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Production Logging

-Swastik Mazumder(21BPE018)
SPE 125106 1

MULTI-ARRAY PRODUCTION SUIT

The Multi-Array Production Suit (MAPS) is a down hole instrument used in the field of
production logging. This tool integrates various sensor arrays to deliver a more exhaustive
and precise assessment of the flow conditions within a well. MAPS tools prove to be
exceptionally valuable for assessing the efficiency of wells that are horizontal or exhibit
significant deviations, scenarios where conventional logging instruments may lack the
necessary capabilities

MAPS tools typically include a combination of the following sensors:

 Spinner array tool (SAT): Measures the velocity of the fluid flowing in the wellbore at
multiple points across the wellbore cross-section.
 Resistance array tool (RAT): Measures the electrical resistance of the fluid flowing in
the wellbore at multiple points across the wellbore cross-section.
 Capacitance array tool (CAT): Measures the dielectric constant of the fluid flowing in
the wellbore at multiple points across the wellbore cross-section.

Working: This tool is deployed into the wellbore via a wireline, and as it descends, its
sensors continually measure critical parameters such as pressure, temperature, and fluid
flow rates. The recorded data is then promptly transmitted to the surface for thorough
analysis, enabling the assessment of well production, fluid characteristics, and overall well
performance.

Case study: Multi Arrays Production Logging (PLT-MAPS):

• The multi arrays production logging tools were used to determine the
contribution profile across the ICDs.
• The results showed that the main sources of production are from ICDs no. 10, 11,
13, and 14, which are producing oil plus water.
• There is no contribution from the bottom four ICDs, and there is stagnant oil
above these ICDs.
• The previous PLT and reservoir saturation log results also confirmed the lack of
contribution from these bottom ICDs.
• The analysis of multi-arrays production logging data, temperature simulation
models, and noise data helps determine the contribution profile across the ICDs.
• Majority of production is from certain ICDs (no. 10, 11, 13, and 14), while there is
no contribution from the bottom ICDs.
• The results contradict previous production logging results and assist in designing
proper ICD cleaning operations.
SPE 125106 2

• Work-over operation successfully restores well performance and achieves a

significant increase in oil production.

FULL ARRAY SENSING TOOL

Construction: A Full Array Sensing Tool (FAST) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) tool that
uses an array of ultrasonic sensors to generate a three-dimensional image of a structure or
object. It is typically constructed using a number of small ultrasonic transducers that are
arranged in a grid or matrix. The transducers are mounted on a flexible backing and are
coupled to the surface of the object being inspected using a couplant such as water or gel.

Working: When the FAST is excited, each transducer emits a pulse of ultrasonic energy. The
pulses travel through the object and are reflected back to the transducers by any defects or
interfaces that they encounter. The reflected pulses are received by the transducers and
converted back into electrical signals. The time it takes for the pulses to travel through the
object and back to the transducers is used to determine the distance to the defect or
interface. The amplitude of the reflected pulses is used to determine the size and severity of
the defect or interface.

The signals from all of the transducers are combined and processed to create a three-
dimensional image of the object being inspected. The image can be displayed on a computer
SPE 125106 3

monitor and can be used to identify and characterize defects, measure the thickness of the -
object, and map out the internal structure of the object.

FAST is a powerful NDT tool that can be used for a wide variety of applications, including:

 Weld inspection: FAST can be used to detect defects in welds such as cracks,
porosity, and inclusions.
 Corrosion inspection: FAST can be used to detect and measure corrosion in metal
structures.
 Composite inspection: FAST can be used to detect delamination, voids, and other
defects in metals
 Thickness measurement: FAST can be used to measure the thickness of a wide
variety of materials, including metal, plastic, and composites.

SPECTRAL NOISE LOG TOOL

Construction: The SNL tool consists of a series of microphones that are spaced along the
length of the tool. The tool is also equipped with a gamma ray sensor to help correlate the
data to the wellbore.
Working: The spectral noise log (SNL) tool works by measuring the noise generated by the
flow of fluid in the wellbore. The noise is measured by a series of microphones that are
spaced along the length of the tool. The data from the microphones is transmitted to the
surface computer, where it is processed and analysed.
The SNL tool can be used to identify production zones, measure the rate of production from
each zone, and diagnose problems in the wellbore.
Identifying production zones: The SNL tool can be used to identify production zones by
measuring the amplitude and frequency of the noise generated by the flow of fluid in the
wellbore. Different types of fluids generate different frequencies of noise, and the
amplitude of the noise is proportional to the rate of flow.
Measuring the rate of production from each zone: The SNL tool can be used to measure the
rate of production from each zone by measuring the amplitude of the noise that is
associated with the production of oil and water. The amplitude of the noise is proportional
to the rate of flow, so the higher the amplitude of the noise, the higher the rate of
production.
Diagnosing problems in the wellbore: The SNL tool can be used to diagnose problems in the
wellbore by looking for changes in the amplitude and frequency of the noise generated by
the flow of fluid in the wellbore. For example, a leak in the wellbore will cause a decrease in
the amplitude of the noise. A restriction in the wellbore will cause an increase in the
frequency of the noise. And channeling in the wellbore will cause a change in the frequency
and amplitude of the noise.
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The SNL tool can be used to diagnose a variety of problems in the wellbore, including:

 Leaks
 Restrictions
 Channeling
 Cavitation
 Erosion
 Sand production
 Gas bubble flow
Case Study: To determine injectivity profile in multi-layer reservoir, taking into account the
possibility of water loss outside of the target zone, a standard HPT/SNL-HD. Survey was run
and then temperature curves were modelled. During the measurement, the differential
pressure was 9.0 MPa at an injection rate of 170 m3/day .It can be seen that the highest
injection water loss through the perforations (88% of the total injection) occurred in Unit B
with a minor part of injection water being lost at the top of Unit A (12%). Injection profile
along the wellbore was determined according to PLT data. Behind-casing injection profile
showing the reservoir flow pattern was determined using HPT/ SNL-HD technology. Spectral
Noise Drift Panel (SND) wavelet thresholding technique [2] was applied to separate the
reservoir flow noises that can be used for estimating reservoir effective thickness. The flow
zones in the perforated intervals of Units A and B were identified by the presence of a high-
frequency signal in SNL-HD spectra.
SPE 125106 5

GRAVEL PACK LOGGING

Construction: A GPL tool typically consists of the following sensors:

 Gamma ray sensor: Measures the amount of natural gamma radiation from the
gravel pack sand.
 Density sensor: Measures the density of the gravel pack sand.
 Neutron sensor: Measures the amount of hydrogen in the gravel pack sand.

Working: The GPL tool is lowered into the wellbore on a wireline cable and positioned at the
desired depth. The tool then measures the properties of the gravel pack sand, such as its
thickness, uniformity, and density. The data is then transmitted to the surface computer for
analysis.

Applications:

1. Evaluate the placement and quality of the gravel pack sand in a well.
2. Identify any problems with the gravel pack, such as bridging or channeling.
3. Provide information on the thickness, uniformity, permeability, type, and fluid
saturation of the gravel pack sand.
4. Identify any leaks in the wellbore.
5. Identify any water production from the gravel pack sand.

How GPL data can be used to evaluate the quality of the gravel pack sand:

Thickness: The thickness of the gravel pack sand is important to ensure that the formation is
adequately protected from sand production. The GPL data can be used to measure the
thickness of the gravel pack sand and to identify any areas where the gravel pack sand is too
thin.

Uniformity: The uniformity of the gravel pack sand is important to prevent channeling.
Channeling occurs when the fluid flows through the gravel pack sand preferentially through
certain areas. This can lead to erosion of the formation and to sand production. The GPL
data can be used to identify any areas where the gravel pack sand is not uniform and to
recommend corrective action, such as additional gravel packing.

Density: The density of the gravel pack sand is important to ensure that the gravel pack sand
is properly packed. Low density gravel pack sand may be indicative of bridging or
channeling. The GPL data can be used to measure the density of the gravel pack sand and to
identify any areas where the gravel pack sand is not properly packed.

Permeability: The permeability of the gravel pack sand is important to ensure that the fluid
can flow through the gravel pack sand easily. A low permeability gravel pack sand may
restrict the flow of fluid and reduce production. The GPL data can be used to estimate the
permeability of the gravel pack sand and to identify any areas where the permeability is too
SPE 125106 6

Case Study: This case study is from one of the production holes in the study area, where
successful Gravel Pack Evaluation helped to delineate poorly packed zones and to carry out
remedial completion operations. In this hole the reservoir section was drilled with 8.5” bit
and enlarged to 9.5” by using near bit reamer (NBR) tool. No pre drill liner was lowered in
this section. Directly gravel pack screen (7.84” OD) was lowered against the reservoir
section. Hence, the annulus between screen and borehole only is present for gravel packing.
Wireline calliper data recorded after hole enlargement shows borehole washout below the
10 ¾” liner shoe, where borehole diameter was found to be greater than 20 inches. The
length of the wash out zone was around 10m as shown in the figure. Hole diameter
suddenly reduces below this depth and became equal 10.5 inches and thus reduces the
annular spacing between the borehole and the screen. During the pumping job 84% of the
estimated gravel volume was able to be pumped, which is a fair figure indicating a
successful job. But log based Gravel pack evaluation brought up a different picture into the
scene. For interpreting the pack efficiency CN-GR tool was run in this hole. GPE indicates, all
the pumped gravel is accumulated below the 10.75” casing shoe in the wash out zone. No
gravel could go below this zone due to constriction of the annulus. Hence it was confirmed
that there is no gravel present across the reservoir sand face. Completion string (screen)
was pulled out based on the interpretation of gravel pack evaluation log

Figure: Gravel Pack Log (GPL)

SPE 125106 7

GUIDANCE CONTINUOUS TOOL

Construction: The Guidance Continuous Tool (GCT) is a wireline logging tool that is used to
guide production logging tools through complex wellbore geometries. The GCT consists of a
series of sensors that measure the position of the wellbore relative to the tool. The sensor
data is transmitted to the surface computer in real time, and the computer uses the data to
generate a guidance signal that is sent to the production logging tool.

Working: The GCT is lowered into the wellbore on a wireline cable and positioned at the
entrance of the horizontal section of the well. The sensors on the GCT measure the position
and orientation of the tool relative to the wellbore. This data is transmitted to the surface
computer in real time. The surface computer uses the data to generate a guidance signal
that is sent to the production logging tool. The guidance signal is a series of electrical pulses
that are sent to the production logging tool through the wireline cable. The production
logging tool uses the guidance signal to determine its position in the wellbore and to steer
itself through the horizontal section of the well.

Interpretation: The data from the Guidance Continuous Tool (GCT) is interpreted to
generate a three-dimensional model of the wellbore. The model shows the position and
orientation of the GCT at all times during the logging operation.

 Wellbore curvature: The curvature of the wellbore is calculated by measuring the

change in the orientation of the GCT over time.
 Wellbore tortuosity: The tortuosity of the wellbore is calculated by measuring the
amount of twisting in the wellbore.
 Wellbore azimuth: The azimuth of the wellbore is calculated by measuring the
direction of the wellbore relative to magnetic north.
 Wellbore inclination: The inclination of the wellbore is calculated by measuring the
angle of the wellbore relative to the vertical.

Case Study: During drilling operations below the 7 5/8-in. intermediate casing, the client
noticed metal filings in the shale shaker. The rig had recently renewed the hard-banding on
the drill string tool joints, so the operator knew casing wear was probably occurring.
However, when the pressure test of the newly cemented 5 1I2-in. liner failed, a leak at the 5
112-in. liner top was suspected. Drillpipe rotating time on this well was very short. The drill
pipe was also round tripped in the well twice. Well data were reviewed, including dogleg
severity, azimuth and hole deviation from the GCT* Guidance Continuous Tool. Table 1 lists the GCT
tool data from 2050 to 2250 ft., which is the interval where the casing failed during the pressure
testing of the top of the 5 ll2-in. liner. While drilling this interval, the hole angle is building, while at
the same time, the hole azimuth changes from 95.18 to 89.73 degrees, causing a sharp dogleg to the
left. Drilling operations are normally performed with the drill pipe under tension. Under these
SPE 125106 8

conditions, building hole angle and with the drillpipe under tension, it could be expected that casing
wear would occur at or very near the high side of the casing, which is the 0- to 360-degree location
on the USI log plot. When the USI log was reviewed, however, the casing wear occurred near 90
degrees from the top side of the casing. By combining the GCT tool data with the USI tool data, it
was clear that the casing wear was occurring on the inside of the sharp dogleg to the left.
SPE 125106 9

CASED HOLE WIRELINE FORMATION TESTER:

Construction: The CHWT logging tool is constructed with a test probe, sample chamber,
pressure sensors, and wireline cable. The test probe is made of tungsten carbide and
penetrates the casing and formation to allow fluid to flow into the sample chamber. The
sample chamber is made of stainless steel and collects and stores fluid samples from the
formation. The pressure sensors are made of piezoelectric material and measure the
pressure of the fluid in the formation. The wireline cable lowers the CHWT tool into the
wellbore and transmits data to the surface computer.
Working: The CHWT tool is lowered into the wellbore on a wireline cable. Once at the
desired depth, the test probe is deployed. The test probe is typically a shaped charge that
perforates the casing and formation. Once the test probe has penetrated the casing and
formation, fluid from the formation flows into the sample chamber. The sample chamber is
typically a small chamber that is used to collect a representative sample of the formation
fluid. The pressure sensors measure the pressure of the fluid in the sample chamber. The
pressure data is used to determine the formation pressure and the permeability of the
formation. Once the fluid sample has been collected and the pressure data has been
recorded, the test probe is retrieved. The CHWT tool is then raised to the surface and the
fluid sample and pressure data are analysed

 Identify the type of fluid in the formation. This can be done by analysing the
composition of the fluid sample collected by the CHWT tool. For example, a water
sample indicates that the formation is water-bearing, while an oil sample indicates
that the formation is oil-bearing.
 Determine the formation pressure. This can be done by measuring the pressure of
the fluid in the sample chamber. The formation pressure is important for
determining the potential productivity of the formation and for designing well
completions.
 Estimate the permeability of the formation. This can be done by measuring the rate
at which the fluid sample flows into the sample chamber. The permeability of the
formation is important for determining the flow rate of fluids through the formation
and for designing well production strategies.
 Identify the presence of any barriers in the formation: This can be done by looking
for sudden changes in the pressure of the fluid in the sample chamber. Barriers can
be caused by shale layers, faults, or other geological features. The presence of
barriers can impact the flow of fluids through the formation and need to be
considered when designing well completions and production strategies.
 Correcting for pressure depletion: When the CHWT tool is deployed, the formation
pressure is reduced in the immediate vicinity of the tool. This can lead to erroneous
pressure measurements. To correct for pressure depletion, the pressure data is
typically corrected using a mathematical model.
 Analysing the pressure falloff data: Once the CHWT tool is retrieved, the pressure in
the formation will begin to recover. The rate at which the pressure recovers can be
SPE 125106 1

used to estimate the permeability of the formation and to identify any barriers in the
formation.
 Analyzing the fluid sample: The fluid sample collected by the CHWT tool can be
analyzed to determine its composition, properties, and origin. This information can
be used to identify the type of fluid in the formation, to assess the quality of the
fluid, and to determine the potential productivity of the formation.

Case Study: The CHFT was set at XX39 m MD (lower B formation) and a hole was drilled
though the casing, cement and formation show the pressure data that were recorded.
All the pressures recorded at this depth were monitored in real-time to allow the
planned injection sequences to be optimized based on the real-time results. The initial
pressure obtained was wellbore hydrostatic pressure. Formation pressure was observed
after the drill bit penetrated casing, cement and formation. A pretest was taken to
confirm the formation pressure of 291 bars. The rig subsequently injected seawater at
four different rates into the upper formation A at a maximum injection rate. No
response was observed on the CHFT while water was injected, indicating that the B
formation had not been affected by the water injection and was not in communication
with A formation.
SPE 125106 1

FORMATION INTERVAL TESTER

Construction: A test probe is used to perforate the casing and formation. A sample chamber
is used to collect a sample of the fluid. A pressure sensor is used to measure the pressure of
the fluid. A temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of the fluid. A wireline
cable used to lower the FIT tool into the wellbore and to transmit data to the surface
computer.

Working

 The FIT tool is lowered into the wellbore on a wireline cable. Once at the desired
depth, the test probe is deployed to perforate the casing and formation. This is
typically done using a shaped charge.
 Once the casing and formation have been perforated, fluid from the formation flows
into the sample chamber of the FIT tool. The pressure and temperature of the fluid
are also measured.
 The FIT tool can be configured to collect a single sample of fluid or to continuously
collect fluid samples. The FIT tool can also be configured to measure the pressure
and temperature of the fluid at multiple intervals.
 Once the fluid samples and data have been collected, the FIT tool is retrieved and
the data is analyzed.

Interpretation

 The FIT production logging tool is based on the following principles:

 The type of fluid in the formation can be identified by the composition of the fluid
sample. For example, a water sample indicates that the formation is water-bearing,
while an oil sample indicates that the formation is oil-bearing.
 The formation pressure can be determined by the pressure of the fluid in the sample
chamber. The formation pressure is important for determining the potential
productivity of the formation and for designing well completions.
 The formation temperature can be determined by the temperature of the fluid in the
sample chamber. The formation temperature is important for determining the
properties of the fluid and for designing well completions.
 The permeability of the formation can be estimated by the rate at which the fluid
sample flows into the sample chamber. The permeability of the formation is
important for determining the flow rate of fluids through the formation and for
designing well

Case Study: At the top of the example is the SP curve recorded as on the electrical log in
order to place the tool accurately in the formation. When the depth setting has been made,
the recording film is geared to a timing device so that the vertical scale is a measure of
elapsed time. In the left track, the pad-expanding operation is indicated at A; the seal pad
SPE 125106 1

being set at B. At C the sample bullets are fired. In the right-hand track, the sample line
pressure before the test is given at D. The sharp rise at E, after opening the tool to the
formation PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME pressure, is governed by the controlled flow
mechanism in the tool. The sampling pressure remains quite constant until the tester is full
(G), when it rises to the shut-in formation pressure. At I the seal valve is closed and is
followed at J by the retraction of the tool. Since the sample line pressure does not rise to
the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column, it is obvious the pad i, still stuck against the
wall of the hole. The get-away shots are, therefore, fired at K and the increase tJ hydrostatic
mud pressure at L verifies that the tool is free and can be removed from the hole. The
results of this actual test, as indicated on the log, are as follows: formation shut-in pressure
5,000 psi; hydrostatic mud pressure, 7,200 psi; oil recovery, 1,500 cc; gas recovery, 3.9 cu
ft.; mud filtrate, 2,000 cc; sand, 50 cc; and gas-oil ratio, 414: 1. A subsequent production test
in the formation, a thin-sand section of 6 ft., recovered 244 bbl. of 34.6 gravity oil with no
water, and a GOR of 848.1.
SPE 125106 1

REPEAT FORMATION TESTER TOOL

The RFT tool was initially used as formation fluid sample collecting tool from the well but
latter on its application was sought for recording the depth-pressure profile across reservoir
section encountered during drilling. The repeat formation tester (RFT) is operated by an
electrically driven hydraulic system so that it can be set and retracted against the formation
to measure the pressure of all zones of interest in a single trip in the well. Operating an RFT
survey

 Use well logs to pick permeable zones for formation pressure measurements. Look
for an invasion profile.
 Plot mud hydrostatic and formation pressure at the well site to recognize anomalies
or tool errors and to optimize station coverage.
 Occasionally repeat formation pressure measurements at the same depth to check
for consistency.
 Repeat at some of the same depths for multiple surveys to help normalize the
different surveys.
 Sample both water- and hydrocarbon-bearing intervals to establish both the water
and hydrocarbon pressure gradients.
 Plot pressures at the same scale as well logs to aid in interpretation.

Application

 The depth-pressure profiles are generated across each formation of the reservoir
under dynamic conditions. This reveals the degree of vertical and areal
communication which is of great assistance in planning secondary recovery flooding
(water & Gas injection)
 The RFT tool provides best quality pressure and is routinely run in exploratory well.
 The survey done by RFT usually straightforward to interpret the pressure build-up
data and require no further pressure interpretation and depth corrections, since
gauge depth is particularly coincidental with that of RFT probe.

Case Study
SPE 125106 1

CASED HOLE DYNAMICS TESTER

Working: The Cased Hole Dynamics Tester operates as follows:

1. Tool string Deployment: The tool is lowered into the wellbore on a cable, typically
through a wireline. It is deployed to a specific depth within the cased well.

2. Sealing Process: The tool engages its sealing mechanism, creating a sealed chamber
that isolates a section of the wellbore.

3. Pressure Testing: Pressure sensors within the tool measure the pressure of the isolated
formation. The tool may initiate pressure drawdown and build-up tests to evaluate
reservoir properties and connectivity.

4. Fluid Sampling: The tool can collect fluid samples from the isolated formation. These
samples can be used to analyze the composition of the reservoir fluids, including
hydrocarbon content and other properties.

5. Data Transmission: Data collected by the tool, including pressure measurements and
fluid properties, are transmitted in real-time to the surface for analysis.

6. Data Interpretation: Geoscientists and engineers analyze the data to determine

reservoir properties, fluid composition, pressure gradients, and the potential for
reservoir compartmentalization.

Applications

1. Reservoir Evaluation: It is used for reservoir evaluation in producing wells to

understand formation fluid properties, pressure changes, and potential
compartmentalization. This information is crucial for optimizing production
strategies.

2. Fluid Sampling: The tool is valuable for collecting fluid samples from the reservoir.
These samples can be analyzed to determine the presence of hydrocarbons, estimate
fluid properties, and assess reservoir quality.

3. Reservoir Connectivity: By conducting pressure tests, the tool can assess the
connectivity between different layers or zones within the reservoir. It helps in
understanding the flow behaviour and potential barriers within the reservoir.

4. Reservoir Monitoring: It is used for long-term reservoir monitoring. Regular testing

with the Cased Hole Dynamics Tester helps ensure that reservoir pressure and fluid
properties remain consistent over time. This data is essential for reservoir
management.
SPE 125106 1

5. Well Optimization: The tool can provide insights into well productivity and help
operators make informed decisions regarding perforations, production strategies, and
reservoir stimulation.

6. Reservoir Characterization: Data from the tool can assist in reservoir characterization,
which is essential for understanding the subsurface geology and the distribution of
fluids within the reservoir.

Case Study: The CHDT was successfully deployed on the two wells where open
hole pressures were not taken due to hole conditions A total of 12 holes were
drilled, formation pressures measured, many utilizing the multi-pretest
functionality of the CHDT, and plugged. The 10,000-psi bidirectional plugs were
then tested by the CHDT and a follow up 4,500 psi and 5,000 psi entire casing
tests were performed by Oxy prior to the completion. An analysis of the
pressures shows that the CHDT pressures were in good agreement between
both wells since two of zones were indicated as tight and were still building
even after two hours of build-up time and 2) final stabilized build ups were
achieved in the tight zone 5 and both were well below mud hydrostatic.
Accurate pressures confirmed the existence of adequate reservoir energy to
continue the infill-drilling program
SPE 125106 1

FORMATION SUBSIDENCE MONITOR TOOL

Construction: The Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool is a specialized instrument used in
the oil and gas industry for monitoring the subsidence or movement of formations around a
wellbore. It is designed to be a robust and precise tool for measuring changes in the position
of the formation. The construction of this tool includes the following key components:

1. Sensors: The tool is equipped with various sensors that can detect and measure
changes in formation position. These sensors can include inclinometers,
accelerometers, and depth sensors, among others.
2. Data Acquisition System: The tool is equipped with a data acquisition system to
collect and store data from the sensors. This system often includes memory storage,
data processing, and telemetry components for real-time or post-logging data
transmission.
3. Power Source: To operate the sensors and data acquisition system, the Formation
Subsidence Monitor Tool is typically powered by batteries or other power sources
capable of providing reliable and sustained energy during its deployment.
4. Housing: The tool is enclosed in a robust and durable housing to protect the internal
components from harsh downhole conditions, including high pressure and
temperature. It must also be designed to withstand mechanical forces and
vibrations during deployment.

Working: The Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool is deployed into a wellbore to monitor
changes in the position of the surrounding formations. The working process involves the
following steps:

 Deployment: The tool is lowered into the wellbore on a wireline or coiled tubing. It
can also be deployed as part of a well completion or work over operation.
 Position Sensing: As the tool descends through the wellbore, its sensors continuously
monitor changes in the wellbore and formation positions. This includes
measurements of incline, azimuth, depth, and accelerations.
 Data Collection: The Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool collects data at regular
intervals or in real-time, depending on the specific tool's capabilities. The data
includes measurements related to the tool's orientation, movements, and the
wellbore geometry.
 Data Storage and Transmission: The tool's data acquisition system stores this
information internally and may transmit it in real-time to the surface or retrieve it
during tool retrieval for post-logging analysis.
 Data Interpretation: Once the data is collected, it is analyzed to assess any changes
in the position of the formation. This analysis helps to understand the extent of
SPE 125106 1

subsidence, movement, or changes in wellbore inclination, which can be caused by

various factors, including reservoir depletion.
 Monitoring and Analysis: The data collected by the Formation Subsidence Monitor
Tool is crucial for monitoring the stability of the wellbore and its surroundings. It
helps in identifying reservoir compaction and subsidence, which can affect well
integrity and production rates. Monitoring trends over time can inform decisions
about well management, including adjustments to completion and production
strategies.

Applications: The Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool has several applications in the oil and
gas industry:

 Reservoir Monitoring: It is used to monitor reservoir compaction, which can lead to

subsidence or movement of the formation. This information is vital for reservoir
management and assessing the impact of production on the subsurface.
 Wellbore Stability: The tool assists in evaluating wellbore stability, helping operators
understand the risk of wellbore collapse, casing damage, or other stability issues.
 Production Optimization: By monitoring formation subsidence, operators can make
adjustments to maintain well integrity and production rates, ensuring the efficient
and safe extraction of hydrocarbons.
 Reservoir Characterization: Data from the Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool can
also aid in characterizing the reservoir, identifying compaction zones, and optimizing
production strategies.
 Environmental Impact Assessment: Monitoring subsidence is critical in
understanding and mitigating the environmental impact of oil and gas operations on
the surrounding area, including potential land surface deformation.

Case study

The FSMT was used to monitor subsidence in a large oil and gas field in the North Sea. The
field was producing from a chalk reservoir, which is known to be susceptible to compaction
and subsidence.

 Satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) data: InSAR data provides high-resolution

measurements of ground movement.
 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data: GNSS data provides precise
measurements of the positions of GNSS receivers.
 Wellbore survey data: Wellbore survey data provides measurements of the depths
and positions of wells.
 Reservoir pressure data: Reservoir pressure data provides information about the
pore pressure in the reservoir.
SPE 125106 1

 The FSMT integrated these data sources to create a detailed picture of subsidence
patterns and trends in the field. The FSMT identified several areas of the field that
were at risk of subsidence. The FSMT also tracked the progression of subsidence
over time and assessed the effectiveness of remediation measures.

CORRELATED ELECTROMAGNETIC RETRIEVAL TOOL

Construction: The Correlated Electromagnetic Retrieval Tool (CERT) is a sophisticated well-
logging instrument used in the oil and gas industry. Its construction involves several key
components, including:

 Transmitter Antenna: The CERT features a transmitter antenna that emits controlled
electromagnetic waves into the surrounding formations. These waves can be of
different frequencies, depending on the desired measurements.
 Receiver Antenna Array: A receiver antenna array is located at a certain distance
from the transmitter. It is equipped to capture the electromagnetic signals that have
propagated through the formations.
 Logging Tool Housing: The transmitter, receiver, and associated electronics are
housed within a cylindrical tool designed to withstand the harsh downhole
conditions. This housing is usually made of robust materials to protect the sensitive
instrumentation.
 Control and Data Acquisition System: The CERT includes a control system for
generating electromagnetic signals and a data acquisition system for recording and
processing the received signals. Advanced electronics and software are employed for
this purpose.

Working

 Signal Emission: The CERT starts by emitting controlled electromagnetic signals into
the formation through the transmitter antenna. These signals typically comprise a
range of frequencies.
 Formation Response: When the electromagnetic waves encounter the subsurface
formations, they induce electrical currents within the rocks and fluids. The properties
of these formations affect how the waves interact.
 Signal Reception: The receiver antenna array captures the induced electromagnetic
signals after they have propagated through the formations. The signals received at
the array contain information about the electrical properties of the surrounding rock
and fluids.
 Data Correlation: The received signals are then correlated with the transmitted
signals. This correlation process involves comparing the phase, amplitude, and
frequency of the received signals to the original signals emitted by the transmitter.
Any deviations or changes indicate variations in the formation properties.
SPE 125106 1

 Data Processing: The data is processed to extract information about the subsurface.
The amplitude and phase of the received signals can be used to derive parameters
like resistivity, which is crucial for understanding rock types and the presence of
hydrocarbons.


Applications: The Correlated Electromagnetic Retrieval Tool has a range of applications in

the oil and gas industry:

1. Reservoir Characterization: It is used for reservoir characterization, providing critical

information about formation resistivity, which is a key indicator of rock types and
fluid content. This helps in understanding the subsurface geology and assessing the
potential for hydrocarbon production.
2. Formation Evaluation: The CERT aids in evaluating formation properties, such as
lithology and porosity, which are essential for drilling and reservoir management.
3. Hydrocarbon Detection: By analyzing the electrical properties of the formations, it
assists in the detection of hydrocarbon-bearing zones and determining their extent
and quality.
4. Complex Reservoirs: CERT is particularly useful in complex reservoirs where
traditional well-logging tools may not provide accurate data due to challenging
geological conditions.
5. Unconventional Reservoirs: It is valuable for evaluating unconventional reservoirs,
including shale and tight formations, where accurate data on formation properties
and hydrocarbon content is crucial.
6. Well Placement: For directional drilling and well placement, the CERT can provide
real-time information on the formation's electrical properties, enabling operators to
optimize well trajectories

Case study: Sharjah National Oil Corporation (SNOC) operates mature gas condensate
reservoirs with wells producing corrosive hydrocarbons for over 30 years.

1. Surface Tubing Inspection:

SPE 125106 2

 Surface ultrasonic inspection (UT scan) was performed on retrieved tubing from
Well X6.
 The inspection revealed indications of tong marks and corrosion pitting.
 Maximum metal loss of around 27% was observed at a depth of 8255.61 ft. MD,
visually evident as tong marks.
 Surface tubing inspection results showed good correlation with electromagnetic
logs, indicating similar metal losses.
2. Comparison of Metal Losses:
 Metal losses from surface tubing inspection (UT scan) were compared with
electromagnetic logs for Well X6 and Well X4.
 The comparison showed good correlation between surface inspection and
electromagnetic logs for both wells.
 In some sections, electromagnetic logs slightly overestimated the metal loss
compared to surface inspection.
 Overall, both inspections indicated similar metal losses on crucial tubing damage.
3. Casing Evaluation:
 Different technologies, including caliper, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic tools,
were used for corrosion evaluation of production casing.
 The caliper and electromagnetic logs showed reasonable correlation in
measuring metal losses.
 The electromagnetic logs matched well with the caliper results, indicating their
reliability for evaluating casing condition.
 The average difference between metal losses measured by all three tools was
less than 5%.
4. Well Integrity Evaluation:
 The integrated analysis and comparison of different corrosion evaluation
technologies provided insights into well integrity evaluation.
 The results increased confidence in corrosion inhibitor injection programs and
completion planning for future wells.
 The correlation of metal losses between surface tubing inspection and
electromagnetic logs increased confidence in electromagnetic technology for
single and secondary barrier evaluation.

The analysis helped in making critical business decisions on utilizing the well stock for the
future
SPE 125106 2