1 What is a fluid?

2 Types of Fluids
3 continuum

4 Define density, specific weight, and specific volume.

 5 A fluid of density 900 kg/m3 is flowing in a
pipe line as shown in figure. Find the pressure of
the fluid in the pipe if h1=10cm and h2= 8cm
Solution Pipe line

PL = PR P
p+(ρ1gh1) = (ρ2gh2) h1=
p+ (900x9.81x0.1) = (13600x9.81x0.08) 10cm h2=8cm
p = (13600x9.81x0.08)- (900x9.81x0.1)
p= N/m2
Mercury manometer

6 Determine the total pressure and the position of centre of pressure on

the plate which is 2 m wide and 5 m height. This plate is submerged in
water at a depth of 2 m as shown below.
Solution
• Total pressure F=?
• Distance from surface to Centre of pressure h*=?

• We know total pressure 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ̅

Area of the plate A = bxd

Total pressure =?
=3x5 2 ℎ̅=2+2.5
=15m2 m
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ̅ h* =?

Distance from the surface of G .

Density of the fluid
in which the plate is
the liquid to the centroid(G)
̅ =2+(5/2)
of the plate ℎ
Height=
5m Cp .
submerged
=2+2.5
=4.5m
Width=3m
F= 1000x9.81x15x4.5
F= N
 • Location of centre of pressure from frees surface is ℎ∗ =
𝐼𝑔 sin2 θ
̅
+ ℎ̅
𝐴ℎ
Moment of inertia of Angle of inclination of the plate
the plate I= bd3/12 with reference to the surface of the
3x53/12 liquid. Here the plate is vertical so
θ=90 sin2 90 = 1
2
𝐼𝑔 sin θ
Distance of center of
ℎ∗ = + ℎ̅
pressure=? 𝐴ℎ̅
Area of the plate
A = bxd Distance from the surface of
=3x5 the liquid to the centroid(G) of
=15m2 the plate ℎ̅ =2+(5/2)
=2+2.5
=4.5m

7 A cylindrical tank of methanol has a mass of 40 kg and a volume

of 51 L. Determine the methanol’s weight, density, and specific
gravity. Take the gravitational acceleration to be 9.81 m/s2. Also,
estimate how much force is needed to accelerate this tank linearly at
0.25 m/s2
8 Define viscosity?

9 What is Newton’s law of viscosity

10 What are Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

11 A thin 30cm x30cm flat plate is pulled at 3 m/s horizontally
through a 3.6-mm-thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates,
one stationary and the other moving at a constant velocity of 0.3
m/s, as shown in Figure below The dynamic viscosity of the oil is
0.027 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary linearly,
determine the force that needs to be applied on the plate to maintain
this motion
12 What is surface tension

13 Consider a 0.15-mm diameter air bubble in a liquid. Determine

the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the air
bubble if the surface tension at the air-liquid interface is (a) 0.080
N/m and (b) 0.12 N/m.
14 What is the capillary effect?

15 A 1.2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid

whose density is 960 kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5
mm in the tube, making a contact angle of 15°. Determine the
surface tension of the liquid.