston)
;,a¨ l< hq;= wju fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
^lDñkdYl Èhrfha yd jd;fha >k;aj ms<sfj,ska 10 kgm iy 2 kgmf,iska i,lkak'&
b) fmdïmfha msiagkh u; l%shdlrk iM, m%;sfrdaë n,h 20 N kï" msiagkh by; .Kkh l< fõ.fhys
mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd th u; fhÈh hq;= n,h ks¾Kh lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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03. rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ" úfkdaoh i|yd lrkq

,nk l%Svdjl § P  fõÈldj u;ska ÿjñka my< C D
we;s c, ;gdlhlg jeàu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' ialkaOh P
50 kg  jk YsIHfhla fõÈldfõ tla fl<jrl
7.2 m
(C) isg ksYap,;djfhka wdrïN fldg wfkla
fl<jr (D) olajd taldldrj ;ajrKh ù lsisÿ
N%uK p,s;hlska f;drj 5 ms fõ.hlska ;sria
ÈYdjg fõÈldfjka bj;a fõ' fõÈldfõ È. 5m A B
fõ' ^jd; m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yßkak'& 5m 4.5 m
a. i) fõÈldj u; ÿjk úg YsIHhdf.a

;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'
ii ) fõÈldfõ wfkla fl<jr (D) lrd <Õd ùug Tyq fldmuK ld,hla
.kSo@
iii ) ;u ;ajrKh wh;a lr .ekSu i|yd YsIHhdg wjYH ndysr n,h ,nd .kafka flfia±hs meyeÈ,sj
i|yka lrkak'
iv ) YsIHhd fõÈldj u; ÿjk úg Tyq u; l%shd lrk n, meyeÈ,sj i,l=Kq lrkak'
^fï i|yd" fuys § we;s rEmh Tnf.a W;a;r m;%fha msgm;a lr .kak'&
b. i) fõÈldfjka bj;a ùfuka miq c,h iam¾Y lsÍug Tyqg fldmuK ld,hla .;fõo@
ii ) Tyq c,h u; m;s; jk ,CIHhg B ,CIHfha isg we;s ;sria ÿr ks¾Kh lrkak'
iii ) YsIHhd jd;h ;=< jefgk úg Tyq u; l%shd lrk n,h$n, meyeÈ,sj i,l=Kq lrkak'
^fï i|yd" fuys § we;s rEmh Tnf.a W;a;r m;%fha msgm;a lr .kak'&
c. wdrïNfha (C) isg c,h iam¾Y lrk ;=re YsIHhdf.a m%fõ.fha ;sria ixrplh
i|yd m%fõ. (V) - ld,(t) jl%fha o< igykla w¢kak' X

d. fõÈldfõ isg 1.25 m isria ÿrla YsIHhd my<g jeà we;s úg Tyqf.a V
laIKsl m%fõ. (V) ffoYslfha ÈYdj rEmfha fmkajd we;'
i) V m%fõ.fha úYd,;ajh yd ÈYdj ^tkï V iy isria XY f¾Ldj w;r
we;s fldaKh & .Kkh lrkak' O
Y
ii ) fuu fudfydf;a § YsIHhdf.a p,s;h" O ,CIHh jgd jQ jD;a;dldr
p,s;hl fldgila fia ie,lsh yelsh' fuu fudfydf;a § YsIHhdf.a flakaø wNsidÍ ;ajrKh ks¾Kh
lrkak'
iii ) ta khska wkqrEm jD;a;fha wrh .Kkh lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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04. wdrïNl wÜgd,h (lanuching pad) u; ;sfnk úg wNHjldY Ig,hl (space shuttle)
ialkaOh 2.0 x 106 kg fõ' Ig,h .uka lrùu i|yd by<g we;s l< hq;= f;rmqu jk
3 x 107 N ,nd .kafka ;;amrhlg 3 x 103 kg l ialkaO m%udKhla oykh lr tu.ska
we;sjkakd jQ WKqiqï jdhqj m;=f,ys we;s keiskak (nozzle) yryd bj;g úÈfuks' by<g
we;s f;rmqï n,h" bkaOk oykh ùfï YS>%;dj (M) iy Ig,hg idfmaCIaj jdhqj ksl=;a
jk m%fõ.h (u)ys .=Ks;fhka ,efí'
i. Mu .=Ks;hg" n,fha udk we;s nj fmkajkak'

ii. a) wdrïNl wÜgd,fhka bj;aùug mgka .kakd wjia:dfõ Ig,fha wdrïNl
;ajrKh fldmuKo @
b) Ig,fha ;ajrKh ksh; hehs Wml,amkh lrñka .uka wrUd 30s g miq
Ig,fha m%fõ.h ks¾Kh lrkak'
iii. a) Ig,hg idfmalaIj jdhqj ksl=;ajk m%fõ.h (u) .Kkh lrkak'

b) Ig,h .uka wrUd 30 s g miq fmdf<djg idfmalaIj jdhqj ksl=;ajk m%fõ.h fldmuKo @
iv. msg; jdhqf.da,h fkdue;s kï Ig,h ;ajrKh úh fkdyels hehs YsIHfhla m%ldY lrhs' fuu m%ldYh
ksjerÈo @ Tnf.a ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s lrkak'
v. a ) "Ig,h u; by<g we;s f;rmqu ksh;j mej;=k;a bkaOk oykh jk úg i;H jYfhkau tys ;ajrKh
jeä fõ"' fuu m%ldYh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
b) by; v ) a ) wjia:djg wod<j Ig,h i|yd m%fõ.h (v)- ld,h (t)- o< jl%h w¢kak'
vi.
4.0 × 102 ms–1 8.0 × 102 ms–1
(A) (B)
a) A rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ Ig,h mDÓúhg iómj" ;sriaj 4.0 x 102 ms-1 m%fõ.hlska .uka lrk
wjia:djla i,lkak' fuu wjia:dfõ§ Ig,fha ialkaOh 1.0 x 105 kg fõ' wjdikdjka; wNHka;r
msmsreula ksid Ig,h iudk ialkaO iys; len,s follg (P iy Q) lefâ' (B) rEmfhka fmkajd we;s
mßÈ P lene,a, 8.0 x 102 ms1 m%fõ.hlska ^fmdf<djg idfmaCIj& ;sria j bÈßhg .uka lrhs kï
fmdf<djg idfmalaIj Q lene,af,a m%fõ.h ks¾Kh lrkak' P g idfmalaIj Q ys m%fõ.h fldmuKo@
msmsreu ksid Ig,fha ialkaO ydkshla fkdue;s nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
b) msmsÍfuka miq fmdf<dfõ isák ksÍlaIlfhl=g fmfkk mßÈ P yd Q len,sj, bkslaì;s p,s;h fláfhka
i|yka lrkak'
c) msmsreu 0.2 s mqrd mej;sfha kï msmsreu ksid tla tla lene,a, u; fhfok n,fha idudkH w.h
fldmuKo @
Samitha Ratnayake - 10 - Innovative Physics

ms<s;r
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05. ialkaOh 0.1 kg jQ l=vd fnda,hla t = 0 § ;sria fmd<jla u;g ksYap,;dfõ

isg w;yßkq ,efí' fnda,h wdrïNfha § fmdf<dfõ isg H Wilska ;snq
w;r iEu tla tla .egqul §u th isria j fmd<dmkS' fnda,fha m%fõ.
(v) - ld, (t) - m%ia:drfha fldgila rEmfhys ±lafõ'
a. jd; m%;sfrdaO iy Wvql=re f;rmqu fkdi,ld yßñka" fnda,h

i|yd my; i|yka oE .Kkh lrkak'
i) wdrïNl Wi H
ii ) m<uq .egqfï § fnda,fha .uH;dfõ fjkiaùu iy fmd<jg ixl%duKh jq .uH;dj
iii ) fojeks .egqu isÿjk úg t ys w.h
b. fnda,h iy fmd<j w;r .egqu mq¾K m%;Hdia: kï fuu p,s;h i|yd v -t m%ia;drh w¢kak'
c. me;a;l È. 1 m jQ >kldldr ysia fmÜáhla ;=<" ialkaOh 6 x 10-26 kg jQ wxY=jla fmÜáfha m%;súreoaO ì;a;s
folla iu. wNs,ïNj .efgñka bÈßhg iy miqmig p,s;ùug i,iajkq ,efí' wxY=j yd ì;a;s w;r .egqï
mQ¾K m%;Hdia: jk w;r wxY=fjys fõ.h 2 x 103 ms-1fõ' ^wxY=j u; .=re;aj n,h fkdi,ld yeßh yels hehs
Wml,amkh lrkak&
i) wxY=j ì;a;s foflka tla ì;a;shla iu. .efgk YS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak'
ii ) wxY=j úiska tu ì;a;shg .uH;dj ixl%duKh lrkq ,nk YS>%;dj l=ulao @
iii ) fmÜáh ;=< by; i|yka p,s;h u isÿlrk wxY= 2 x 1023 ixLHdjla we;ehs is;kak' fuu wxY= tlsfkl
w;r .egqï isÿ fkdlrk w;r ì;a;s iuÕ tajdfha .egqï" ì;a;sfha lafIa;%M,h mqrd taldldr j jHdma;
ù we;s njo i,lkak' ì;a;s foflka tlla u; wxY= u.ska we;slrkq ,nk mSvkh .Kkh lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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06. S is,skavrdldr n|la o A iy B i¾jiu iQ¾h mek, folla o iys; pkaøsldjla

remfha fmkajd we;' fuu pkaøsldj .=re;ajdl¾IKh fkd.sKsh yels wjldYfha
.uka lrk w;r is,skavrfha XY wlaIh jgd ñks;a;=jlg jg 6 l fldaKsl
m%fõ.hlska N%uKh fõ' iq¾h mek,j, ;,h is,skavrfha XY wlaIhg ,ïnl
fõ' is,skavrfha wrh R = 0.4 m o" tys XY jgd wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh I = 6 kgm2 o fõ'
tla tla iq¾h mek,h i|yd ialkaOh m = 2 kg È. a = 1.2 m iy m<, b = 0.6 m
fõ'
XY jgd tla tla iq¾h mek,fha wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh"
m(a2 + b2) a 2
+ m [R + ] u.ska fokq ,nhs'
12 2
i. XY jgd pkaøsldfõ wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh .Kkh lrkak'

ii. pkaøsldfõ N%uK pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
iii. tla tla iq¾h mek,fha XY jgd kj wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh tys m<uq w.fhka ¼ jkfia iq¾h mek, yl=,kq ,enqfõ
kï XY jgd pkaøsldfõ kj wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh iy kj fldaKsl m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
iv. pkaøsldfõ N%uKh md,kh lsÍu i|yd XY wlaIh Tiafia jHdj¾;hla pkaøsldj u; fhÈh yels hka;%Khla
we;' fuu hka;%Kh uÕska pkaøsldfõ wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kfhys fjkila isÿ fkdlrhs'
a) ñks;a;= 5 l ld, iSudjla ;=< taldldr fldaKsl ukaokhla mj;ajd .ekSu u.ska pkaøsldfõ fldaKsl
m%fõ.h" by; (iii) ys .Kkh l< w.fha isg tys uq,ska mej;s w.h olajd wvq lsÍug wjYHjk
fldaKsl ukaokfha úYd,;ajh iy jHdj¾;h .Kkh lrkak'
b) pkaøsldfõ fldaKsl m%fõ.fha w.h tys uq,a w.hg f.k tau i|yd wjYHjk Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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1
07. i. ;r, m%jdyhla i|yd nZkq,S iólrKh P + v2 + hg = ksh;hla hkafkka ,súh yelsh' fuys ishü
2
1
ixfla;j,g iqmqreÿ f;areu we;' udk úYaf,aIKh v2 mohg muKla fhdod .ksñka thg mSvkfha udk
2
we;s nj fmkajkak'
ii. fmdf<djg idfmalaIj v ksh;

m%fõ.hlska jd;h yryd ;sriaj jï
w;g .uka lrk wyia hdkhl ;gqjl
yrialvla rEmfha fmkajd we;'
a) wyia hdkhg idfmalaIj X
,laIHfha § jd;fha
m%fõ.fhys úYd,;ajh yd
ÈYdj l=ulao @ fmdf<djg idfmalaIj jd;h ksi,j mj;S hhs Wml,amkh lrkak'
b) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ m%jdy k<hl ;gqjg wE;ska msysá yrialv j¾.M,h A1 o" ;gqfõ by< mDIaGh
A1
u;ska hk úg tu m%jdy k<fha wkqrEm yrialv j¾.M,h A2 o fõ' = 1.2 kï wyia hdkdjg
A2
idfmalaIj ;gqfõ by< mDIaGh u;ska hk jd;fha fõ.h (v') i|yd m%ldYkhla v weiqfrka ,shd olajkak'
c) wyia hdkfha ialkaOh 2.64 × 105 kg o ;gq fofla uq¿ iM, mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 250 m2 o kï wyia hdkh
fmdf<dj u;ska hï;ñka tiùug wjYH v ys wju w.h .Kkh lrkak'
^jd;fha >k;ajh 1.20 kg m–3 fõ'&
d) .=jka m:h u; wyia hdkh ksi,;djfhka .uka wrUk w;r tys tkaðka uÕska 6.00×106N l ksh;
;sria t<jqï n,hla fhdohs' jd;h ksid we;sjk frdaOl n,fha idudkH w.h 7.20×105N kï by;
(ii) (c) ys .Kkh l< v fõ.h wh;a lr .ekSu i|yd wyia hdkh fldmuK ÿrla .=jka m:fha .uka
l< hq;=o @
iii. .=jka .;ù fudfyd;lg miq ;srig 100 jk mßÈ .uka lrk wyia hdkfha ;gqjl yrialvla rEmfha fmkajd
we;'
a) ;gqfõ yrialv Tnf.a ms<s;=re
lvodishg msgm;a fldg f.k ;gqfõ
my< iy by< w;r mj;sk mSvk
fjki ksid ;gqj u; l%shd lrk
iM, n,fha ÈYdj w¢kak'
b) ±ka wyia hdkhg idfmalaIj ;gqj,
by< mDIaGh u; jd;fha fõ.h 250 ms–1 olajd jeä fõ' wyia hdkhg idfmalaIj ;gqj, my< mDIaGhg
háka jd;fha fõ.h (ii) (a) ys w.fhau mj;S hehs Wml,amkh fldg ±ka ;gq u; l%shd lrk iM, isria
tijqï n,h .Kkh lrkak'
iv. 10 km Wil§ wyia hdkh ;sriaj v1 fõ.hlska .uka lrk wjia:djla i,lkak' fuu Wfiys § o jd;h
fmdf<djg idfmalaIj ksi,j mj;S kï v1 ys w.h" by; (ii) (c) ys .Kkh l< v w.hg jvd jeä úh hq;=h'
fufia ùug fya;=jla fokak' wyia hdkfha ialkaOh by; (ii) (c) ys§ we;s w.fhau mj;sk nj Wml,amkh
lrkak'

ms<s;r
= e
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08. N%uKh jk frdaohla keje;aùu i|yd Ndú; l< yels ødj

frdaOl ^;sßx.& moaO;shla (hydraulic braking system) rEmfhka
fmkajd we;' (B) frdaOl mdÈlhg ^fmv,h" pedal) ,ïnj (F)
n,hla fhdokq ,efí' rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ mdÈlh" lvodishg
,ïnj (A) yryd we;s wp, wlaIh jgd ksoyfia N%uKh jk
w;r tu.ska (M) m%Odk fmdïmfha (master pump) )(P1) msiagkh
u; ,ïnj n,hla fh§ug i,iajhs' ta fya;=fjka cks; jk
mSvkh frdaOl øjh (brake fluid) u.ska (S) oaú;Shsl fmdïmj,
we;s i¾jiu (P2) msiagk fol lrd iïfm%aIKh lrhs' túg tu
msiagkj,g iïnkaO fldg we;s frdaOl we;sß (L) (brake pads)
l=vd ÿrla .uka fldg N%uKh jk frdaofha fome;a; u; f;rfma'
frdaOl øjh wiïmSvH hehs Wml,amkh lrkak' (P1) m%Odk
msiagkfha yrialv j¾.M,h 1 cm2 jk w;r (P2) oaú;Shsl msiagkfha yrialv j¾.M,h 3 cm2 fõ'
i. fuu l%shdj,sfha§ m%Odk msiagkhg tla;rd n,hla fh¥ úg th 0.6 cm ÿrla ol=Kq me;a;g .uka lrhs' tfia
kï tla (L) frdaOl we;sßhla fldmuK ÿrlg p,kh fõo @
ii. F = 10 N kï"
a) m%Odk fmdïmfha (P1) msiagkh u; fhfok n,h fldmuKo @ wjYH ÿr m%udKhka rEmfha ,l=Kq fldg
we;'
b) (P1) m%Odk msiagkh u.ska frdaOl øjh u; fhfok mSvkh meial,aj,ska .Kkh lrkak'
c) (P2) oaú;Shsl msiagk u; we;s jk mSvkh ksid frdaOl we;sß u; we;s jk n,h .Kkh lrkak'
d) frdaOl we;sß yd frdaoh w;r mj;sk .;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh 0.5 kï frdaoh u; frdaOl we;sß f;rmS
we;s úg tla tla we;sßh u.ska frdaoh u; l%shd lrk >¾IK n,h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. frdaOl fh§ug fmr frdaoh ñks;a;=jlg mßN%uK 600 lska ksoyfia N%uKh fjñka mej;sKs' frdaofha N%uK
wlaIfha isg >¾IK n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ÿr 5 cm kï by; F = 10 N wdldrhg frdaOl fh¥ miq frdaoh
kej;Sug fldmuK fõ,djla .;fõo @ N%uK wlaIh jgd frdaofha wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh 0.1 kg m2 fõ' p,s;h mqrdu
>¾IK n,h ksh;j mj;S hehs Wml,amkh lrkak' ksi,;djhg meñKSug fmr frdaoh fldmuK jg ixLHdjla
lrlefõo @ ^  = 3 f,i .kak'&
ms<;
s =re
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09. a. c, l%Svdfõ fhfok ialkaOh 50 kg jQ lsñÿïlrefjla (diver)

fkdi,ld yeßh yels ialkaOhla iys; È. 4 m jQ AC ;sria
mqjrejl C fl<jfrys isgf.k isà' 1 rEmfha mßÈ mqjrej 1 m
l mr;rhlska we;s A iy B hk isria ÿkq follg iúlr
we;' ÿkq u.ska A iy B ,laIHj, § mqjrej u; l%shdlrk
n,j, úYd,;ajh iy ÈYdj fidhkak'
b. lsñÿïlrejd mekSula isÿ lrhs' l%Svlhdf.a G .=re;aj flakaøfhys p,s;h

i,lkak' 2 rEmfhys fmfkk mßÈ ;s;a brlska tys m:h i,l=Kq lr
we;' mekSu wdrïN lrk fudfydf;a c, mDIaGhg 4 m la by<ska mej;s
.=re;aj flakaøh 2s ;=<§ m:h iïmQ¾K l< miq Y ys § c, mDIaGhg
we;=¿ fõ' XY = 2 m ^jd; m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yßkak'&
i) G ys wdrïNl m%fõ.fha ;sria iy isria ixrpl fidhkak'
ii ) c, mDIaGfha isg lsñÿïlrejdf.a .=re;aj flakaøhg ,nd .;
yels Wmßu Wi .Kkh lrkak'
iii ) p,s;fha m:fha by<u ,laIHfha§ lsñÿïlrejdf.a
1' W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh'
2' c, mDIaGhg idfmalaIj .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh
.Kkh lrkak'
c. lsñÿïlrejd .=re;aj flakaøh G yryd hk wlaIhla ^lvodish ;==<g OP

f,i .kak'& jgd N%uK p,s;hlao isÿ lrhs' Tyq YÍrh yels,Sfuka $
È.yeÍfuka YÍrfha wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh fjkia lsÍu u.ska Tyqqf.a N%uK
p,s;h md,kh lrhs' p,s;fha m<uq 0.25 s iy wjidk 0.75 s ;=< §
lsñÿïlrejd Tyqf.a YÍrh iïmQ¾Kfhkau È. yefrk f,io b;sß 1s
ld, mrdih ;=<§ iïmQ¾Kfhka yelsf,k f,io mj;ajd .kS' 3 rEmh
n,kak' ^  = 3.0 f,i .kak'&
m<uq 0.25 s ;=<§ OP jgd lsñÿïlrejd ;;amrhg jg 0.5 YS>%;djlska

N%uKh fõ'
i) m<uq 0.25 s ;=<§ lsñÿïlrejdf.a fldaKsl fõ.h (1) fidhkak'
1
2s iïmQ¾K ld, mrdih ;=<§ Tyq OP wlaIh jgd jg 2 lska
2
N%uKh fõ kï"
ii ) lsñÿïlrejd iïmQ¾Kfhka yels,S mj;sk wjia:dfõ§ fldaKsl
fõ.h (2) fidhkak'
iii ) lsñÿïlrejd iïmQ¾KFhka yels,S isák wjia:dfõ§ OP jgd
wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh fidhkak' lsñÿïlrejd iïmQ¾Kfhka È. yeÍ
isák wjia:dfõ§ OP jgd wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh 20 kg m2 fõ'
iv ) lsñÿïlrejd iïmQ¾Kfhkau È.yeÍ isák wjia:dfõ§ Tyqf.a YÍrfha N%uK pd,l Yla;sh fidhkak'

ms<s;r
= e
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10. nZkQ,s iólrKh ,shd tys tla tla moh y÷kajkak'

rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ fmdl=Klg c,h imhk
fm!rdKsl c, ud¾.hla wÈhr ;=klska hqla;h'
wÈhr 1 (- úYd, jejl c, uÜgfï isg h .eUqrlska

msysá iDcqfldaKdi%dldr ìys fodrlska wdrïN jk újD;
;sria iDcqfldaKdi%dldr c, ud¾.hls'
wÈhr 2 (- rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ m;=f,ys m<,

1 wÈhf¾ w.hg iudk jQ" tfy;a wdk;shla iys;j Èj
hk ;j;a újD; c, ud¾.hls' wÈhr 1 iy 2 ys c,
ud¾.hkays m;=f,ys m<, 0.5 m fõ'
wÈhr 3 (- wÈhr 3 wÈhr 2 g iïnkaOj mj;sk"

újD;" ;sria" fkd.eUqre iy iDcqfldaKdi%dldr yrialvla
iys; d = 10 m jk jvd m<, m;=,la iys; c, ud¾.hls'
wÈhr 2 ka meñfKk c,h rEm igyfka fmkajd we;s
mßÈ fuu c, ud¾.hg we;=¿ù m%,ïn ÈYdjg .uka wrUd
Èh we,a,la ks¾udKh lrñka my< we;s fmdl=Kg c,h
imhhs'
a. wkjr; wjia:dfõ§ Èh we,a, ;;amrhlg 1.5 m3 c, m%udKhla /f.k hhs' wÈhr 2 ka c,h msgjk ia:dkh
jk X ys§ c,h .,dhEfï fõ.h 10 ms–1 kï" wÈhr 2 c, ud¾.fhys X ys§ c, uÜgfï Wi .Kkh lrkak'
b. wÈhr 3 ys fkd.eUqre c, ud¾.fhys c, uÜgfï Wi" wÈhr 2 ys X ys§ c, uÜgfï Wig iudk hehs
Wml,amkh lr fkd.eUqre c, ud¾.fhys c,h .,dhk fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
c. wÈhr 1 ys ;sria c, ud¾.fhys c,h .,dhk fõ.h 5 ms–1 kï wÈhr 1 újD; c, ud¾.fhys c, uÜgfï Wi
.Kkh lrkak'
d. c, m%jdyfha u;=msg mDIaGh Èf.a msysá wkdl+, f¾Ldjla ie,lSfuka X ys§ wÈhr 2 c, ud¾.fha m;=f,a isá
wÈhr 1 c, ud¾.fha m;=, olajd we;s Wi (y) .Kkh lrkak' ^rEmh n,kak& jefjys ìys fodfrka c,h bj;a
jkafka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh P jk jdhqf.da,hg nj;a X ys§ c,h we;=¿ jkafkao mSvkh P ys mj;sk fkd.eUqre
c, ud¾.hg nj;a Tng Wml,amkh l< yelsh'
e. fuu ld¾;jHh i|yd jefjys mj;ajd .; hq;= c, uÜgfï Wi h .Kkh lrkak'
f. jefjys c, uÜgu (e) ys§ .Kkh l< w.hg jvd jeä jkafka kï Èh we,a, ;;amrhg (a) ys olajd we;s c,
m%udKhu /f.k hk mßÈ c,h .e,Su md,kh lsÍu i|yd l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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11. ialkaOh M yd È. L jk iup;=ri%dldr yrialvla we;s taldldr AB oKavla 1 rEmfha

fmkajd we;s mßÈ >¾IKfhka f;dr ;sria mDIaGhla u; ;nd we;' oKafâ .=re;aj
flakaøh (G) yryd hk mDIaGhg ,ïn wlaIhla jgd tys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh I fõ'
neuqulska f;drj oKavg ,ïnj mDIaGh Èf.a v m%fõ.hlska .uka lrk ialkaOh m
jk fnda,hla oKafâ .efghs' fnda,h .eàu ksid oKafâ we;sjk p,s;h oKafâ .=re;aj
flakaøfha f¾Çh p,s;h iy tys .=re;aj flakaøh jgd oKafâ N%uKh weiqfrka yeoEßh
yelsh' oKav fkdfmrf<kafkahehs i,lkak' .egqfuka miq fnda,h tu fõ.fhkau
m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg jdx.= fõ' fnda,h .eàu ksid oKafâ isÿjk f¾Çh p,s;h m<uqfjka
i,lkak'
a. i) .egqug fmr fnda,fha f¾Çh .uH;dj i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
ii ) oKafâ f¾Çh p,s;h muKla i,ld .egqfuka miq oKafâ m%fõ.h V i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
b. ±ka oKafâ .=re;aj flakaøh jgd tys N%uK p,s;h i,lkak'

i) fnda,h oKafâ .=re;aj flakaøfha isg x ÿrlska .efghs kï .egqug fmr oKafâ .=re;aj flakaøh jgd
fnda,fha fldaKsl .uH;dj i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
ii ) .=re;aj flakaøh jgd oKafâ N%uK p,s;h muKla i,ld .egqfuka miq .=re;aj flakaøh jgd oKafâ
fldaKsl m%fõ.h  i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
c. i) by; (b) (ii) ys ,nd.;a m%ldYkh Ndú; fldg oKafâ N%uKh ksid oKafâ A fl<jf¾ f¾Çh m%fõ.h
v' i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
ii ) V iy v' ys ÈYd tluo @ ke;akï m%;súreoaOo @
iii ) x ys xs kï tla;rd w.hla i|yd oKafâ p,s; ùu wdrïN jk úg oKafâ A fl<jr ksi,j mj;shs' xs
i|yd m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lrkak'
1
d. oKafâ .=re;aj flakaøh jgd tys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh I, I = ML2 uÕska fokq ,efí' L = 0.6 m kï by;
12
(c) (iii) ys ,nd.;a xs i|yd w.h ks¾Kh lrkak'
e. fgksia ms;a;la tys ñfgka w,a,df.k isák l%Svlhl= i,ld n,kak'

^2 rEmh n,kak'& ms;af;ys .=re;aj flakaøfha isg xs ÿrlska msysá úfYaI
,laIHfha fnda,h jeÿKq úg l%Svlhdf.a w;a, u; n,hla cks; fkdjk w;r
tu.ska w;a, u; ±fkk —fõokdj˜ wju fõ'
i. x > xs ii. x < xs
jk úg l%Svlhdf.a w;a, u; ±fkk n,fha ÈYdj B;,hla we£u u.ska Tnf.a
ms<s;=re m;%fha i,l=Kq lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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12. fmdf<dj hg wdlrhl isrù isák mqoa.,hl= fírd.ekSu i|yd rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ
isria k<hla ;=< ksoyfia .uka l< yels lemaiq,hla Ndú; l< yel' tl fl<jrla wrh
R jQ lmamshlg iúlr lmamsh jgd t;+ lïìhla lemaiq,h t,a,Su i|yd Ndú; lr we;'
lïìfha ialkaOh iy lmamsh w;r >¾IK n,h fkdi,ld yeßh yels nj Wml,amkh
lrkak' lmamshg ;sria welai,hla jgd ksoyfia N%uKh úh yel' my; i|yka m%Yak i|yd
ms<s;=rej, wvx.= úh hq;af;a § we;s wod< ixfla;j,ska y÷kajd we;s rdYs u.ska muKs'
(g = .=re;ajdl¾IK ;ajrKh&
a. fuu fldgi i|yd lmamsfhys ialkaOh iy lmamsfha N%uK p,s;hg úreoaOj >¾IK
n,h fkdi,ld yeßh yels nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
i) uq¿ ialkaOh M jQ lemaiq,h ksYap,;djfhka uqod yeßfha kï Yla;s ixiaÓ;s
kshuh Ndú;fhka th h .eUqrla my<g .uka l< miq lemaiq,fha fõ.h
i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
ii) lemaiq,h h .eUqrla my<g .uka l< miq lmamsfha fldaKsl fõ.h fidhkak'
b. lmamsfha ialkaOh m fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyels kï iy N%uK wlaIh jgd lmamsfha

1
wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh mR2 kï >¾IK n, fkdi,ld a. (i) iy a. (ii) fldgiaj,g kej; ms<s;=re imhkak'
2
c. m%dfhda.sl wjia:d hgf;a m ialkaOh iy N%uK p,s;hg úreoaO >¾IKh fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyel' >¾IKh
u.ska lmamsfhys N%uK p,s;hg úreoaOj ksh; (f ) >¾IK jHdj¾;hla we;s lrkafka hehs Wml,amkh
lrkak'
i) lmamsh f¾ähk 0 fldaKhlska N%uKh jQ miq >¾IK jHdj¾;hg (f ) úreoaOj lrk ,o ld¾hh
fldmuKo @
ii) fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a (a) (i) iy (a) (ii) fldgiaj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
iii) h0 .eUqrla my<g .uka lsÍfuka miqj lemaiq,h k<fha m;=<g <Õd ù kj;S' tkuq;a lmamsh >¾IKh
jHdj¾;hg úreoaOj N%uKh fjñka mj;S' lemaiq,h kej;=k miq ;jÿrg;a lmamsh fldmuK jg
.Kkla (n) N%uKh jkafka±Zhs Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh Ndú;fhka fidhkak'
d. lemaiq,h k<fha m;=f<a we;súg ialkaOh m0 jQ mqoa.,fhla th ;=<g we;=¿ fõ' lemaiq,h by<g tifjñka
mj;sk úg lmamsh ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hlska N%uKh ùug kï lmamsh u; fhÈh hq;= ndysr jHdj¾;h (e)
fidhkak' fï i|yd (c) fldgfia § we;s ;;a;ajhka Wml,amkh lrkak'
ms<;
s =re
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13. fuu m%Yakfha§ Tn (1) rEmfha fmkajd we;s frdfnda w;l uQ,sl ixp,k
lsysmhla wkafõYKh lrkq we;'
frdfnda wf;a A iy B fldgiaj,g 1 iy 2 ikaê jgd foÈYdjgu ;ssria ;,j,

N%uKh ùfï yelshdj we;' C fldgi 3 ikaêh yryd by< my< .uka lsÍfï
yelshdj we;' ikaê ;=ku l%shd lrjkafka úÿ,s fudagr u.sks'
tl jrlg bvfokq ,nkafka tla ikaêhla jgd fyda yryd p,s;hla

muKla nj;a" lsisu ikaêhl >¾IKh fkdue;s nj;a Wml,amkh lrkak'
(a) m<uqj" C fldgfia" by< ÈYdjg jk p,s;hla i,lkak' (2) rEmfha we;s m%fõ. (v) ld, (t) m%ia;drfhka fuu
p,s;h úia;r fõ' C fldgfia ialkaOh 0.1 kg fõ'
i. m<uq ;;amr 2 ;=<§ C fldgfia ;ajrKh

.Kkh lrkak'
ii. C u; l%shdlrk n, jkafka tys nr iy C ys p,s;h
i|yd fudagrh u.ska fhdok n,hhs' m<uq ;;amr 2 ;=<§
fudagrh u.ska fhdok ,o n,h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. wjidk ;;amr 2 ;=<§ fudagrh u.ska C u; fhdok
,o n,fha úYd,;ajh iy ÈYdj l=ulao @
iv. fudagrh u.ska C u; fhÈh yels Wmßu n,fha úYd,;ajh
1.2 N hehs is;kak' C fldgi ksYp
a ,;djfhka mgkaf.k
0.5 s ;siafia fuu Wmßu n,h hgf;a by<g .uka l<fyd;a th fldmuK ÿrla .uka lrhso @
(b) ó<Õg" B fldgfia (C fldgi o iuÕ& 2 ikaêh jgd

isÿjk N%uKhla i,lkak'
(3) rEmfha fldaKsl m%fõ. () - ld, (t) m%ia;drfhka tu
N%uKh fmkajhs' fuu N%uK p,s;h ;=<§ A fldgi
fkdfi,afjk f,i ;nd we;ehs Wml,amkh lrkak' B iy C
fldgiaj,ska hq;a ixhqla; moaO;sfha 2 ikaêfha wlaIh jgd
wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh 0.01 kg m2 fõ'
i. by; (3) jk rEmfha fmkajd we;s m<uq 4 s ;=<§ B u; fudagrh uÕska fhdok ,o jHdj¾;h .Kkh
lrkak'
ii. by; (3) jk rEmfha fmkajd we;s 8 s ld,h ;=<§ B ys fldaKsl úia:dmkh .Kkh lrkak'
iii. fudagrh u.ska fhÈh yels Wmßu jHdj¾;fha úYd,;ajh 0.002 N m fõ kï ksYap,;djfha isg mgkaf.k"
f¾ähka 3.2 l fldaKsl úia:dmkhlska miq kej; ksYap,;djg m;a ùug B g .;jk wju ld,h
fldmuKo @
(c) ±ka A fldgig 1 ikaêh jgd ksoyfia N%uKh ùug bv ie,iqjfyd;a" B ksYap,;djfhka mgkaf.k 2 ikaêh
jgd olaIsKdj¾;j N%uKh jk úg A N%uKh jkafka l=uk ÈYdjlgo @ Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;= fokak'

ms<s;r
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14. .=jka hdkhla .=jka.; lsÍug wjYH jk th u; isria ÈYdjg l%shd lrk tijqï n,h (lift) n, folla u.ska ,nd fohs'
tla n,hla nZkQ,S wdprKh ksid we;s jk w;r wfkl jdhq wKq .=jka hdkfha ;gq u; .eàu ksid we;s fõ' .=jka
hdkhla .=jka.; lsÍu i|yd Odjk m:h Tiafia .uka lrk úg .=jka hdkfha ;gqjl ÈYdk;sh iy tys yrialv fmkqu
(1) rEmfha olajd we;' fuys§ ;gqfõ my< mDIaGh ;sria ÈYdj iu.  fldaKhla idohs'
(a) fmdf<djg idfmalaIj jdhq wKq ksi,j mj;sk nj Wml,amkh lr lsishï wjia:djl§ .=jka hdkfha fõ.h
(ms1) f,i .kak' tla tla jdhq wKqjg m tlu ialkaOhla we;s njo Wml,amkh lrkak' tla jdhq wKqjla
;gqj iu. isÿ lrk mßmQ¾K m%;Hdia: ix>Ügkhla i,lkak' [(1) rEmh n,kak'] .=jka hdkhg idfmaCIj jdhq
wKqfõ fõ.h rEmfha fmkajd we;'
i. ;gqfõ my< mDIaGhg ,ïnl ÈYdj Tiafia jdhq wKqfõ .uH;d fjki i|yd m%ldYkhla m,  iy 
weiqfrka ,shkak'
ii. ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=<§ ;gqfõ .efgk jdhq wKq ixLHdj N kï by; (a) (i) m%;sM,h Ndú;fhka wKq
ix>Ügk ksid ;gqj u; ckkh jk isria n,h i|yd m%ldYkhla m, ,  iy N weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
(b) .=jka hdkh .uka lrk úg" tys ;gqjla A iM, yrialv j¾.M,hla msi oukq ,nk w;r [(2) rEmh] tuksid
;;amr tll ld, wka;rhla ;=<§ A mßudjl we;s jdhq wKq ;gqfõ .efÜ' jd;fha >k;ajh d f,i i,lkak'
i. ;;amr tlla ;=<§ ;gqfõ .efgk jdhq wKqj, uq¿ ialkaOh A,  iy d weiqfrka ,shd olajkak'
ii. tkhska A, , d iy m weiqfrka N m%ldY lrkak'
iii. ;gq folu u; ix>Ügkh jk jdhq wKq ksid ckkh jk uq¿ isria n,h (Fc f,i .ksuq& i|yd m%ldYkhla
A, , diy  weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
iv.  = 100, A = 25 m2 iy d = 1.2 kg m3 kï Fc ys w.h  u.ska ,nd .kak'
( = 100 i|yd sin  = 0.2 iy cos  = 1 f,i .kak'&
(c) i. ;gqfõ yevh ksid .=jka hdkhg idfmalaIj ;gqjg hka;ï Wäka iy ;gqjg hka;ï my<ska jdhq
7 5
m%jdyhkaf.a idudkH fõ. ms<sfj,ska iy jk nj Wml,amkh lrkak' ;gqjg hka;ï Wäka
6 6
we;s mSvkh P1 o ;gqjg hka;ï my<ska we;s mSvkh P2 o f,i f.k [(3) rEmh] nZkQ,S wdprKh ksid
2
;gqfõ fomi mSvk wka;rh (P2 P1) = 2 f,i ,súh yels nj fmkajkak'
5
ii. tla ;gqjl iM, mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 120 m2 kï by; mSvk wka;rh ksid ;gq folu u; we;s jk uq¿
isria n,h (Fb f,i .ksuq&  weiqfrka fidhkak' (cos 100 = 1 f,i Wml,amkh lrkak'&
(d) .=jka hdkfha ialkaOh 4.32 × 104 kg kï .=jka hdkh .=jka.; ùug wjYH wju fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
(e) Odjk m:h u; § .=jka hdkhg ,nd.; yels Wmßu ;ajrKh 0.9 ms2 ls' .=jka hdkh taldldÍ f,i ;ajrKh
jk nj Wml,amkh lr .=jka hdkh .=jka.; lsÍu i|yd ;sìh hq;= .=jka m:fha wju È. .Kkh lrkak'
(f) .=jka kshuqfjda" yels iEu úgu" iq<x yuk ÈYdjg úreoaO ÈYdjg ;ajrKh lsÍu u.ska .=jka hdkd .=jka.; lr;s'
fuhg fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

ms<s;r
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15.

ms<s;r
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16. a. yriavl j¾.M,h A jQ isria me;,s ;yvqjla rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ksYap, jd;h
;=<  ksh; fõ.fhka .uka lrhs' ;yvqj iy jd; wKq w;r idfmalaI p,s;h i,lkak'
fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a" jd; wKq ;yvqfõ mDIaGh yd ,ïnlj .efgk nj iy .eàfuka miq
;yvqjg idfmalaIj tu fõ.fhkau m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg fmd,d mksk nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
i. m hkq jd; wKqjl ialkaOh kï" wKqfõ .uH;djfha fjkiaùu i|yd m%ldYkhla
,shkak'
ii. tall ld,hl§ ;yvqj iu. .efgk jd; wKq ixLHdj i,lñka fyda fjk;a l%uhlska" ;yvqj u; jd;h
u.ska we;s lrk ,nk F n,fhys úYd,;ajh F = 2Ad2 u.ska Èh yels nj fmkajkak' fuys d hkq
jd;fha >k;ajhhs' fuu n,h frdaOl n,h f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
b. ;r,hla ;=<ska .uka lrk jia;=jla u; frdaOl n,h (FD) jia;=fõ yevh u; r|d mj;S' FD i|yd jvd ksrjoH
m%ldYkhla" FD = KAd2 f,i Èh yels w;r fuys K jia;=fõ yevh u; r|d mj;sk ksh;hls' r:jdykj, ndysr
yevh ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ frdaOl n,h jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'
iu;, ud¾.hl  ksh; fõ.hlska ksYap, jd;fha .uka lrk fudag¾ r:hla i,lkak' d = 1.3 kg m3 iy
fudag¾ r:h i|yd K = 0.20 yd A = 2.0 m2 f,i .kak'
i. FD frdaOl n,h uev meje;aùug wjYH cjh (P) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
ii. fudag¾ r:h 90 km h1 (=25 ms1) fõ.fhka .uka lrk úg P cjh .Kkh lrkak'
iii. fudag¾ r:h u; l%shd lrk wfkl=;a ndysr >¾IK n, uev meje;aùug wjYH cjh ksh; jk w;r th
6 kW kï" 90 km h1 l ksh; fõ.hla mj;ajd .ekSug fudag¾ r:fha t<jqï frdao u.ska iemhsh hq;= uq¿
cjh fldmuKo @
iv. fudag¾ r:fha fõ.h 90 km h1 isg 126 km h1 (=35 ms1) olajd jeä lf<a kï" fudag¾ r:fha fõ.h tu
w.fhys mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH wu;r cjh .Kkh lrkak'
v. fudag¾ r:h 90 km h1 ksh; fõ.hlska 30 l wdk;shla iys; ud¾.hla Tiafia k.shs kï" t<jqï frdao
u.ska iemhsh hq;= wu;r cjh .Kkh lrkak' fudag¾ r:fha ialkaOh 1 200 kg f,i i,lkak'
(Sin 30 = 0.05 f,i .kak'&
c. by; (b) (iii) ys úia;r lr we;s mßÈ iu;, ud¾.hl .uka lrk fudag¾ r:hla i,lkak' fmÜr,a ,Sgrhla
oykh lsÍfuka msglrk Yla;sh 4 × 10 J njo fuu Yla;sfhka 15% la muKla frdao lrleùug Ndú; lrk njo
i,lkak' my; ;;a;ajhka hgf;a fuu fudag¾ r:fha bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj ,Sgrhg lsf,daógrj,ska .Kkh
lrkak'
i. th ksYap, jd;fha .uka lrk úg
ii. th 36 km h1 (=10 ms1) ksh; fõ.fhka yuk iq<Õlg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg .uka lrk úg
ms<s;r
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17. a. (1) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ ialkaOh fkdi,ld yeßh yels jQ o wrh r jq
o ;sria j<,a,l .eÜgg ialkaOh m1 jQ wxY=jla iú lr we;' POQ hkq
j<,af,a O flakaøh yryd hk isria wlaIhls'
i. POQ isria wlaIh jgd wxY=fjys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh I1 i|yd
m%ldYkhla m1 iy r mo u.ska ,shkak'
ii. ialkaOh m2 jk ;j;a wxY=jla m1 msysgk úIalïNfha m1 g
m%;súreoaO ,laIHhl § j<,af,a .eÜgg iú lr" moaO;sh POQ
wlaIh jgd  ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hlska N%uKh lrkq ,efí' I2 hkq POQ wlaIh jgd m2 ialkaOfha
(1)' rEmh
wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh kï" moaO;sfha iïmQ¾K N%uK pd,l Yla;sh (E) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak
iii. Io u.ska olajkafka POQ wlaIh jgd by; (a) (ii) ys" § we;s moaO;sfha uq¿ wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh kï" (a) (ii)
ys ,nd .;a m%ldYkh Ndú; lr Io = I1 + l2 nj fmkajkak'
b. by; m1 yd m2 wxY= fjkqjg ±ka tl tflys ialkaOh m jq i¾jiu wxY= 10la

iudk mr;r we;sj j<,af,ys .eÜgg iú lr we;' POQ isria wlaIh jgd
tla wxY=jl wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh I kï tu wlaIh jgd moaO;sfhys uq¿ wjiaÓ;s
>Q¾Kh (I T) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
c. ±ka (2) rEmfhys olajd we;s mßÈ by; (b) ys úia;r lrk ,o j<,a, POQ
isria wlaIh iuÕ iïmd; jk fkd.sKsh yels wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Khla iys;
welai,hlg" ialkaOh fkd.sKsh yels iuñ;sl f,i iú lrk ,o iafmdala lïì u.ska iú lrkq ,efí' bkamiq
moaO;sh ld,h t = 0 § ksYp
a ,;djfhka mgka f.k POQ wlaIh jgd ;sria ;,hl  ksh; fldaKsl ;ajrKhlska
N%uKh ù  ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hlg <.d fõ'
i. (1) moaO;shg  ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hg <.d ùu i|yd .; jk ld,h t i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
(2) moaO;sh ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hg <Õd jk úg" th fldmuK mßN%uK ixLHdjla isÿ lr ;sfí o@
ii.  ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hlska POQ isria wlaIh jgd N%uKh jk úg tla wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk (F)
flakaø wNsidÍ n,h i|yd m%ldYhla ,shkak'
d. (3) rEmfhys olajd we;s" ksYap,;dfõ mj;sk fußf.da rjqug by; (c) ys úia;r
lrk ,o moaO;sfhys jHqyhg iudk jHqyhla we;' tkuqÿ iú lr we;s m ialkaO
fjkqjg fuu moaO;sfha we;af;a fkdi,ld yeßh yels ialkaOhla iys;
oïje,aj,ska t,a,d we;s mÈkakka iys; wdik 10 ls' mÈkak iy wdik rys;j
POQ wlaIh jgd fußf.da rjqfuys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh 32 000 kg m2 fõ' fußf.da
rjqu tys ishü wdik" mÈkakkaf.ka msß we;s úg th ñks;a;=jg mßN%uK 12 l (3) rEmh
ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hlska POQ wlaIh jgd N%uKh jk wjia:djla i,lkak'
fußf.da rjqu N%uKh jk úg oïje,a ish,a, u isrig wdk;j  fldaKhla idok w;r" (4) rEmh u.ska tla
mÈkakl=g wod<j tu wjia:dj fmkajd we;' wod< .Kkhka ys §  = 3 f,i .kak'
i. tla tlaa mÈkakdf.a ialkaOh 70 kg o tla tla wdikakfha ialkaOh 20 kg o
fõ kï" POQ wlaIh jgd moaO;sfhys uq¿ wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh .Kkh lrkak'
mÈkakl=f.ka iukaú; wdikhl wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh .Kkh lsÍfï §
mqoa.,hdf.a iy Tyqf.a wdikfhys iïmQ¾K ialkaOh POQ wlaIfhys isg
10 m ;sria ÿrlska idkaø ù we;s nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
ii.  ys w.h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. uq¿ moaO;sfhys N%uK pd,l Yla;sh l=ulao @

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18. zcïndrhlaZ hkq f.dvke.s,s iy fjk;a jHqyhkaf.a w;a;sjdrï i|yd geï f,i
y÷kajk lKq fmdf<dj ;=<g .s,aùug fhdod .kakd wêl Ndrhls' (1) rEmfha
fmkajd we;s mßos" flan,hla u.ska cïndrh by<g Tijd w;yeßh úg th
.=re;ajh hgf;a ksoyfia jeà lKqfõ uqÿfka .efÜ' lKqj fhda.H .eUqrla fmdf<dj cïndrh
;=<g ;,a¨ jk f;la fuu l%shdj,sh kej; kej; isÿ flf¾'
h
a. ialkaOh M = 800 kg jq cïndrhla by<g Tijd bka miq ialkaOh
m = 2400 kg jQ is,skavrdldr isria lKqjla u;g h = 5 m Wil isg lKqj
ksYap,;djfhka jefgk wjia:djla i,lkak'
i. cïndrh jefgñka mj;sk úg isÿ jk Yla;s mßj¾;kh i|yka
lrkak'
ii. .egqug fudfyd;lg fmr cïndrfha fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. .egqug fudfyd;lg fmr cïndrfha .uH;djfha úYd,;ajh
.Kkh lrkak'
(1) rEmh
b. lKqfõ uqÿk iu. .eàfuka miq cïndrh fmd<d fkdmksk w;r ta fjkqjg th ;jÿrg;a lKqj iu. iam¾Yj
lKqj fmdf<dj ;=<g isria j t<fõ hehs Wml,amkh lrkak' .egqu isÿ ù fudfyd;lg miq moaO;sfha .uH;dj
muKla ixiaÓ;sl fõ hehs o Wml,amkh lrkak' my; i|yka oE .Kkh lrkak'
i. .egqfuka fudfyd;lg miq cïndrh iu. lKqfõ fõ.h
ii. .egqfuka fudfyd;lg miq cïndrh iu. lKqfõ pd,l Yla;sh
iii. tla tla .egqfï oS (b) ii. ys .Kkh lrk ,o Yla;sfhka 40 % la lKqj fmdf<dj ;=<g heùu i|yd
m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú; lrhs' lsishï tla .egqulg miq lKqj 0.2 m la fmdf<dj ;=<g .uka lrhs kï"
lKqj u; l%shd lrk m%;sfrdaO n,fhys idudkHh .Kkh lrkak'
F
c. (2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg Wi 10 m iy wrh 0.3 m jQ taldldr
is,skavrdldr ,S lKqjla iïmQ¾Kfhka u je,s mila ;=<g ;,a¨ lr we;s
wjia:djla i,lkak' lKqj (2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s wjia:dfõ ;nd
.ekSfï oS thg oeßh yels Wmßu Ndrh F , 10 m As fs
F = As fs + Ab fb – W f,i ,súh yels h' fuys W hkq lKqfõ nr o As W

hkq mi iu. iam¾Y ù we;s lKqfõ jl% mDIaGfha j¾.M,h o fs hkq
lKqfõ jl% mDIaGfha tall j¾.M,hlg we;s m%;sfrdaO n,fhys idudkHh
Ab fb
o Ab hkq lKqfõ mdofï yrialv j¾.M,h o fb hkq fmdf<dfjka
(2) rEmh
lKqfõ mdofuys tall j¾.M,hla u; we;s lrk m%;sfrdaO n,fhys
idudkHh o fõ'
fs = 5 × 104 N m–2 , fb = 2 × 106 N m–2 , iy ,Sj, >k;ajh 8 × 102 kg m–3 o

kï" lKqj i|yd F ys w.h .Kkh lrkak'  ys w.h 3 f,i .kak'
(3) rEmh
d. tl tlla (c) ys Ndú; l< lKqjg iudk tfy;a (c) ys Ndú; l, lKqfõ wrfhka w¾Ohlg iudk wrh we;s
lKq y;rl moaO;shla je,s mila ;=<g iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;,a¨ lr we;' fuh by,ska ne¨ úg fmfkk wdldrh
(3) rEmfha fmkajd we;'
i. by; (c) ys oS we;s mßos F g As fs , Ab fb iy W jYfhka ixrpl ;=kla we;' fuu lKq y;f¾ moaO;sh"
boslsÍulg fhdod .;a úg" by; (c) ys wjia:dj iu. ieioSfï oS lKq y;f¾ moaO;sh i|yd F ys l=uk
ixrjlh tys w.h jeä lsÍug odhl;ajh olajhs o @
ii. lKq y;f¾ moaO;sh i|yd F ys w.h .Kkh lrkak'

ms<s;r
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1
19. (a) ;r, m%jdyhla iòyd nZkQ,s iólrKh p + dv2 + hdg = ksh;hla" hkafkka ,súh yels w;r fuys ishü
2
1
ixfla;j,g iqmqreÿ f;areu we;' dv2 mohg" tall mßudjl Yla;sfha tallh we;s nj fmkajkak'
2
(b) f,dj we;s Wiia jdßud¾. moaO;sj,ska tlla Y%S ,xldfõ mj;S' f.dùkag yd .eñhkag c,h imhk tjeks jdßud¾.
moaO;shla ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ m%Odk wx. ;=klska iukaú; h'
wx.h 1 ( jej fyda c,dYh iy jeõ neïu'
wx.h 2 ( jdhqf.da,hg ksrdjrKh ù we;s jefõ ms g ;g c,h
isg msg;g c,h f.k hk we< f.k hk we<
jej
ud¾.h
ud¾.h'
wx.h 3 ( ìfidafldgqj" ì;a;s l¿.,a fyda
.fvd,ska idod we;s iDcqfldaKdi%dldr
geUl yeve;s isria l=àrh
^ ^1& rEmh n,kak' & jefjka c,h msg
lsÍug wjYH jQ úg" c,h m<uqj ìfidafldgqjg we;=¿ ùug bvyßk w;r th ;=< § c, m%jdyfha fõ.h
úYd, f,i wvq fõ' ìfidafldgqj ;=< § tlajru c, m%jdyfha yrialv j¾.M,h jeäùu fufia wvqùug
tla fya;=jls' Bg wu;rj" c,h ìfidafldgqfõ .,a ì;a;s iu. .eàu ksid c, m%jdyfha Yla;sfhka
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla o ìfidafldgqj ;=< § ydks fõ'
Tfí .Kkh lsÍï iòyd" rEmj, fmkajd we;s ;s;a bß ud¾. Èf.a wkjr; yd wkdl+, m%jdy ;;a;ajhka fhÈh yels nj
o jej ;=< c, uÜgfï Wi fkdfjkiaj mj;sk nj o Wml,amkh lrkak'
(2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ 1 yd 2 wx.j,ska muKla

iukaú; jdßud¾. moaO;shla i,lkak'
(i) jej ;=< c, uÜgfï Wi h kï" Q ,laIHfha § msgjk
c,fha fõ.h v1 iòyd m%ldYkhla" h iy g
weiqfrka jHq;amkak lrkak'
(ii) h = 12'8 m kï" v1 ys w.h .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) Q ,laIHfha § c,h u.ska f.k hk tall mßudjl
pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak' c,fha >k;ajh
1000 kg m-3 fõ'
(c) msgjk c,fha úkdYldÍ n,h md,kh lsÍug" ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ" mqrd;k bxðfkarejreka úiska" 3 jk
wx.h jk ìfidafldgqj jejg tla lrk ,È'
(i) ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ jefõ isg ìfidafldgqjg Wu.la yryd c,h we;=¿ fõ' Wu. l%ufhka isyska
jk w;r" we;afodr iy ìysfodfrys § Wuf.a yrialv j¾.M,hka ms<sfj<ska A iy 0'6A nj Wml,amkh
lrkak' Wu. ;=< B ,laIHfha § c, m%jdyfha fõ.h vB .Kkh lrkak' Wuf.a E we;afodf¾ § c,
m%jdyfha fõ.h 12 m s-1 f,i .kak'
(ii) Wu. ;=< B ,laIHfha § c, m%jdyfha mSvkh PB .Kkh lrkak' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 1 × 105 N m -2 fõ'
(iii) c, m%jdyfha mSvkh iy fõ.h ms<sfj<ska PB j,ska 75 % iy vB j,ska 65 % la jk w.hkaj, we;s"
msg;g c,h f.k hk we< ud¾.h ;=< jQ" C kï ,laIHh i,lkak'
(1) C ,laIHfha § c, m%jdyfha mSvkh PC ys w.h ,shkak'
(2) C ,laIHfha § c, m%jdyfha fõ.h vC ys w.h ,shkak'
(iv) ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s D ,laIHfha §" msgjk c,fha fõ.h v2 .Kkh lrkak'
(v) by; ^b& (iii) ys .Kkh l< w.hg idfmalaIj ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s D ,laIHfha § c,h u.ska f.k
hk tall mßudjl pd,l Yla;s ydksfha m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
(vi) jdßud¾. moaO;shg ìfidafldgqj tla lsÍfuka" msg;g hk c, m%jdyfha úkdYldÍ n,h md,kh lsÍug
wd§ bxðfkarejkag yels jQfha flfia ±hs ieflúka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ms<s;r
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20. (a) úÿ,s ckl hka;%j, m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h" pqïnl O%ej .Kk P iy cklfha ñks;a;=jg isÿ jk
mßN%uK .Kk N u; rod mj;S'
P×N
f = u`.ska ixLHd;h f, Hz j,ska fokq ,efí'
120
pqïnl O%ej follska iukaú; iqjy úÿ,s cklhla ( Portable generator ) idudkHfhka ñks;a;=jg mßN%uK
(rpm) 3000 lska l%shd lrhs' my; oE fidhkak'
(i) cklfha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h
(ii) cklfha N%uK fõ.h ;;amrhg f¾ähk (rad s-1) j,ska ( = 3 f,i .kak)
(b) YsIHfhla by; (a) ys iòyka l< iqjy úÿ,s cklfha tkaÔu c, m%jdyhla u`.ska N%uKh l< yels ;,nurhlska
(turbine ) m%;sia:dmkh lr c,úÿ,s n,d.drhl wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lr we;' ksh; c, m%jdyhl § mjd m%;sodk
fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h úÿ,s mßfNdackh iu`. úp,kh jk nj" Tyq úiska ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' m%;sodk
ixLHd;fha úp,kh md,kh lsÍug" ;,nurhg ,nd fok c, m%jdyh iSreudre lsÍu iòyd" Tyq úiska md,k
Wml%uhla ( device ) ks¾udKh lrk ,§' wjlr lmdghlg iïnkaê; md,k Wml%ufha l%udkqrEm igykla (1)
rEmfha ±lafõ'
isriaj p,s;
úh yels ú,a, új¾; ,laIHh
^ ksoyfia N%uKh úh yel &
ÿkak
ndyq cj fnda,h
wp, ÿkq
l,ïmh
wp, my<
;,nurhg wE`ÿ l,ïmh
N%uK welai,h
wjlr lmdgh
c, m%jdyh
m%jdy k<h
(1) rEmh
fuu Wml%ufha ish¨ u ikaê >¾IKh rys;j ksoyiaj p,kh jk nj Wml,amkh lrkak' N%uKfha § cj
fnda, ;sriaj p,s; jk w;r tu.ska ú,a, by<g iy my<g N%uK welai,h Èf.a p,s; ùug i,iajhs' fuu
Wml%uh N%uK welai,h jgd iuñ;sl fõ' ;,nurfha N%uK fõ.h u`.ska wjlr lmdgh (throttle valve ) újD;
lsÍu iy ixjD; lsÍu iajhxl%Shj md,kh lrkq ,efí' cj fnda, yer Wml%ufha wfkla ishü fldgia ialkaO
rys; hehs Wml,amkh l< yel'
(i) cj fnda,hlg iïnkaê; tla tla ndyqj wd;;shlg hg;a hehs Wml,amkh lrñka cj fnda,hla iòyd
ksoyia n, igyk w`Èkak' cj fnda,hl ialkaOh m f,i i,lkak'
(ii) N%uK welai,h jgd tla tla cj fnda,fha fldaKsl m%fõ.h  (rad s-1) kï" by< iy my< ndyqj,
wd;;Ska ms<sfj<ska
ml
2 (
2 +
g
h ) iy
ml
2 ( )
2 –
g
h
u.ska fokq ,nk nj fmkajkak'
fuys l hkq tla tla ndyqfõ È. jk w;r h hkq my< l,ïmfha isg tla tla cj fnda,hlg we;s Wi fõ'
g
(iii) m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg h ys w.h 30 cm la fõ' wd;;sh iòyd mofhys
h
odhl;ajh fkdi,ld yeßh yels nj fmkajkak'

(iv) m = 1 kg iy l = 50 cm kï" by< ndyqjl wd;;sh .Kkh lrkak'
(v) m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg ÿkafkys ixfldapkh 20 cm ls' ÿkafkys ÿkq ksh;h
ks¾ Kh lrkak'
m%jdy k<h
(c) m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg m%jdyh
50% lska wjysr lrk mßÈ wjlr lmdgh ilid we;' wjlr
tkï" lmdgh (2) rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ m%jdy k<fha lmdgh 450
wlaIh iu. 450 l fldaKhla idohs' wjlr lmdgfha
ixjD; ùu th k<fha wlaIh iu`. idok fldaKhg
iudkqmd;sl jk nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h úÿ,s mßfNdackh u; (2) rEmh
ròd mj;S' mßfNdackh jeä jk úg m%;sodk ixLHd;h wvq
jk w;r tys m%;sf,dauh o isÿ fõ'
(i) ie,iqug wkqj m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;
25 Hz jk úg" wjlr lmdgh iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; fõ' 25 Hz g jvd wvq ixLHd; iòyd mjd lmdgh
iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD;j mj;S' wjlr lmdgh iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; jk wjia:dfõ § my; oE ks¾Kh
g
lrkak' ( mofha odhl;ajh fkdi,ld yßkak')
h
1. by< ndyqjl wd;;sh
2. ÿkafka ixfldapkh
(ii) m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h jeä jk úg m%jdy Ys>%;dj wvq lsÍug wjlr lmdgh wkql%ufhka
ixjD; fõ' m%jdyh 75 % lska wjysr ùug kï" m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha ixLHd;h l=ula úh hq;=o@
ms<s;r
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21. (a) ialkaOh M jQ taldldr l=Üáhla wdrïNfha oS r`M ;sria ;,hla u; ksYap,j we;' miqj Y=kHfha isg
l%ufhka jeälrkq ,nk ;sria n,hla (P) l=Üáh u; fhdokq ,efí' >¾IK n,h F f,i i,lkak'
i. by; wjia:dj iòyd l=Üáfha ksoyia - jia;= rEm igykla weò ishü n, kï lrkak'
ii. wdrïNl wjia:dfõ isg l=Üáh ;ajrKfhka .uka .kakd wjia:dj f;la P g tosßj F
m%ia;drfha o< igykla wòskak' iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h (FL) yd .;sl >¾IK n,h (FD) tu
m%ia;drfha ,l=Kq lrkak'
iii. iSudldÍ >¾IK ix.=Klh L iy .;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh D iòyd m%ldYk ,shkak'
(b) fmr - frdao t<ejqï (front - wheel drive) fudag¾ r:j,

tkaÔu welai, u.ska fmr - frdao folg iïnkaO lr
Odjkh lrjhs' iDcq ;sria r`M ;dr mdrl Odjkh jk"
rEmfha fmkajd we;s fmr - frdao t<ejqï fudag¾ r:hla
i,lkak' ghr iy ;dr mdr w;r >¾IK ix.=Kl
ms<sfj<ska L = 0.8 yd D = 0.5 fõ' fjkia wdldrhlska
iòyka lr fkdue;s kï muKla my; .eg¨ úiòSfï oS Odjkh jk fudag¾ r:h u; we;sjk
iSudldÍ fyda .;sl >¾IK n, muKla i,lkak'
i. fudag¾ r:h ;sria iDcq r`M ud¾.hl ;ajrKfhka .uka .kakd wjia:dj rEmfha fmkajd we;'
A iy B frdao Tnf.a ms<s;=re m;%fha msgm;a lr >¾IKh ksid bosßmi frdaohla (A) u; n,h
FA f,i o" miqmi frdaohla (B) u; n,h FB f,i o ,l=Kq lrkak' tfiau ;ajrKh jk úg
FA yd FB úYd,;aj iiòkak'
ii. ßhÿre iu`. fmr - frdao t<ejqï fudag¾ r:fha ialkaOh 1200 kg o" tys nr frdao y;r u;
iudkj fnfok nj o i,lkak' fuysoS l%shd;aul jk >¾IK ix.=Klh ksjrosj y`ÿkd f.k
;sria iDcq mdf¾ oS fudag¾ r:fha Wmßu wdrïNl t<ejqï n,h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. fudag¾ r:h ;sria iDcq mdf¾ 72 km h–1 taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka .kakd úg p,s;hg tfrys
uq`M m%;sfrdaë n,h 520 N fõ' tu m%fõ.fhaoS fudag¾ r:fha cjh ^laIu;dj& fidhkak'
iv. miqj fudag¾ r:h ;srig 120 jQ wdk; ke.aula iys; ud¾.hl by; (b) (iii) ys cjfhkau
by<g .uka lrhs' fuysos p,s;hg tfrys uq`M m%;sfrdaë n,h 200 N kï r:h by<g .uka
lrk Wmßu m%fõ.h fidhkak' sin (120 ) = 0.2 f,i .kak'
v. (I) fudag¾ r:h kej; ;sria iDcq ud¾.fha 72 km h–1 l taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka lrk
úg 35 m la bosßfha we;s ndOlhla ßhÿre yosisfhau ÿgqfõh' Tyq laIKslj ;sßx.
mev,h mE.= úg" frdao y;r w.=`M jeà" ghr fmr<sulska f;drj ,siaik ,oS' fuysoS
l%shd;aul jk >¾IK ix.=Klh ksjerosj y`ÿkd f.k wod< fya;= iy .Kkh lsÍï
foñka" fudag¾ r:h ndOlfha .efÜo fkd.efÜo hkak iòyka lrkak' ;sßx. ;o
lsÍug fmr ßhÿref.a m%;sl%shd ld,h fkdi,ld yrskak'
(II) ;sßx. fhoSfï oS ghr ,siaiSu isÿjqjfyd;a fudag¾ r:h md,kfhka f;drj iDcq f¾Ldjl
jeä ÿrla p,kh ùu ksid wk;=re isÿúh yel' ghr ,siaiSu je<elaùug fudag¾ r:j,
m%;s - w.=`M ;sßx. moaO;shla ( Anti - lock Braking System - ABS) fhdokq ,efí' ghr
,siaiSu wdrïN jk úg tu`.ska iajhxl%Shj ;sßx. ksoyia lr ghr kej; fmr<sug bv
i,ihs' fuu l%shdj ;;a;amrhlg lsysmj;djla isÿjk w;r" tksid we;sjk iM,
>¾IK ix.=Klh" iSudldÍ >¾IK ix.=Klhg wdikak w.hla .kS' fudag¾ r:hg
ABS moaO;shla fhÿ úg iM, >¾IK ix.=Klh 0.75 la fõ' by; (b) (v) (I) ys
iòyka wjia:dj iòyd ABS moaO;sh fhÿ fudag¾ r:fha kj kej;=ï ÿr .Kkh
lrkak'
vi. miqj fudag¾ r:h jl%;d wrh 18 m jQ ;sria jD;a;dlr ud¾.hlg msúfihs' fuysoS o >¾IK
ix.=Kl by; (b) ys w.hka u fõ kï" fudag¾ r:h ,siaiSulska f;drj wdrlaIdldÍj Odjkh
l< yels Wmßu m%fõ.h fidhkak'

ms<s;r
= e
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22. cïndr moaO;shla ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;' A ,laIHfhka új¾;ks l< ialkaOh 2000 kg jQ jdfka ndyqj tys
udk iu. ^2& rEmfha fmkajd we;' jdfka ndyqfõ .=re;aj flakøa h G ys msysgd we;' ndyqfõ by< fl<jf¾ (B)
ialkaOh 200 kg jk lmamshla iúlr we;s w;r" th úÿ,s fudagrhlska lrleúh yel' flan,hla lmamh s jgd
T;d we;s w;r" tys ksoyia fl<jr ialkaOh 800 kg jk jdfka is,skavrhlg iïnkaO lr we;' flan,fha
ialkaOh fkdi,ld yßkak' AB iy AC È. ms<f s j<ska 10 m iy 2 m fõ' A ,laIHfha isg jdfka ndyqfõ
nfrys l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ;sria ÿr 2 m fõ' ndyqj ødj moaO;shla (hydraulic system) Ndú;fhka l%h
s d;aul fõ'
lmamh
s
jdfka ndyqj
ødj moaO;sh
jdfka is,skavrh
új¾;ks ,laIHh (A)
gEU
^1& rEmh ^2& rEmh
(a) ndyqj iy tys weuqKqï iu;=,s;j ;nd .ekSu iòyd ^2& rEmfha
fmkajd we;s mßÈ ødj moaO;sh Ndú;fhka C ,laIHfha§ F1 n,hla
fhÈh hq;=h' F1 ys ÈYdj AC È.g ,ïnl fõ' A ,laIHh jgd m%Odk
>Q¾K .ekSfuka fuu F1 n,fha w.h .Kkh lrkak' fuu fmdïmh
.Kkh lsÍu iòyd lmamf s ha úYd,;ajh fkdi,ld yßkak'
^3& rEmh
(b) by; (a) ys F1 n,h imhkq ,nkafka ^3& rEmfha fmkajd we;s
mßÈ ødj fmdïmhl we;s iïmSä; f;,a (compressed oil) u.sks'
m%Odk fmdïmfha we;s msiagkfha yrialv j¾.M,h 4 cm2 jk w;r C ,laIHfha we;s msiagkfha
yrialv j¾.M,h 60 cm2 fõ' F1 n,h ,nd .ekSu iòyd m%Odk fmdïmfha msiagkhg F2 n,hla
fhÈh hq;=h'
i. F2 n,h .Kkh lsÍu iòyd Ndú; l< hq;= uQ,O¾uh kï lrkak'
ii. F2 ys w.h fidhkak'
iii. ødj fmdïmfha iïmSä; f;,aj, mSvkh fldmuK o@

(c) lmamf
s ha wrh 10 cm fõ' ialkaOh M iy wrh r jk lmamh
s l tys N%uK wlaIh jgd I wjiaÒ;s >Q¾Kh"
1
I= 2 Mr2 u.ska ,nd Èh yel' flan,h ,siaid hdulska f;drj p,kh fõ'
i. ndyqj ^2& rEmfhys fmkajd we;s mßÈ tys Wmßu isria msysgqfï we;s úg lmamsh lrleùu u.ska jdfka
is,skavrh 0.5 m s2 ksh; f¾Çh ;ajrKhlska by<g /f.k hhs' is,skv a rh tiùu iòyd fudagrh
u.ska lmamh s g fhÈh hq;= jHdj¾;h .Kkh lrkak'
ii. is,skavrh hï Wila lrd by<g p,kh jQ miq fudagrh l%shdúrys; lrk w;r ál fõ,djlg miq
is,ks avrh fudfyd;lg k;r fõ' miqj lmamsh ksoyfia N%uKh jk w;r flan,hg iïnkaO lr
we;s is,ks avrh" geU (pile) u;g jeàug i,iajkq ,efí' is,ks v
a rh geUfha je§ug fmr is,k
s v
a rfha
45
.=re;aj flakaøh m Wil isg my<g jefÜ' geUfha je§ug fudfyd;lg fmr is,skavrfha
8
m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak' fuu .Kkh lsÍu iòyd N%uKhg tfrysj >¾IK jHdj¾; fkdi,ld
yßkak'
iii. .egqfuka miq lsisÿ fmd<d mekSulska f;drj is,skavrh iy geU ixhqla; jia;=jla f,i mi ;=<g
lsòd niS' fuh l=uk j¾.fha .egqula o@ pd,l Yla;s ydksh wkqidrfhka Tn fuu j¾.fha .egqula
y`ÿkd .kafka flfia o@
iv. .egqfuka fudfyd;lg miq is,skavrfha iy gefò m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak' gefò ialkaOh
480 kg ls'
v. tla myrlska geU lsòd nisk ÿr 20 cm la kï lsòd neiSug tfrysj mi u.ska we;s lrk m%;sfrdaOl
n,fha idudkH w.h .Kkh lrkak' [ ( 6.25)2 = 39 f,i .kak']
ms<s;r
= e
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Marking scheme 823
=
19500
2000 = 0.042 fyda 4.2 % ^fn§u i|yd ,l=Kq 1 hs'&
a. p,kh jk jd; l|l tall mßudjla i;= pd,l 2001

Yla;sh (E)
1 a. i. wjYH ;;a;aj
E = Pv2 – – – 01
2 wkdl+,$wkjr;$ fkdief,k
b. ld, tallhl§" A yrialv j¾.M,h yryd yuk wiïmSvH
iq<fÕa mßudj = Av – – – 01
ÿiai%dú fkdjk – – – 03
tuksid" iq<fÕa Yla;sh iq<x fuda, úiska ,nd .kakd
^wjYH;d ;=ku ksjerÈ kï ,l=Kq 03" ´kEu
1
iS>%;djh = Av × Pv2 folla ksjerÈ kï ,l=Kq 01&
2
1
= PAv3
2 ii. P ys udk
^ksjerÈ .=Kkh i|yd ,l=Kq 1 hs'& MLT –2
– – – 01 P=
c.  = 0 –^ fyda +t & L2
2 × 30 = ML–1T–2 – – – 01
0 = rad s–1
60 ^mßj¾;kh i|yd ,l=Kq 01 hs&
= rad s–1 v2 ys udk v 2 = ML –3(LT –1 ) 2
 = 0 ksid = ML –1 T –2 – – – 01
2 × 30
60 
 = rads–2 gh ys udk gh = ML –3 LT –2 L
2× 60 = 120
= ML –1 T –2 – – – 01
tuksid >¾IK jHdj¾;kh ()
 = I
b. i. A(B) iy C ,CIHj, mSvk P1 iy P2 f,i
104× 
= i,luq' P msiagkh ;,a¨ l< hq;= wju fõ.h V
120
iy C ,CIHfha§ jdhqfõ fõ.h V1 f,i .ksuq'
= 262 Nm (261–263) – – – 01
nZkq,S iólrKh weiqfrka
^ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd ,l=Kq 1 hs'&
d. îq<x fuda, ksh; fldaKsl m%fõ.hlska N%uKh jk 1 1
úg" iq<f.a Yla;sh Wlyd .kq ,nk iS>; % djh" >¾IK P1 + v2 = P2 + v2 – – – 02
1
2 2
jHdj¾;hg tfrysj flfrk ld¾hh iS>%;djhg
iudk fõ'& fuys hkq jd;fha >k;ajhhs'
tuksid" iq<x fuda, uÕska iq<fÕa Yla;sh Wlyd .kq
,nk iS>%;djh 1 1
{ ke;akï P1 + ×2v2 = P2 + ×2v21 }
=  – – – 01 2 2
= 262 ×  – – – 01
^fuu ,l=K fuys ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd fyda by; kuq;a P1 – P2 = h1g – – – 02
jryka ;=< we;s jdlHh i|yd fyda ysñfõ'&
= 823 W fuys 1 hkq øjfha >k;ajhhs'
(820 – 827) – – – 01 { ke;akï P1 – P2 = 90×10–3×103×10 }
e. iq<x fuda, u; Yla;sh m;kh jk iS>%;djh
1
= PAv3 ika;;;d iólrKh weiqfrka
2
602v =22v1
1
= × 1.3 × 30 × 103 2 2 2 2
2 60 2
= 19500 W
{fyda ( ) ()
2
v=
2
2
v1fyda 
( ) ()
60
2
v=
2
v1 }
^ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd ,l=Kq 1 hs'&
– – – 02
tuksid" iq<x fuda, ksoyfia lrlefjk
wjia:dfõ§" tys ld¾hlaIu;djh"  v1 = 302 v

m<uq iólrK foflka 1
2 2
ii. a.  s = ut + gt2 fh§fuka
v1–v = 900 – – – 01 2
304v2 – v2 = 900 1
7.2 = × 10t2
2
304 v2 yd ixikaokh lsÍfï§ v2 moh fkdi,ld t = 1.2 s – – – 01
yeßh yel' tuksid
900 b.  s = ut fh§fuka
v2 = 4 s = 5 × 1.2
30
1 s = 6m – – – 01
v = ms–1 [ fyda 3.3 cms–1] – – – 01
30
c.
ii. msiagkh taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka .kakd
neúka fhÈh hq;= n,h" iM, m%;sfrdaë n,hg
iudk úh hq;=h'
 wjYH n,h = 20 N – – – 01 – – – 01
^n,hka ,l=Kq lsÍug ixfla; fh§u wjYH ke;'

2002 Wvql=re f;rmqu fyda frdaOl n,h ,l=Kq lr
;snqKdg lula ke;'&
i. a.  v 2 = u2 + 2as fh§fuka
52 = 2a × 5 – – – 01
iii. v
–2
a = 2.5 ms – – – 01
b.  v = u + at fh§fuka
5 = 2.5t – – – 01 t – – – 01
t = 2s – – – 01
úl,am l%uh
iv. a.  v 2 = u2 + 2gs fh§fuka
2
(u + v) t v y
= 2 × 10 × 1.25
s = fh§fuka
2 vy = 5 ms–1
5 laIKsl m%fõ.h v = (52 + 52)
5 = t fyda 5 = 2.5t – – – 01
2 v = 5  2 ms–1 (7.0–7.1) ms–1 – – – 01
t = 2s – – – 01 5
tan  = =1
5
c. ^fõÈldfõ& fmdf<dj mdofha weÕs,s u.ska ^fyda
 = 45 0 – – – 01
mdofhka& ;,a¨ lsÍfuka fyda ;o lsÍfuka
^fjk;a ksjerÈ l%u Ndú; fldg wjidk W;a;r
^f;rmSfuka& ke;skï ^fõÈldfõ& fmdf<dj ;,a¨
,nd.; yel'&
lsÍfuka fyda ;o lsÍfuka ^f;rmSfuka& ke;skï
^fõÈldfõ& fmdf<dj ;o lsÍfuka fyda n,hla
b. flakaø wNsidÍ ;ajrKh = g sin 
fh§fuka ke;skï ^fõÈldfõ& fmdf<dj yd
mdofha ^weÕs,s& w;r we;s >¾IKh$>¾IK n,h 10
ms–2 [ fyda 5 2 ms–2 fyda (7.0–7.1) ms–2]
ksi d – – – 01 2 – – – 01
v2
c. g sin 45 =
d. r
mv2 50v2
[ fyda mg sin 45 = fyda 50 g sin 45 = ]
fyda r r
50 – – – 01
– – – 01 5 2 =
r
^n,hka ,l=Kq lsÍug ixfla; fh§u wjYH ke;&
r = 7.07 m [ or 7.0 – 7.1) m] – – – 01

2003
10 5 10 5
vi. a. 105 × 4 × 102 = × 8 × 102 – vQ , E
2 2
i. Mu .=Ks;fha udk
= [MT –1] [LT –1] vQ , E = 0 – – – 01
= MLT –2 – – – 01 vQ , P = vQ , E + vE , P
(M yd u ys ksjerÈ udk i|yd& = 0 +  8 × 102
vQ , P= 8 × 102 ms–1 – – – 02
ii. a. F = ma fh§fuka
3 × 10 – 2×106 × 10 = 2 × 106 a
7 ^ksjerÈ fkdjk fyda ÈYdj i|yka fkdl< ms<;
s =re
a = 5 ms –2
– – – 01 j,ska ,l=Kq 01 la lefma& ÈYdj ksrEmkh lsÍu
i|yd we§u fyda jpkfhka ÈYdj i|yka
b. v = u + at fh§fuka l< yel ^Wod P ys p,s;h ÈYdjg úreoaO ÈYdjg&
v = 5 × 30
v = 150 ms–1 – – – 01 b. P m%laIsma;hla f,i p,kh fõ' ke;skï tys
ud¾.h fuf,i jl%hlska we£u – – – 01
iii. a. 3 × 10 = 7
3 × 10 u 3 Q .=re;ajh hgf;a jefÜ$ksoyfia jefÜ$isriaj
u = 104 ms–1 my<g jefÜ ke;skï  whqßka ud¾.h we£u
i|yd – – – 01
b. vG , E = vG , S + vS , E (P iy Q len,s folu m%laIsma; f,i p,kh fõ

= 4
 10 + 150 hk m%ldYhg ,efnkafka tla ,l=Kls'&
vG , E = 9850 ms–1 – – – 01 10 5 (8–4)
c. F = 102
2 0.2
iv. ksjerÈ fkdfõ' Ig,h" oyk jdhqj .uH;djhlska 10 5 4×10 2 (0–4)×102
bj;g úÈk w;r tu bj;ajk oyk jdhqjg úreoaOj ( =
2
×
0.2
fyda
10 5
2 0.2 )
by<g ;,a¨ùu i|yd n,hla ,nd .kS' ^p,s;h ms<n
s |
f;jk kshuhg wkql+,j we;sjk fuu n,h u.ska ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd – – – – – – – 01
8
Ig,h bÈßhg ;ajrKh lrhs' tuksid msg; we;s F = 10 N – – – 01
jd;h fï i|yd lsisÿ ld¾hNdrhla bgq fkdlrhs'&

ke;skï oykh ù bj;g úÈk jdhqjg fhdok my<g 2004
we;s n,hg iudk n,hla Ig,h u; by<g we;sfõ'
i. a. V2 = U2 + 2aS fyda mgH = 1/2 mV2 fh§fuka
tuksid ^msg; jdhqf.da,fha lsisÿ wjYH;djhla fï
30 2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × H – – – 01
i|yd ke;&
ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd
ke;skï"
H = 45 m – – – 01
Ig,h" oykh jk jdhqj bj;g úÈk w;r Ig,h
f¾Çh .uH;d ixiaÓ;s kshuhg wkqj ;ajrKh fõ'
b. .egqul§ we;sjk .uH;d fjki
^msg; jdhqj ;sîu fyda fkd;sîu fuhg n,mEula
= 0.1×30–0.1×(–20) – – – 01
fkdue;'& – – – 01
–1
= 5 kg ms – – – 01
.egqul§ fmdf<djg ixl%uKh jQ .uH;dj
v. a. bkaOk oykh jk úg Ig,fha ialkaOh wvqfõ'
= .egqul§ fnda,fha we;sjk .uH;d fjki
tuksid Ig,fha ;ajrKh jeä fõ'
= 5 kg ms–1 – – – 01
ii. v
30
c. m<uq .egqug ld,h t1 t1 = 3s
10
m<uq .egqfuka miq fojk .egqug .; jk ld,h t2
= 2 × 20/10 = 4 s – – – 01
t – – – 01
fyda wkqrEm ;s%fldaK Ndú;fhka
^jl%fha yevh we£u muKla iEfya' jl%fha 30/3 = 20/t , t = 2 s
wdrïNl fldgi ir, f¾Ldjla úh yel' jl%fha t2 = 2xt = 2×2 = 4s
– – – 01
yevh ksjerÈ kï wlaI ,l=Kq lsÍu wjYH ke;'&
t ys w.h 1
pd,l Yla;sh = l2
t = t1 + t2 = 3+4 2
= 7s – – – 01 1
= ×10.6×0.632
2
ii. = 2.1 J – – – 01
(1.90–2.15)
4.6
iii. kj wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh lnew = +6 = 1.15 + 6
4
= 7.15 kg m2 – – – 01
Ôk yd iDK me;af;a jl%j, Wi iudk úh hq;=h'&
fldaKsl .uH;d ixiaÓ;sfhka
lnew new = 1
– – – 01
iii. a. .egqï folla w;r ld,h = 2/ (2×103) 7.15 × new = 10.6 × 0.63 – – – 01
= 10–3 s – – – 01 w.hhka jerÈ jqj;a ,ndf.k we;s wod, w.hhka
tla ì;a;shla u; wxY=j .efgk iS>%;dj ksjerÈj wdfoaY lr we;akï ,l=K ,efí'
= 1/ 10–3 10.6 × 0.63
new =
= 103 s–1 – – – 01 7.15
= 0.93 rad s–1 – – – 01
b. tla .egqul§ ixl%uKh jk .uH;dj (0.89–0.95)
= 2×6×10 –26×2×10 3 úl,am ms<s;=r
wxY+fjka ì;a;shg ixl%uKh jk .uH;d iS>%;dj 7.15 × new = 10.6×6/60 – – – 01
= 2×6×10 –26×2×10 3×10 3 – – – 01 10.6×0.1
= 2.4×10–19 kg ms–2 – – – 01 new =
7.15
new = 0.15 rev s–1 – – – 01
c. 2×1023 wxY= m%udKhlska ixl%uKh jk uq¿
–new
.uH;d iS>%;dj iv. a. fldaKsl ;ajrKh  = – – – 01
t
= 2.4×10 –19×2×10 23 – – – 01
0.63–0.93
s d lrk n,h } wxY= u.ska ixl%uKh
ì;a;s u; l%h = – – – 01
5×60
jk uq¿ .uH;d iS>%;dj – – – 01
w.hhka jerÈ jqj;a ,ndf.k we;s wod, w.hhka
ì;a;sh u; we;slrk mSvkh
ksjerÈj wdfoaY lr we;akï ,l=K ,efí'
2.4×10 –19×2×10 23 = – 0.001 rad s–2 – – – 01
= (0.0009 – 0.0011) iDK ,l=K fkdie,fla'
1×1
= 4.8×104 N m–2 (Pa) tallh wjYHh jHdj¾;h  = l – – – 01

– – – 01 = 7.15×0.001 – – – 01
2005 = 7.15×10–3 N m
ii. mek, yl=,kq ,enQ miq N%uK pd,l Yla;sh
i. tla mek,hla i|yd 1 1
= 1  2 = × 7.15×0.932 J
2(0.62+1.22) 2 new new 2
l = ( 12
+ 2 (0.4 + 0.6)2 ) – – – 01
fldaKsl m%fõ.h uq,a w.hg fjkia jQ miq N%uK
pd,l Yla;sh
1 1
pkaøsldfõ l = 2(0.3 + 2) + 6 = 1new 2 = × 7.15×0.932 J – – – 01
2 2
= 10.6 kg m2 – – – 01
tuksid wjYH jk Yla;sh
6 1
ii. fldaKsl m%fõ.h  = ×2 = × 7.15×(0.932 – 0.632 J) – – – 01
60 2
= 1.7 J
= 0.63 rad s–1 – – – 01
úl,am l%uh d. .=jka hdkfha ;ajrKh a f,i .ksuq'
ñks' 5 la ;=,§ N%uKh jk fldaKh F = ma .=jka hdkhg wdfoaY l, úg"
2new – 2 0.932 – 0.632 6×106 – 7.2 × 105 = 2.64×105 a
 = =
2 2×0.001
52.8 × 105
fuu N%uKfha§ flfrk ld¾hh a = – – – 01
2.64 × 105
= ×
(0.932 – 0.632) a = 20 ms–2
–3
= 7.15×10 ×
2×0.001 – – – 01
.=jka hdkh i|yd v2 = u2 + 2 as wdfoaY l< úg"
= 1.7 J
200 × 200 = 2×20 s – – – 01
ksjerÈj wdfoaY lr we;akï ,l=K ,efí' ^fuu ,l=K ksjerÈ wdfoaYhka i|yd ,ndfokak'
(ii) (c) ms<s;=r jerÈ jqjo fuu ,l=K ,ndfokak'&
2006 s = 1000 m = 1 km – – – 01
s = (1254–1266) m fyda (1.254–1.266) km
i. v 2 ys udk = ML–3 [LT –1] 2
= ML–1 T –2 – – – 01 úl,am l%uh
–2
MLT Fs = 1/2 mv2 wdfoaY l< úg"
mSvkfha udk = 2
= ML–1 T–2
L (6×106 – 7.2 × 105) s = 1/2×2.64×105 ×(200)2
– – – 02
tuksid v2 moh i|yd mSvkfha udk we;'
RHS – ,l=Kq – 01/ LHS – ,l=Kq – 01
ii. a. .=jka hdkhlg idfmalaIj jd;fha m%fõ.h v s = 1000 m = (1 km) – – – 01

ol=Kg fyda  – – – 01
A = Air , P = Plane , G = Ground iii. a.
fyda
   
A,P = A,G + G,P = 0–

= –
– – – 01
A1
b. A1= A2' (fyda A1 = ') – – – 01
1.2
b. kj tijqï n,h
' = 1.2 – – – 01 = 1/2 × 1.2 (2502 – 2002) × 250
fyda = 1/2 × 1.2 (2502 – V2) × 250 – – – 01
c. wkqms,sfj,ska ;gqfõ my< iy by< mSvk P1 yd kj isria tijqï n,h
P 2 f,i .ksuq'
= 1/2 × 1.2 (2502 – 2002) × 250 × cos100
fyda = 1/2 × 1.2 (2502 – V2) × 250 × cos 100
P1 + 1/2 PV2 = P2 + 1/2 PV'2 fyda"
– – – 01
P1 + 1/2 PV2 = P2 + 1/2 P(1.2V)2
^´kEu ksjerÈ m%ldYkhla i|yd& – – – 01 (ii) (c) ys V j, w.h i|yd jeros w.hhla ,nd
2.64×10 5
×10 § ;snqKo iuia:h ksjerÈ kï Bg ,l=Kq
kuq;a P1 – P2 = mg =
A 250 – – – 01 msßkukak'&
2.64×10 5 iïmQ¾K isria tijqï n,h
1/2 × 1.2 (1.22V2 – V2) = = 3.32 × 106 – 2.64 × 106 – – – 01
25
2.64×10 5 10 6 fyda = 1/2 × 1.2 (2502 – V2) × 250 × cos 100
V2 = = – 2.64 × 106 ^wvqlsÍu i|yd&
0.44×0.625 25
V = 200 ms–1 = 0.68 × 106 N (0.7 × 106 N)
– – – 01
,>q .Kl j.=fõ 44 i|yd jerÈ w.hla § we;s neúka c. by< Wil§ jd;fha >k;ajh wvqhs fyda jd;h
my; i|yka w.hka V iy S i|yd ksjerÈ f,i ;=kSh'
.kak' (V = 224 – 225 ms–1) tuksid hdkfha nr ix;=,kh lsÍu i|yd tys
fõ.h jeäúh hq;=h' – – – 01

2007 30
jg ixLHdj =
2
i. frdaOl we;sßhla .uka lrk ÿr x kï" = 5 jg
1 × 0.6 = 2×3×x
22
x = 0.1 cm – – – 01 { = 3 fjkqjg" = f,i hful= .;fyd;a
7
ii. a. m%Odk msiagkh u; n,h F1 hehs is;uq' A jgd t = 1.05 s (1.04 – 1.05)
>Q¾K .;aúg" jg ixLHdj = 5.24 jg (5.23 – 5.26) }
10 × 20 = F1 × 5
F1 = 40 N – – – 01 2008
b. m%Odk msiagkh u; mSvkh a. B jgd >Q¾K .ekSfuka

F1 × 1 = 50 × 10 × 3 – – – – – – – 01
40
= F1 = 1500 N ^my<g & – – – – – – – 01
10 –4
= 4 × 105 Pa – – – 01 A jgd >Q¾K .ekSfuka
F2 × 1 = 50 × 10 × 4 – – – – – – – 01
c. oaú;Shl msiagkhla u; n,h F2 = 2000 N ^by<g & – – – – – – – 01
= 4 × 105 × 3 × 10–4 – – – 01
^ksjerÈ wdfoaYh fyda øjh mqrdu tlu mSvkh b. wdrïNl m%fõ.fha ;sria yd isria ixrpl ms<sfj,ska
iïfm%aIKh jk nj jgyd f.k ;sîu'& ux yd uy f,i .ksuq'
= 120 N – – – 01 i)  s = ut fh§fuka
d. tla we;sßhla u.ska frdaoh u; l%shdlrk >¾IK 2 = ux × 2
n,h" ux = 1 ms–1 – – – – – – – 01
= 120 × 0.5 (F = R fh§u i|yd& – – – 01
= 60 N  h = ut + 1/2 gt2 fh§fuka
– – – 01
–4 = uy 2 – 1/2 × 10 × 4
iii. frdaofha fldaKsl ukaokh  kï" fyda ( 4 = –uy 2 + 1/2 × 10 × 4 )
 = I  fh§fuka" – – – 01 uy = 8 ms–1 – – – – – – – 01
2 × 60 × 0.05 = 0.1  – – – 02
 = – 60 rad s–2 ii )  v 2 = u2 + 2gh fh§fuka
frdaofha wdrïNl fldaKsl m%fõ.h 0 kï" 0 = 64 – 2 × 10 × h
h = 3.2 m – – – – – – – 01
600
 0 = 2 × (fyda 2 × 10 fyda 20 fyda 60)
60 c, mDIaGfha isg Wmßu Wi = 7.2 m – – – 01
– – – 01
 = 0 +t fh§fuka
iii ) 1' W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh
0 = 20 – 60 t – – – 01
1/2 mv2 = 1/2 × 50 × 1
t = 1s – – – 01
= 25 J – – – – – – – 01
1 2' úNj Yla;sh
 = 0 t +  t2 fyda  = 02 + 2 fyda
2 mgh = 50 × 10 × 7.2
(+0) t = 3600 J – – – – – – – 01
 =  fyda = I 02 fh§fuka
2 – – – 01
1 c. i ) fldaKsl fõ.h
 = 20 × 1 – × 60 × 1
fyda
2 1 = 2 × 3 × 0.5
 = 2
(20 ) – 2 × 60  = 3.0 ( 3.14 ) rad s–1 – – – – – – – 01
fyda
(20 ) × 1
 =  = 30 rad
2 – – – 01

ii) fldaKsl fõ.h 2 : d. c, m%jdyfha u;=msg Tiafia nZkq,s iólrKh
isrer iïmQ¾Kfhkau È. yerf.k isák uq¿ fh§fuka"
ld,h = 0.25 s + 0.75 s = 1.0 s 1
 isrer yl=,df.k isák ld,h = 1.0 s P+ 5 2 +  × 10 (y + 0.6)
2
– – – 01
tuksid yl=,df.k isák wjia:dfõ§ 1
lsñÿïlrejd jg folla N%uKh fõ' = P+ 10 2 +  × 10 × 0.3
2
2 = 2 × 3 × 2
LHS - 01 / RHS - 01
= 12 (12.5 – 12.6) rad s–1 – – – 01
y = 3.45 m – – – 01
1
iii) I1 1 = I2 2 e. P + 0 + 10 h = P + 5 2 + 0 – – – 01
2
20 × 3.0 = I2 × 12 (fyda 20×0.5 = I2 × 2)
h = 1.25 m – – – 01
I2 = 5 ( 4.7 – 5.1 ) kgm2 – – – 01
iv) iïmQ¾Kfhka È.yeÍ isák wjia:dfõ§ N%uK f. ìysfodf¾ yrialv j¾.M,h wvq lsÍfuka fyda
pd,l Yla;sh fidfrdõ fodrla $ fidfrdõjla Ndú; lsÍfuka'
1/2 I1 12 = 1/2 × 20×9.0 = 90 (90–99) J – – – 01
– – – 01 2010
2009
a. i ) fnda,fha f¾Çh .uH;dj = mv – – – 01
nZkq,s iólrKh
1 ii ) f¾Çh .uH;d ixiaÓ;sh fh§fuka
P+ v2 + gh = ksh;hla' – – – 01
2 MV = 2 mv – – – 01
^fuu ,l=K m%odkh lsÍfï§ muKla by;
P = mSvkh fyda tall mßudjl mSvk Yla;sh
– – – 01 m%ldYkfha 2 fkdi,ld yßkak'&
1 2
v = tall mßudjl pd,l Yla;sh 2 m
2 – – – 01 V = – – – 01
M
gh = tall mßudjl ^.=re;ajdl¾IK&
b. i) fnda,fha fldaKsl .uH;dj = mx – – – 01
úNj Yla;sh – – – 01
ii) fldaKsl .uH;d ixiaÓ;sh fh§fuka

a. wÈhr 2 c, ud¾.fhys x ys§ c, uÜgfï
I = 2mx – – – 01
1.5 ^fuu ,l=K m%odkh lsÍfï§ muKla by;
Wi = – – – 01
10×0.5 m%ldYkfha 2 fkdi,ld yßkak'&
= 0.3 m (30 cm) – – – 01 2 mx
 = – – – 01
I
b. fkd.eUqre c, ud¾.fhys c,h .,dhk
1.5 c. i ) A fl,jfrys f¾Çh m%fõ.h
– – – 01
fõ.h =
10×0.3 L
v' =  – – – 01
2
= 0.5 ms–1 (50 cm s–1) – – – 01
L 2 mx
úl,am ms<s;=r
v' =
2 I
(fyda
Lmx
I
) – – – 01
10 × 0.3 × V = 0.5 × 0.3 × 10

ii ) V iy v' ÈYdjka m%;súreoaO fõ' – – – 01
V = 0.5 ms–1 (50 cm s–1)
iii ) A fl<jr ksYap,;dfõ ;sîug

c. wÈhr 1 c, ud¾.fhys c, uÜgfï Wi v' = V – – – 01
1.5
= L 2 mvxs 2 mv
5×0.5 =
2 I M
= 0.6 m (60 cm) – – – 01

2I ii. Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshufhka"
xs = – – – 01
ML
1 1
2 1 Mgh – f h/R = M2 + I2
d. xs = ML 2 2 2
ML 12
1 1
L fyda Mgh – f h/R = M2 + mR2 2
xs = – – – 01 2 2
6
1 1
fyda Mgh – f h/R = M2 + M2
xs = 0.1 m – – – 01 2 4
– – – 02
^m%ldYkfha jï me;a; i|yd ,l=Kq 01 iy ol=Kq
e. i ) x > xs jk úg" n,fha ÈYdj fõ'
me;a; i|yd ,l=Kq 01&
– – – 01
ii ) x < xs , jk úg" n,fha ÈYdj fõ' h

^ fjkqjg 0 fhdod we;akïo jï me;a; i|yd
– – – 01 R
jk ,l=K fokak'&
2011
( f h
)
a. i) h .eUqrl§ lemaiq,fha fõ.h v f,i .ksuq'
Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fh§fuka
 =
 4 Mgh –

2M+ m
R
 =
R
1 f h
Mgh = M2 – – – 01
( )
 =
2
2 gh – – – 01
h
=
1
R  4 Mgh –
2M+ m
R – – – 01
^ fjkqjg 0 fhdod we;akïo fï ,l=K

R
ii) fldaKsl fõ.h kï  = R
fokak'&
2 gh
 =
R – – – 01
iii. lemaiQ,h h0 .eUqrlg ,Õd jQ miq lmamsfha
b. lmamsfha pd,l Yla;sh fldaKsl fõ.h 0 f,i .ksuq'
>¾IK jHdj¾;hg úreoaOj lrkq ,nk ld¾hh
=
1
2
I =2
1
2
( 1
2
mR 2 ) 2 – – – 01 } lmamsfha N%uK pd,l Yla;sh
1
Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshufhka" n 2 f = I20
Mgh =
1
M2 +
1
I2 n 2 f =
R
1
mR2 20
} ^´kEu
wdldrhla&
Mgh =
2
1
M2 +
2
1
mR2 2
} ^´kEu
wdldrhla&
=
4
1
m
4(Mgh0–
f h0
R
)
– – – 01
2 4 – – – 01
4 2M+m
1 1 f h0
Mgh = M2 + m2 (Mgh 0– )
2 4 m R
n = – – – 01
4Mgh 2f 2M+m
 =
 2M+m
– – – 01
 d. ksh; fldaKsl fõ.hla i|yd lmamsh u; fhfok

 =
R iM, jHdj¾;h Y=kH úh hq;=h'
1 4Mgh e = f + (M + m0)gR – – – 02
=
R  2M+m
– – – 01
(ol=Kq me;af;a fojk moh i|yd ,l=Kq 01 iy

c. i. >¾IK jHdj¾;hg úreoaOj lrk ,o ld¾hh
iïmQ¾K m%lYkh i|yd ,l=Kq 01&
= f 0 – – – 01

2012 2013
0.1
a. i. ;ajrKh = a. i. ;gqjg ,ïn ÈYdjg jd; wKqfõ .uH;d fjki
2
= 2 msin  – – – 01
= 0.05 ms2 – – – 01
ii. ix>Ügkh jk wKq N ksid we;s flfrk isria

ii. F = ma, fh§fuka F  0.1×10 = 0.1×0.05 n,h
– – – 01
F = 1.005 N – – – 01 = 2 msin  × cos × N – – – 01
[(a)(i) ys ,nd.;a m%ldYkh cos ×N j,ska .=K
iii. ;ajrKh =  0.05 ms2 F  0.1×10 =  0.1×0.05 lsÍ ug]
F = 0.995 N – – – 01
ÈYdj by<g ^fyda by<g we¢ B;,hla& – – – 01 b. i. ;;amr 1 l§ ;gqfõ jÈk wKqj, ialkaOh
– – – 01
= A d
iv. F = ma, fh§fuka 1.2  0.1×10 = 0.1 a ii. ;;amr 1 l§ ;gqfõ jÈk wKq ixLHdj
a = 2 ms2 – – – 01 A d
= – – – 01
s = at2 fh§fuka m
1 [(b)(i) ys ,nd.;a m%ldYkh m j,ska fn§ug]
s = × 2 × (0.5)2
2
= 0.25 m – – – 01 iii. jdhq wKq ;gq j, .eàu ksid ;gq folu u;
0.5 l%shdlrk uq¿ isria n,h
A d
b. i. fldaKsl ;ajrKh =  rad s2 FC = 2 msin  cos  × ×2 – – – 01
4 – – – 01 m
jHdj¾;h = 0.01×0.125 = 0.00125 Nm [(a) (ii) m%ldYkfha N i|yd wdfoaY lsÍug iy 2ka
– – – 01 .=K lsÍug]
1
ii. fldaKsl úia:dmkh = × 0.5 × 8 = 4 Ad2 sin  cos 
2
1 iv. A = 25 m2, d = 1.2 kg m2, sin  = 0.2, cos  = 1
[fyda 2 × ×0.125×42]
2 kï
FC = 4×25×1.2×0.2× 
= 2 rad – – – 01
= 24  – – – 01
0.002
iii. Wmßu jHdj¾;h hgf;a ;ajrKh = 1
0.01 c. i. nZkQ,s iólrKfhka , P +  ksh;hla
2 – – – 01
= 0.2 rad s2 îólrKfha hg moh ;snqK;a fï ,l=K fokak'&
– – – 01
1 7 2 1 5 2
wju ld,hlska N%uKh lsÍu i|yd m%:u w¾Ofha§
P 1+
2
d
6
( )= P2 +
2
d ( )6
– – – 01
0.2 rad s2 ;ajrKhlskao B,. w¾Ofha§ o d 7 5 2 2
P2 P 1 = [ ( )  ( ) ]
0.2 rad s2 ukaokhlskao N%uKh l< hq;h
= ' ^fuh 2 6 6

wju ld,h f,i y÷kd.; hq;=h'& – – – 01 d 49 25
2 [ 36 ]
= 
1 t 2
 = 2 ×
2

2
( ) – – – 01
d 
36
1.2
= =  – – – 01
4 4×3.2 3 3
t =
 
t =
 0.2
fyda
 P2 P1 =
2
  ^,l=Kq ke;&
2×1.6 t 5
t1 =
 0.2
(fuys t1 =
2
)
ii. nZkQ,s wdprKh ksid ;gq folu u; l%shd lrk
t = 8s – – – 01
uq¿ isria n,h"
Fb = 120 × 0.4 × cos 100 × 2 = 48× 2
c. A jdudj¾;j N%uKh fõ' fuh isÿ jkafka fldaKsl
Fb = 96  – – – 01
.uH;d ixiaÓ;s uQ,O¾uhg wkqjh'
= 0.6 ms – – – 01
^ÈYdj iy fya;=j hk folu ;sìh hq;=h'& – – – 02
(= 3.14 f,i f.k we;akï ms<s;=r
0.575 ms - 0.58 ms)
d. wyia hdkh u; uq¿ isria n,h" iii. isria ÈYdj Tiafia n, úfNaokh lsÍfuka
  
Fc + Fb = 24 + 96 = 120 F M sin 720 + R  FS Sin S  WL = 0 – – – 01
(Fc yd Fb n, fol tl;= lsÍug&
R, FS Sin S iy WL i|yd wdfoaY lsÍfuka
wyia hdkh hka;ñka .=jka .;jk úg"
120  = 432000
 F M sin 720 + W  2W  0.2 W = 0
 = 3600
F M sin 720 = 1.2 W
 = 60 ms1 – – – 01
e. wdrïNl m%fõ.h u = 0, 4W
FM = fyda FM = 1.33 W – – – 01
wjidk m%fõ.h  = 60 ms  1 3
(sin j.=jg wkqj iq¿ fjkiaùï iys;
;ajrKh a = 0.9 ms2
ms<s;r
= ej,go ,l=Kf
q okak'&
 = u2 + 2as Ndú;fhka – – – 01
iv. ;sria ÈYdj Tiafia n, úfNaokh lsÍfuka
2
(60) = 0 + 2 × 0.9 × s
F M cos 720 = FS cos S – – – 01
3600
s = m = 2000 m = 2 km
1.8 2W 2W
tan S = = = 5
.=jka m:hg wjYH wju È. = 2 km – – – 01
FS cos S 1.33W×0.3
S = 780 41' (780 38'  780 42') – – – 01

f. .=jka kshuqfjda" iq<x yuk ÈYdjg tfrys ÈYdjg
;ajrKh lrkq ,nkafka  i|yd jeä w.hla ,nd
v. F S = 2W (2.00W  2.04 W) – – – 01
.ekSu i|ydh'  - .=jka hdkhg idfmalaIj jdhq
wKqj, fõ.h& fyda jeä tijqï n,hla wh;a lr
b. i. P ,CIh jgd >Q¾K .ekSfuka
.ekSu i|ydh' ^tuksid .=jka hdkfha tkaðka u.ska
7FS + 6.25WL  10 R = 0
,ndÈh hq;= cjh wvqfõ'
– – – 01
fyda
7FS + 6.25 × 0.2 W  10 W = 0
^fmdf<djg idfmaCIj& jvd wvq fõ.hlska .=jka
7FS = 8.75 W
hdkhg .=jka .; úh yel'
FS = 1.25 W – – – 01
2014
ii. FS n,fha úYd,;ajfha m%;sY;
wvqùu
a. i. R = W 2W  1.25 W
= × 100%
(W ys ,l=K fkdi,ld yßkak'& 2W
– – – 01
= 37.5% (37.5% - 38.7 %) – – – 01
ii. P ,laIh jgd >Q¾K .ekSfuka"
10WL + 8FS Sin S  18 R = 0 l
c. i. = I= WL × Sin 
^fyda ´kEu iul wdldrhla i|yd& 2
– – – 01
WL l sin  0.1W l sin 
= fyda = – – – 01
R = W iy WL = 0.2 W, 2I I
wdfoaY lsÍfuka 2l 2×0.9
2W + 8FS Sin S  18 W = 0
ii. T = 2
 3g
= 2
 3×10
= 2×3× 0.06 s
T = 1.5 s – – – 01
FS Sin S = 2 W – – – 01
(= 3.14 f,i f.k we;akï T = 1.57s)
0.8W
[ FS = fyda fjk;a ksjerÈ
sin S3 cos S
m%ldYkhla ndr .kak']

0.9 úl,am l%uh 1
iii. mqoa.,hd i|yd jvd;au myiq fõ.h =
1.5
– – – 01
126 km h (35 ms) fõ.fhka mj;ajd .ekSug
^fuu ,l=K m%odkh l, hq;af;a 0.9m hEug
wjYH wu;r cjh"
.;jk ld,h T f,i y÷kd .ekSu i|ydh'&
= (0.2)×(2)×(1.3) [353  253]

= 0.6 ms = 14170 W (14165 W  14175 W)
( = 3.14 f,i f.k we;akï ms<s;=r
0.575 ms - 0.58 ms) úl,am l%uh 2
2015
cjh 3 g iudkqmd;sl jk w;r wfkl=;a cj
wjYH;djhka ksh; fõ' 126 km h (35 ms)
a. i. jdhq wKqjl wdrïNl .uH;djh = m
fõ.fhys mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH wu;r cjh
;yvqj iu. .eàfuka miq wjidk .uH;djh
 m
35 3
tla wKqjl .uH;djfha fjkiaùu = [ 8125 ( 25 ) 8125] – – – 01

= m (m)
– – – 01 = 14170 W (14165 W  14175 W) – – – 01
= m
ii. tall ld,hl§ ;yvqj yd .efgk wKqj, uq¿ v. tall ld,hla ;=< fudag¾ r:h wdk;sh Èf.a 
ialkaO h  d – – – 01 ÿrla .uka lrk w;r tu ld,h ;=< th isria
jd; ialkaOfha .uH;dj fjkiaùfï iS>%;djh h =  sin 30 Wilg Tijd we;'

 d) – – – 01
n,h = .uH;dj fjkiaùfï iS.%;djh
F = d 
wjYH wu;r cjh = mg  sin 30 – – – 01
b. i. P = FD  – – – 01 = 1200 × 10 × 25 × 0.05
= 15000 W – – – 01
ii. P = KAd 
= (0.2 × (2) × (1.3) × (25)3 – – – 01 úl,am l%uh
= 8125 W (8120 W - 8125 W) – – – 01 tys nr ksid m%;sfrdaë n,h = mg sin 30

wjYH wu;r cjh = mg sin 30  – – – 01
iii. uq¿ cjh = 8125 W + 6000 W = 1200 × 10 × 0.05 × 25

= 15000 W – – – 01
= 14125 W (14120 W - 14125 W)
– – – 01
c. fmÜr,a ,Sgr 1 la oykfhka ,efnk Yla;sfhka frdao
iv. 126 km h(35 msfõ.fhys mj;ajd .ekSug
lerleùug Ndú; l< Yla;s m%udKh
wjYH cjh
15
= KAd  = (0.2) × (2) × (1.3) × (35)3 = (4×107) × = 6 × 106 J
100
= 22295 W ( 22290 W - 22295 W) – – – 01
i. 90 km h fõ.h mj;ajd .ekSug ;;amrhlg

wjYH wu;r cjh wjYH Yla;sh
= 22295 W  8125 W = 14125 J s (14120 - 14125) J s
= 14170 W (14165 W - 14175 W) – – – 01 [b (iii) j,ska ]

fmÜr,a ,Sgr 1 la oykfhka fudag¾ r:h Odjk 2016
l< yels uq¿ ld,h
(a) (i) POQ isria wCIh jgd wxY=fjys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh"
6×10 
= I 1 = m 1r 2 – – – 01
14125 – – – 01
ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg (ii) moaO;sfhys uq¿ N%uK p,l Yla;sh"
= 424.8 s
1 1
;;amr 424.8 § .uka l< ÿr E = 21I12 + I 2 fyda
21 2
= (25 × 10) × (424.8)
1
bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj E = m r2 2 + 1 m2r2 2 – – – 01
21 1 21
= 10.6 km 1 – – – 01
(iii) 1 I 2 = 1 I 2 + 1 I 2
úl,am l%uh – – – 01
21 0 211 212
 I0 = I1 + I2
90 km h (35 ms) fõ.fhys mj;ajd .ekSug
;;amrhlg wjYH Yla;sh (b) POR wCIh jgd moaO;sfhys uq¿ wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh
= 14125 J s (14120 - 14125 J s) [b (iii) j,ska ] IT = I1 + I2 + ..... I10 = mr12 + mr22 ...........
1 km la .uka lsÍug .;jk ld,h ^;;amr j,ska& = 10mr2 = 10I – – – 01
90
= – – – 01
60×60 (c) (i) ^1&  taldldr fldaKsl ;ajrKhlska N%uKh
jk moaO;shl wdrïNl yd wjidk fldaKsl
fmÜr,a ,Sgr 1 la u.ska Odjkh l< ÿr
fõ. 0 yd  w;r iïnkaOh = 0 + t
6×10  90
= × – – – 01 fõ
14125 60×60
ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg   = 0 + t
bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj = 10.6 km 1 – – – 01 
t = – – – 01

ii. iq<Õg idfmalaIj fudag¾ r:fha fõ.h ^2& moaO;sh N%uKh ù we;s uq¿ fldaKh  fokq
90 km h + 36 km h = 126 km h ,nkafka"
126 km h fõ.h mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH uq¿  2 = 20 + 2 fyda
cjh 1
 = 0t + 2 – – – 01
= 15925 + 6000 21 t
2
= 21925 W ( 21920 W - 21925 W) – – – 01  =

10.6
bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj = × 14125 moaO;sh  fldaKsl fõ.h olajd meñKSfï §
21925
 2
isÿlr we;s mßN%uK ixLHdj = =
= 6.8 km l – – – 01  
– – – 01
úl,am l%uh (ii) wxY=j u; l%shd lrk flakaø wNsidß n,h

– – – 01
F= m2 r
126 km h (35 ms) fõ.h mj;ajd .ekSug

wjYH Yla;sh" (d) (i) POR wCIh jgd moaO;sfhys wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh
– – – 01
= [(0.2)×(2)×(1.3)×(35)2×25] + 6000 = 32,000 + (70 + 20) × 102 × 10
– – – 01
= 21925 W (21920 W - 21925 W) = 122,000 kg m2
– – – 01
(ii) mÈkafkl= iysl wdikhl ialkaOh m f,i
10.6 .kak "
bkaOk ld¾hlaIu;dj = × 14125 – – – 01
21925 T cos  = mg
= 6.8 km l – – – 01 T sin  =
=
ma
m 2r
} ^tla iólrKhla iòyd&
– – – 01
2
 r
 tan  =
g
2
= ( )
12 × 2
60
×

10
– – – 01
ii. .egqfuka fudfyd;lg miq cïndrh iu. lKqfõ
pd,l Yla;sh
= 1.44 1 1
 = 550 (550 – 550 13') KE = (M + m) v'2 = (800 + 2400) 2.52
– – – 01 2 2
– – – 01
[ ys w.h 3'14 f,i f.k we;akï tan  = 1.58 o" KE = 10 000 J = 104 J – – – 01
57 (57 – 57 40') o fõ']

0 0 0
iii. tla tla .egqul§ lKqj fmdf<dj ;=,g heùug

Ndú; l, m%fhdackj;a Yla;sh
(iii) moaO;sfhys uq¿ N%uK pd,l Yla;sh
1 1 40
= I2 = × 122000 × 1.44 = 10 000 × (40% .ekSu i|yd&
2 2 100
– – – 01
= 87840 J (87840 J – 87850 J) – – – 01 = 4 000 J
[ ys w.h 3'14 f,i f.k we;akï ms<s;=r 96220 J
(96220 J – 96230 J) fõ'] m%;sfrdaO n,fhys idudkHh w.h f f,i .;aúg"
f × 0.2 = 4000+(800+2400)×10×0.2
(f × 0.2 y÷kd.ekSu i|yd – – – 01)
2017
f × 0.2 = 4000 + 6400 = 10 400
f = 52 000 N = 52 kN – – – 01
a. i. úNj Yla;sfha isg pd,l Yla;shg – – – 01
^wjidk ms<s;=r jerÈ jqjo" fuu fojk ,l=K
ii. hdka;%sl Yla;s ixiaÓ;sh fhoSfuka
+(800+2400)×10×0.2 moh ksjerÈj y÷kd.ekSu
1 i|yd ,ndÈh yelsh'&
0 + Mgh = Mv2 + 0  fyda
2
c. F = Asfs + Abfb – W
v =  2gh =  2 × 10 × 5 – – – 01
F = (2rl) × fs +r2) fb – r2l) ×× g
= 10 ms–1 – – – 01
îsh¿u mo ksjerÈj y÷kd .ekSu i|yd&
fyda
úl,am l%uh F = (2×3×0.3×10×5×104) + (3×0.32×2×106) –
(3×0.32×10×8×102×10) – – – 01
v 2 = u2 + 2gh fyda
v =  2gh =  2 × 10 × 5 – – – 01 F = (900×103) + (540×103) – (21.6×103)
= 10 ms–1 – – – 01 F = 1.42×106 N [(1.41 – 1.42)×106] N – – – 01
iii. cïndrfha p .uH;dfjhys úYd,;ajh ^ ys w.h 3'14 f,i f.k we;akï ms<s;=r
p = Mv = 800 × 10 [(1.48 – 1.49)×106] N w;r úh hq;=hs'&
= 8000 kg ms–1 – – – 01
d. i. Asfs fyda iólrKfha m<uq moh – – – 01
b. i. .egqfuka fudfyd;lg miq cïndrh iu. lKqfõ ii. F = (2×900×103) + (540×103) – (21.6×103) =
fõ.h v' f,i .ksuq' 900×103+1418.4×103 = 2.32×106 – – – 01
.uH;d ixiaÓ;sh fhoSfuka [(2.31 – 2.32)×106] N
M v = (M + m) v'
^ ys w.h 3'14 f,i f.k we;akï ms<s;=r
Mv 8000
v' = = – – – 01 [(2.42 – 2.43)×106] N w;r úh hq;=hs'&
M+m 800 + 2400
v' = 2.5 m s–1 – – – 01

2018 (iii) (1) p C = 0.75 × 2.8 × 104 = 2.1×
104 Nm–2
1
(a) dv2  (kg m–3) (ms–1)2  (kg m s–2 m) (m–3) – – – 01
2
 J m–3 ^ksjeros wdfoaYh iòyd&
– – – 01
^fuu ,l=K ,nd.ekSug uQ,sl tall fyda udk (2) VC = 0.65 × 20 ms–1 = 13 ms–1
Ndú;fhka idOdrK mshjr meyeos<sj fmkaúh hq;=hs' – – – 01
dv2 ys uQ,sl tall$udk" tall mßudjl Yla;f

s ha uQ,l
s ^ksjeros wdfoaYh iòyd&
tall$ udk iudk lsÍu o ms,s.; yels fõ'&
(iv) C iy D ,laIHhkag n'kQ,s iólrKh fhoSfuka"
(b) (i) S iy Q ,laIHhg n'kQ,s iólrK fhoSfuka"
1 1
P0 + dv22 = pC + dvC2 fyda
1 2 2
p0 + hdg = p0 + dv12 – – – 01
2 1
105 + × 1000 × v22 = 2.1 × 104 +
2
îólrKfha wu;r mo ;sfíkï ,l=Kq
1
fkdue;' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh iòyd ´kEu × 1000 × 132 – – – 01
2
ixfla;hla j,x.= fõ'& ^ksjeros m%ldYkh fyda wdfoaYh iòyd&
v1 = 2gh – – – 01 v2 2 = 42 + 169 – 200 = 11

–1
v2 = 3.32 m s [3.30 – 3.32] m s–1 – – – 01
(ii) v1 = 2 × 10 × 12.8 1 2 2
KE 2 d(v1 – v2 )
v1 = 16 m s–1 – – – 01 (v) pd,l Yla;s ydksh = 1 dv2 ×
KE 1
2
1 100%
(iii) tall mßudjl Yla;sh = ×1000 × 162
2
(162 – 3.322)
= ×100%
= 1.28 × 105 J m–3 16 2
– – – 01
= 96% – – – 01
^ksjeros wdfoaYh fyda wjidk ms<s;=r iòyd&
^ksjeros wdfoaYh fyda wjidk ms<s;=r iòyd&
(c) (i) Wu.g idka;;H iólrKh fhoSfuka"

(vi) ìfidafldgqj ;=<oS c, m%jdyfha ie,lsh hq;= ;rï
AEv E = ABvB fyda A × 12 = 0.6A × vB
– – – 01
Yla;shla úkdY ùu u.ska' – – – 01
^ksjeros m%ldYkh fyda wdfoaYh iòyd&
vB = 20 m s–1 – – – 01
(ii) S iy B ,laIHhkag nZkQ,s iólrKh fhoSfuka"
1
po + hdg = pB + dvB2 fyda
2
1
105 + 12.8 × 1000 × 10 = pB + × 1000 × 202
2
– – – 01
^ksjeros m%ldYkh fyda wdfoaYh iòyd&

pB = 2.8 × 104 Nm–2 – – – 01

2019 h r
sin  = fyda cos  =
l l
3000 × 2 – – – 01
(a) (i) f =
120 fuys r hkq N%uK welai,fha isg
cj fnda,fha flakaøhg we;s ÿr
= 50 Hz – – – 01
fõ'
^fuu ,l=Kq m%odkh lsÍug wdfoaYh
T1 + T2 = ml2  – – – 01
;sìh hq;= h'&
h
T1 – T2 = mg  – – – 01
(ii) cklfha N%uK fõ.h ^= 3 f,i .ekSfuka& l
 = 2f = 2 × 3 × 50 fyda
ml g
3000
 +  T1 =
2 [ + h ]
2
 = ×2 =
60 ml g
3000
–  T2 =
2 [ – h ]
2
×2×3 – – – 01
60
(iii) cklh 50 Hz ixLhd;fhka l%shdlrk úg N%uK
= 300 rad s–1 fõ.h = 300 rad s–1 iy h = 30 cm fõ'
^ = 3.14 f,i ie,l=fõ kï"  = (300)2 = 90000 s–2
= 314 rad s–1 fõ' & (= 314 rad s–1  = (314)2 = 98596 s–2 )
T1 T1 g 10
(b) (i) = = 33.3 s–2 – – – 01
h 30 × 10–2
fyda g
 << 
h
– – – 02
T2 T2 ^ksjeros w.hka fofla ikaikaokh iòyd&
mg – – – 01
mg
g
T1 iy T2 wd;;s .Kkh lsÍfïoS moh
^mg isriaj ,l=Kq lsÍug ,l=Kq 01" wdk;sh ,l=Kq h
fkdi,ld yeßh yels h'
lr ;sîug ,l=Kq 01 fldaKh ,l=Kq lsÍu
w;HjYH fkdfõ' fldaK fol w;r meyeos,s
(iv) by< ndyqfõ wd;;sh
fjkila ;sfí kï ,l=Kq 01 wvq lrkak'&
ml g ml
(ii) 1 jk rEmhg ^fyda wkqrEm rEmhlg&
T1 = 2 [ + h ] 
2
2
 osYdjg ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh (F = ma) 1 × 50 × 10–2 × (300)2
= – – – 01
fhoSfuka 2
2
V
(T1 + T2) cos  = mr2 fyda = m
r = 22500 N – – – 01
– – – 02 (= 314 rad s–1 T1 = 24649 N 
îólrKfha jï me;a; ksjeros kï ,l=Kq 01"
ol=Kq me;a; ksjeros kï ,l=Kq 01& (v) ú,a, iu;=,s;;dfõ we;s úg" by< ndyqj, wd;;s
u.ska ú,a, u; l%shdlrk ÿkq n,h iu;=,;
s lrhs'
^r fjkqjg fjk;a ixfla;hla fhdod we;akï fyda
´kEu ksjeros m%ldYkhlg fuu ,l=Kq ,nd
fokak'&
ÿkafkys ixfldapkh ^x kï& 20 cm jk úg" ÿkq
cj fnda,fha iu;=,s;;dj iòyd  osYdjg n, n,h
F = kx – – – 01
i,lñka h
= 2T1 sin  = 2T1 × – – – 01
(T1 – T2) sin  = mg – – – 01 l
fuys k hkq ÿkq ksh;h fõ'
^fuu ,l=Kq ,ndoSfï oS by; ksoyia n,
igyk ie,lsh yelsh&
30 × 10–2 úl,am l%uh
k × 20 × 10–2 = 2 × 22500 ×
50 × 10–2 ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg" ÿkafkys È.
– – – 01 – – – 01
= 2h = 2 × 30 = 60 cm
ÿkafkys iajNdúl È. = 20 + 60 = 80 cm
k = 1.35 × 105 Nm–1 – – – 01 – – – 01
5 –1
(T1= 24649 N k = 1.48 × 10 Nm  ixLHd;h 25 Hz jk úg" ÿkafkys ixfldapkh
cm j,ska e f,i .ksuq
(c) (i) (1) ixLHd;h 25 Hz úg" cklfha N%uK fõ.h túg ÿkafkys È. = 80 – e = 2h – – – 01
300 h
 = = 150 rad s–1 – – – 01 F = kx = 2T1
2 l
(80 – e)
314
( = = 157 rad s–1) 2
2 1.35 × 105 × e = 2 × 5625 ×
50 × 10–2
– – – 01
by< ndyqfõ wd;;sh
e = 6.15 cm (6.2 cm)
– – – 01
ml2
T1 =
2
(ii) ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg" wjlr lmdgh 50 %
1 × 50 × 10–2 × (150)2
= – – – 01 lska ixjD; jk w;r ixLHd;h 25 Hz jk úg
2
th iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; ^0 % lska ixjD;& fõ'
= 5625 N – – – 01 ixLHd; úp,kh ^50 - 25& Hz = 25 Hz jk úg
wjlr lmdgfha ixjD; ùu 50% lska fjkia fõ'
(= 157 rad s–1 T1 = 6162 N) – – – 01
tuksid lmdgh 75 % lska ixjD; lrk

(2) ú,a, hïlsis ÿrlska (d f,i .ksuq) by,g
– – – 01 ixLHd;h ^tkï ixjD; ùu 25 % lska jeä
p,kh jk úg" wjlr lmdgh újD; fõ'
lsÍug&
túg ÿkafkys ixfldapkh (e) kï
e = x– d = 20 – d 25 × 25 % 25
f = 50 + = 50 +
wp, my, l,ïmfha isg cj fnda,hg we;s 50 % 2
Wi (h) – – – 01
d
h = 30 + – – – 01 = 62.5 Hz – – – 01
2
úl,am l%uh
ú,af,ys iu;=,s;;dj i|yd
h
F = ke = 2T1 Sin  = 2T 1 ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk úg" wjlr lmdgh 50 %
l
lska ixjD; jk w;r" túg wjlr lmdgh ngfha
1.35 × 105 × (20 – d) × 10–2 wlaIh iu. 450 l fldaKhla idohs' ixLHd;h
25 Hz jk úg th iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; jk
d w;r" wjlr lmdgh ngfha wlaIhg iudka;r
(30 + ) × 10–2
2
= 2 × 5625 × fõ'
–2
50 × 10 tuksid ixLHd;h 25 Hz lska wvq l, úg
wdfoaYh i|yd – – – 01 ^50 Hz isg 25 Hz olajd&" wjlr lmdgh ngfhys
wlaIh iu. idok fldaKfhys fjki 450 la
d = 13.84 cm (13.8 cm) – – – 01
fõ' – – – 01
[T1 = 6162.25 N iy k = 1.48 × 105 Nm–1
 d = 13.85 cm (13.9 cm)] wjlr lmdgh 75 % lska ixjD; lsÍug" fldaKh
45 0
450 isg = 22.50 lska jeäl< hq;= h'
2
 ÿkafkys ixfldapkh tuksid" lmdgh 75 % lska ixjD; lsÍug
= 20 – 13.84 cm ixLHd;h
= 6.16 cm (6.2 cm) – – – 01 25 × 22.50
f = 50 + – – – 01
45 0
= 62.5 Hz – – – 01
2020 n,hka folu ghrj, my<ska ksjerosj we|Su
iy FA iy FB kï lsÍu – – – 01
(a) (i) FA > FB – – – 01
(ii) iSudldÍ >¾IKh l%shd;aul jk úg Wmßu

M<ejqï n,h ,efí' tneúka fuu wjia:dfõoS
L = 0.8 – – – 01
F
^my; .Kkh i|yd L = 0.8 Ndú; lr
we;akï fuu ,l=K fokak&
1200
tla frdaohla u; nr = × 10 N
4 – – – 01
^jia;=j iy mDIaGh w;r mr;rhla ;nd
w|sk ,o& rEmhg iy ksjeros kï lsÍug tla frdaohla u; wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj (R) = 3000 N
,l=Kq fokak' F = R fhoSfuka
F iy P – – – 01 FL = 0.8 × 3000
^l=Üáh m;=f,a F we|sh hq;=h' l=Üáfha = 2400 N
wfkla me;af;a ´kEu ,laIHhl P we|sh bosß frdao fol u.ska >¾IK n,h = 2 FL
yelsh& = 4800 N
– – – 01
R iy Mg – – – 01
úl,am l%uh
(ii)
uq`M nr i|ydu wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj .Kkh lr bosß
frdao fol i|yd foflka fnod ,nd f.k we;akï
iïmQ¾K ,l=Kq fokak'
(iii) 72 kmh1 m%fõ.h" 20 ms1 f,i SI tall j,g

yerùu – – – 01
m%;sfrdaë n,hg tfrys laIu;djh
P = Fv – – – 01
iólrKfhka fokq ,nhs'
ûQ, ,laIHh iys;& ksjeros wlaI kï lsÍug F = 520 N iy  = 20 ms1 wdfoaYfhka
iy jl%fha yevhg – – – 01 P = 520 × 20
[wdk; ir, f¾Ldj" WÉp ,laIHh iy ;sria = 10400 W ^fyda 10.4 kW& – – – 01
f¾Ldj n,kak]
FL iy FD y÷kd.ekSu iy kï lsÍug – – – 01 (iv)
FL
(iii) L = – – – 01
R
FD
D = R – – – 01
[R fjkqjg —m%;sl%shdj˜ jpkh fyda —,ïnl

m%;sl%shdj˜ fyda N fyda Mg i|yd] fudag¾ r:h taldldr m%fõ.fhka lkao k.sk
úg p,s;hg tfrysj l%shd lrk n,h fldgia
(b) (i) follska iukaú; fõ'
F = 12000 sin 120 + 200 – – – 02
[nfrys ixrplh .ekSu i|yd - ,l=Kq 01 ; n,
fol tl;= lsÍu i|yd - ,l=Kq 01]
= 12000 × 0.2 + 200
= 2600 N
P = F fhoSfuka
10400 = 2600 × 
 = 4 ms1 – – – 01

(v) I. ghr ,siaid hk úg .;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh (vi)
l%shd;aul fõ'
D = 0.5 – – – 01
^my; .Kkh i|yd D = 0.5 Ndú; lr
we;akï fuu ,l=K fokak&
fuysoS ghr y;ru ,siaid hk neúka ishü

frdaoj, wNs,ïn m%;sl%shd >¾IK n,hg
odhl fõ'
,siaiSfuka f;drj hk úg L = 0.8 l%shd;aul
F = R fhoSfuka
F1 = 0.5 × 1200 × 10 – – – 01 fõ' – – – 01
= 6000 N ^my; .Kkh i|yd L = 0.8 Ndú; lr we;akï
F = ma fhoSfuka fuu ,l=K fokak&
: 6000 = 1200 × a1 – – – 01
frdao y;f¾u wNs,ïN m%;sl%shd (mg = 12000 N)
a1 =  5 ms2
fuysoS l%shd lrhs'
2 = 2 + 2 as fhoSfuka
: 0 = 202  2 × 5 × s1 ghr yd ud¾.h w;r (F) >¾IK n,h r:h
– – – 01
s1 = 40 m – – – 01 ^wrh r jQ& jD;a;dldr ud¾.fha ^wdrlaIdldÍ
fudag¾ r:h ndOlfha .efÜ – – – 01 Wmßu  fõ.fhka& ,siaiSulska f;drj hdug
wjYH flakaødNsidÍ n,h imhhs'
úl,am l%uh
m2
Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fhoSfuka flakaødNsidÍ n,h F =
r
1 m2
m2 = Fs – – – 02 jD;a;dldr p,s;h i|yd mg = – – – 01
2 r
1 × 1200 × 202 = 6000 × s1 – – – 02
2  = rg
s1 = 40 m – – – 01
fudag¾ r:h ndOlfha .efÜ – – – 01
 = (0.8 × 18 × 10)1/2
– – – 01
1 – – – 01
II. ABS moaO;sh l%shd;aul jk úg >¾IK  = 12 ms
ix.=Klh 0.75 fõ'

2021
F = R fhoSfuka
F2 = 0.75 × 1200 × 10 – – – 01
= 9000 N a. A jgd >Q¾Kh .ekSfuka :
F = ma fhoSfuka A : F1 × 2 = 2 × 2000 × 10 +
: 9000 = 1200 × a2
10 sin 300 × (200 + 800) × 10
a2 = 7.5 ms2 – – – 01 – – – 02
[10 sin 300 fyda 5 y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ,l=Kq 01]
 2
=  + 2 as fhoSfuka
2
F1 = 45,000 N (OR 45 kN)

: 0 = 202  2 × 7.5 × s2 – – – 02
s2 = 26.7 m ^fyda 26.6 m& – – – 01
fudag¾ r:h ndOlfha fkd.efÜ' b. i. meial,af.a uQ,O¾uh – – – 01
F1 F2
úl,am l%uh ii. = – – – 01
A1 A2
Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fhoSfuka 45000 F2
=
1 60 4
m2 = Fs
2
1 ^wdfoaYh i|yd& – – – 01
× 1200 × 202 = 9000 × s2 – – – 02
2 FZ = 3,000 N
s2 = 26.7 m ^fyda 26.6 m& – – – 01
– – – 01
fudag¾ r:h ndOlfha fkd.efÜ'

F ii. jdfka is,skavrfha m%fõ.h kï iy lmamsfha
iii. mSvkh P =
A fldaKsl m%fõ.h kï  = r.
h Wilska jeàfuka miq hdka;%sl Yla;s ixiaÓ;s
F = 3,000 N iy A = 4 × 104 m2
kshuh fh§fuka
3000
P = 1 1
4 × 104 m2 + I2 = mgh – – – 02
2 2
^ksjerÈ j¾.M,fhka fn§u i|yd& – – – 01 1 1 2 45
× 800 × 2 + ×1× = 800 × 10 ×
2 2 (0.1)2 8
– – – 01
P = 6
7.5 × 10 Pa (Nm ) 2 450
450 2 = 800 ×
^w.h muKla i|yd ,l=Kq 01& – – – 02 8
2 = 100
1
c. i. lmamsfha wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh I = × 200 × 0.1 2  = 10 ms1 – – – 02
2
= 1 kgm2 – – – 01 úl,am l%uh
jdfka is,skavrfha my<g p,kh i|yd F = ma fh§fuka

; 8000  T = 800 a –––
– – – 01
lmamsfha N%uKh p,s;h i|yd  = I fh§fuka"
a
 T × 0.1 =1×
0.1
T = 100 a –––
 + ; 8000 = 900 a
80
a = ms2 – – – 01
9
80 45
; u = 0, ; a = ms2 ; s = m
9 8
2 = u2 + 2 as fh§fuka"
jdfka is,skavrfha by<g p,kh i|yd F = ma 80 45

;  2 = 0+2× ×
fh§fuka 9 8
; T  8000 = 0.5 × 800 – – – 02
 = 10 ms1 – – – 02
T = 8,400 N
lmamsfha N%uK p,s;h i|yd  = I fh§fuka

0.5 iii. mQ¾K wm%;Hia: .egqula – – – 01
B ;  8400 × 0.1 = 1 × – – – 02
0.1 pd,l Yla;s ydksh Wmßu fõ – – – 01
[ =
r
a
(
fyda
0.5
0.1
)
Ndú; lsÍu i|yd ,l=Kq 01
iv. .eàfuka miq m%fõ.h 1 kï" .eàu i|yd f¾Çh
la iy ksjerÈ m%ldYkh i|yd ,l=Kq 01 la] .uH;d ixiaÓ;s kshuh fh§fuka
 = 845 Nm ^w.h muKla i|yd ,l=Kq 01&

; 800 × 10 = 1280 × 1
– – – 02
^wdfoaYh i|yd& – – – 01
1
1 = 6.25 ms – – – 01

v. ixhqla; moaO;sh i|yd Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh
fh§fuka
>¾IK n,h (F) g tfrysj isÿ lrk ld¾hh
i|yd wdrïNl pd,l Yla;sh ydks fõ' úNj
Yla;sfha fjki b;d l=vd jk w;r th
fkdi,ld yeßh yel'
1
× 1280 × (6.25)2 = F × 0.2 – – – 01
2
F = 124,800 N = 1.248 × 105 N (1.25 × 105 N)

– – – 02
{ úNj Yla;sh i,ld we;akï"
1
× 1280 × (6.25)2 + 1280 × 10 × 0.2 = F × 0.2
2
– – – 01
F = 1.376 × 105 N (1.38 × 105 N) }
– – – 02
úl,am l%uh
; u = 6.25 m s1, ; v = 0, ; s = 0.2 m
v2 = u2 + 2 as fh§fuka
; 0 = 6.252 + 2a × 0.2 – – – 01

39
a =  m s2
0.4
F = ma fh§fuka
39
; F =  1280 ×
0.4
F = 124,800 N = 1.248 × 105 N
(1.25 × 105 N) – – – 02
{ ixhqla; jia;=fõ nr i,lkq ,enqfõ kï"
12800  F = 1280 × a
F = 1.376 × 105 N (1.38 × 105 N) }
– – – 02
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Explore the World with a New Vision...

miq.sh úNd. .eg`M

Samitha Ratnayake -1- Innovative Physics

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i. a) nZkq,S iólrKh j,x.= ùu i|yd wjYH ;;a;ajhka i|yka lrkak'

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03. rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ" úfkdaoh i|yd lrkq

a. i) fõÈldj u; ÿjk úg YsIHhdf.a

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i. Mu .=Ks;hg" n,fha udk we;s nj fmkajkak'

iii. a) Ig,hg idfmalaIj jdhqj ksl=;ajk m%fõ.h (u) .Kkh lrkak'

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05. ialkaOh 0.1 kg jQ l=vd fnda,hla t = 0 § ;sria fmd<jla u;g ksYap,;dfõ

a. jd; m%;sfrdaO iy Wvql=re f;rmqu fkdi,ld yßñka" fnda,h

Samitha Ratnayake - 13 - Innovative Physics

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06. S is,skavrdldr n|la o A iy B i¾jiu iQ¾h mek, folla o iys; pkaøsldjla

XY jgd tla tla iq¾h mek,fha wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh"

i. XY jgd pkaøsldfõ wjiaÓ;s >q¾Kh .Kkh lrkak'

Samitha Ratnayake - 16 - Innovative Physics

Samitha Ratnayake - 17 - Innovative Physics

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ii. fmdf<djg idfmalaIj v ksh;

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08. N%uKh jk frdaohla keje;aùu i|yd Ndú; l< yels ødj

Samitha Ratnayake - 22 - Innovative Physics

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09. a. c, l%Svdfõ fhfok ialkaOh 50 kg jQ lsñÿïlrefjla (diver)

b. lsñÿïlrejd mekSula isÿ lrhs' l%Svlhdf.a G .=re;aj flakaøfhys p,s;h

c. lsñÿïlrejd .=re;aj flakaøh G yryd hk wlaIhla ^lvodish ;==<g OP

m<uq 0.25 s ;=<§ OP jgd lsñÿïlrejd ;;amrhg jg 0.5 YS>%;djlska

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10. nZkQ,s iólrKh ,shd tys tla tla moh y÷kajkak'

wÈhr 1 (- úYd, jejl c, uÜgfï isg h .eUqrlska

wÈhr 2 (- rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ m;=f,ys m<,

wÈhr 3 (- wÈhr 3 wÈhr 2 g iïnkaOj mj;sk"

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11. ialkaOh M yd È. L jk iup;=ri%dldr yrialvla we;s taldldr AB oKavla 1 rEmfha

b. ±ka oKafâ .=re;aj flakaøh jgd tys N%uK p,s;h i,lkak'

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b. lmamsfha ialkaOh m fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyels kï iy N%uK wlaIh jgd lmamsfha

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frdfnda wf;a A iy B fldgiaj,g 1 iy 2 ikaê jgd foÈYdjgu ;ssria ;,j,

tl jrlg bvfokq ,nkafka tla ikaêhla jgd fyda yryd p,s;hla