Mahabudur Rahman HST1065 (Megred)

BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIERS:
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS THAT

HINDER OR ENABLE SMES IN
BANGLADESH TO ADOPT E-
COMMERCE
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Table of Content
Chapter One: Introduction..........................................................................................................4
Chapter Two: Literature Review..............................................................................................10
Introduction..............................................................................................................................10
2.1 Evolution of subject matter................................................................................................10
2.2 The modern-day panorama of e-trade adoption amongst Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) in Bangladesh:.............................................................................................................11
2.3 Key Barriers Hindering SMEs from Adopting E-Commerce in Bangladesh:...................12
2.4 Enabling Factors that Promote E-Commerce Adoption Amongst SMEs in Bangladesh:..14
2.5 Impact of Organizational Traits on E-Commerce Adoption:.............................................15
2.6 Relationship Between E-Commerce Adoption and Business Performance:......................17
2.7 Research Gap:....................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Methodology..........................................................................................................21
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................21
3.2 Research onion...............................................................................................................21
3.3 Rationale and research paradigm....................................................................................22
3.4 Research population.......................................................................................................23
3.5 Sample size and method.................................................................................................23
3.6 Research methods...............................................................................................................24
Research strategy..................................................................................................................24
Research design....................................................................................................................24
Data collection method.........................................................................................................24
Data analysis.........................................................................................................................25
3.7 Ethical issues and research standards.............................................................................25
3.8 Methodological limitations.............................................................................................26
3.9 Chapter summary............................................................................................................26
Chapter 4: Result and findings.................................................................................................27
Introduction..........................................................................................................................27
4.1Critical analysis of empirical data (survey).....................................................................27
4.2 Synthesising findings and relevant theory and literature...............................................52
4.3 Evaluation of findings in light of existing theory...........................................................55
4.4 Justifying findings from data..........................................................................................56
Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................58
Conclusion................................................................................................................................59
References................................................................................................................................61
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Chapter One: Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the South Asian countries that get freedom in the year 1971 from
Pakistan. SME is one of the crucial income sources of the country. SME is helped the country
to achieve its final goal and enhance the economic condition of the country. It also helped the
country's people to enhance their lifestyle quality. By adopting e-commerce in the SME
operation, the companies enhanced their reach to the maximum number of people. In this
way, SME companies are increased their sales. The companies have also increased their
consumer base through attractive offers and discounts. Bangladesh SMEs can be divided into
33 sub-sectors of products and services. The survey data shows that SMEs constitute 50.91%
of the microeconomic sector. Among the total number of workers in Bangladesh, 35.41% of
workers are associated with the SME industry (Bidisha, 2023). A recent survey also shows
that SMEs contribute 48.41% of Bangladesh's GDP. So, SMEs play a crucial role in
developing Bangladesh's overall economy. It is also essential for SMEs to explore their
products in specified and justify platforms to get maximum market benefit market. The SME
companies reach their accomplished target by implementing proper marketing strategies in
their operations (Odonkor, 2021).
1.1 Research Background
Online marketing is one of the most trending among consumers; the Bangladesh market is no
exception. Bangladesh SME market is the most promising market in the whole globe. It is
good for investors to invest in this market to get maximum benefits. It is also noticed in the
survey data that a maximum number of people are associated with SME companies. SME
companies are exploring t, their products through various e-commerce platforms (Abdin,
2023). It is difficult for SME organizations to integrate e-commerce operations into their
existing business modules. It is also difficult for SME managers to integrate the right
business modules in their company's operations to gain maximum benefits. Various
difficulties exist for these organizations to avoid such problems and integrate e-commerce
into their operation. It is also crucial for the organization to maintain a proper security policy
to prevent online marketing-oriented problems (Wing, 2022). To stay away from any
potential hazards or malicious attacks, companies must additionally safeguard transaction as
well as client-sensitive data. Furthermore, it's imperative for companies to effectively manage
their web pages to eliminate any potential safety weaknesses. It is a big challenge for SME
companies to maintain their websites and enhance their web technology to boost the
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company's annual sales. In this way, companies enhance their market reputation and SME
company brand value. It is also crucial for consumers to secure their confidential information
to avoid any confidential information leakage. It is also difficult for SME companies to
develop their technology to develop their reach to consumers.
1.2 Aims and Objectives
Aims
This quantitative studies dissertation aims to comprehensively investigate and examine the
elements that act as limitations or facilitators for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in
Bangladesh while adopting e-trade.
Objectives
 To observe the contemporary stage of e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in Bangladesh.
 To pick out the key barriers hindering SMEs from adopting e-trade in Bangladesh,
 To explore the permitting factors that promote e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in
Bangladesh,
 To examine the impact of organizational traits on e-commerce adoption,
 To investigate the relationship between e-commerce adoption and commercial enterprise

overall performance.
Research Questions
What is the contemporary stage of e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in Bangladesh?
What are the barriers hindering SMEs from adopting e-trade in Bangladesh?
What are the permitting factors that promote e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in Bangladesh?
What is the impact of organizational traits on e-commerce adoption?
What is the relation between e-commerce adoption and commercial enterprise overall
performance?
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1.3 Research Rationale
Several research resources are present about the SME's operation. Several resources are also
present about the research topic to research these and get comprehensive knowledge for
further research. But the previous research works are not completely based on this particular
research topic. So, these research papers are not helped future researchers to get
comprehensive knowledge and implement it in their research papers to get effective outcomes
(Hossain et al., 2023). Through this particular research paper, the future researcher gains
useful information. In this way, the future researcher also understands the present situation of
the research and identifies the factors that influence SMEs' operation.
Identifying the factors that enable SMEs in Bangladesh to adopt the e-commerce market is
crucial. Identifying the problems and implementing a proper strategy to succeed in the e-
commerce market is essential. It is a serious challenge for SME companies to implement the
existing modules of the company's operation. It might damage the company's complete
operation otherwise enhance the product quality and reputation (Hasan, 2020). Through
identifying the issues, the country's government also take severe steps to implement it
properly in the SME operation. It is also important for Bangladesh SMEs to provide
managers with proper implementation of their business modules to gain maximum benefits
through e-commerce marketing. It is noticed in the survey report that SMEs are one of the
prime contributors to Bangladesh's GDP (Hendricks &Mwapwele, 2023). It is the duty of the
government also to boost the country's economy by implementing the right strategy for
SMEs. Technical advancement is also crucial for developing countries like Bangladesh to
implement e-commerce operations with SMEs. SMEs have increased their daily operation
and contribute more to the country's GDP. The country's people also enhance their lifestyle
quality and gain overall economic development (OECD, 2020).
1.4 Research Methodology
Research methodology is one of the crucial segments of the research. The researcher gains
comprehensive information about the study by selecting the perfect research methodology. In
this research, the researcher adopts an interpretivism research philosophy to explore the
subjective experiences and perceptions of SMEs in Bangladesh regarding e-commerce
adoption (Indeed Editorial Team, 2022). In this research, the researcher adopts an inductive
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research approach to develop the theories regarding the research topic and hypothesis based
on the data collected from SME. Primary quantitative and qualitative data collection
processes are selected for this research. In this research, 30 participants were from different
SME owners in Bangladesh. The research survey is Google Forms. In this research, the cross-
sectional time horizon is more appropriate for collecting the data from SMEs in Bangladesh
at a single point in time. This research combines surveys and semi-structured interviews to
collect quantitative and qualitative data from SMEs in Bangladesh (Bouchrika, 2023). In this
research, the researcher uses a random sampling methodology to gain comprehensive
information about the research topic. In this research, the researcher uses descriptive statistics
and regression analysis to analyse primary quantitative data. The researcher also performed
thematic analysis for analysis of the preliminary qualitative data. The researcher also
maintains proper ethical considerations to conduct the research and maintains American
Psychological Association guidelines (Jansen & Warren, 2020). All participants' confidential
information is maintained properly to conduct the whole research. The data collected for this
research are secured properly and used for this research purpose to gain comprehensive
knowledge about the research.
1.5 Synopsis of the research
The research topic is discussed through several segments to gain comprehensive knowledge
about the research and provide effective outcomes about the research topic. The research is
divided into an introduction, literature review, research methodology, finding & analysis, and
conclusion.
Introduction- The introduction segment discusses appropriate and concise research

backgrounds. The aims and objectives of the research are also discussed in this research
paper. Research questions are also framed out from this research objectives. These research
objectives helped the researcher discover the research's prime aim. Research methodology is
also discussed in a concise form. Synopsis of the research means all chapters outlined are also
discussed through this research introduction chapter.
Literature Review- In this segment of the research, the researcher comprehensively

discussed all the objectives. The objectives are analyzed with the help of secondary research
resources. All the statistical data ent in these research papers and related to this research topic
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are also analyzed critically. It also helps future researchers get comprehensive knowledge
about this research topic.
Methodology: Research methodology is the most crucial research segment of the research. In
this chapter research strategy, research philosophy, research method, data collection process,
data analysis process, and sampling methods are discussed comprehensively. Ethical
considerations and limitations of this research are also discussed to provide comprehensive
knowledge and information about the research. Proper research methodology helps the
researcher discover the related issues and gain information.
Analysis and Findings: The researcher critically analyses the empirical data collected
through survey questions and interviews. Analyzing this empirical data, the researcher gains
comprehensive information and knows which factors hinder or enable SMEs to adopt e-
commerce. It is crucial to identify these factors to gain success in this highly competition
market. It is only possible to analyze the primary finding data.
Conclusion- In the conclusion chapter, all the objectives are completely fulfilled and
discussed properly. The future scope of this research is also discussed with the
recommendation, overall conclusion, and linking with the objectives. It also helps future
researchers explore those things and gain valuable information about the factors hindering or
enabling SMEs to adopt e-commerce. Limitations of this research are also discussed to help
future researchers explore those things to get a more comprehensive idea for themselves and
other researchers.
1.6 Chapter Summary
It is crucial at present time to integrate e-commerce with SMEs to reach their product to the
maximum number of consumers. It also helps the company integrate innovative business
strategies into its existing business operation. It helps the company increase its brand image
and brand value in the global SME market. Attractive products at cheap rates help the
company to enhance its business. It also improves Bangladesh's economy and boosts the
country's GDP. In this way, many consumers explore various platforms before buying
products. It also increases competition in the market and enhances the SME's product quality.
Through this research, these companies and management also get comprehensive knowledge
about the factors that hinder or enable SMEs in Bangladesh to adopt e-commerce. The study
aims and objectives are discussed in the literature review segment with the help of secondary
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research papers. This chapter also discusses the research rationale and background to get
comprehensive knowledge about the research. Research methodology in concise form is also
discussed in this chapter. The synopsis of this research is also analyzed critically to
understand the research topic comprehensively. Their many factors are responsible for
enhancing the importance of the e-commerce market in the SME industry of Bangladesh. For
this, choosing an e-commerce platform is also crucial for advertising and reaching the
maximum number of consumers. It is also crucial for SME companies to train their
employees properly about the market, and it is also crucial to analyse the market before
implementing the plan for their operation.
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Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
Within Bangladesh's Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the rapid adoption of e-
commerce is crucial in the current globalised and digitally driven business landscape. Using
the potential of e-commerce is now essential for SMEs as customer behaviours change and
global markets become more accessible through online channels (Abtahi, Farhana, & Hasan,
2023). The goal of this review of the literature is to explore the key elements that either
support or impede the adoption of e-trade by Bangladeshi SMEs. This analysis aims to
provide light on the potential and problems associated with e-trade integration by identifying
the barriers and facilitators.
2.1 Evolution of subject matter
The development of e-commerce adoption is a fascinating story that illustrates the dynamic
shifts in global business environments, particularly in emerging nations like Bangladesh. E-
commerce's journey has taken it from its early stages to being a major force behind modern
commerce over time. Around the world, e-commerce began to take shape in the late 20th
century, when families and businesses began to use the Internet (Arefin & Rahman, 2020). At
first, it was thought to be an innovative way for large companies to do online business. But as
technology developed, more people had access to the internet, and digital platforms were
more widely used, e-trade quickly became a complex phenomenon involving a wide range of
industries and sizes of businesses.
The history of e-commerce in underdeveloped nations like Bangladesh is defined by the use
of unique opportunities and difficult circumstances. restricted access to technology and
internet infrastructure, which initially led to a constrained rise in e-commerce. Still, e-
commerce began to seep into local marketplaces as cell phone generation multiplied and
digital connectivity grew. After being hindered for a long time by aid restrictions, SMEs in
Bangladesh discovered that e-trade offered them access to a greater market and fewer
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geographic barriers (Al-Amin, 2020) . The track of e-trade has been dotted by paradigm shifts
in both local and global contexts. The landscape has generally progressed, starting with the
first online retail endeavours, and continuing through the cutting-edge dominance of online
marketplaces and the blending of modern technologies like blockchain and artificial
intelligence. Beyond financial transactions, e-commerce has an impact on marketing and
advertising, customer interaction, and supply chain efficiency. The evolution of e-trade
highlights how transformative it may be. Small firms are now able to compete with larger
ones thanks to the democratization of market access brought about by the growth of e-
commerce. Technology has also altered how people connect with firms by giving clients
more power online. This evolution is crucial to understand in the context of SMEs in
Bangladesh. It provides information on how e-commerce has evolved into a lifeline for
communities aiming for growth and resilience. SMEs can make use of e-trade's capacity to
overcome conventional barriers, expand their customer base, and support the country's
economic growth as it continues to evolve. This development lays the groundwork for
investigating the variables that either prohibit or permit SMEs in Bangladesh to fully
integrate e-commerce into their business.
2.2 The modern-day panorama of e-trade adoption amongst Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh:
It is distinguished by both fantastic and new tendencies. Current research and documentation
offer significant insights into the level of e-commerce integration that the SME sector
currently enjoys, offering a nuanced understanding of the degree to which businesses have
adopted digital structures for their operations. The use of e-trade by SMEs in Bangladesh has
increased over the past few years, albeit gradually. Although there is a noticeable growing
trajectory, the penetration of e-trade isn't necessarily consistent across different sectors and
areas. A significant portion of SMEs, have started their journey into the digital sphere by
embracing e-commerce elements including online sales, virtual advertising and marketing,
and consumer engagement tactics. According to statistics, the majority of SMEs' interest in e-
commerce is focused in urban areas where access to dependable internet infrastructure is
more easily available. Urban SMEs have attested to the greater expenses associated with
having an online presence, using e-commerce platforms to reach audiences outside
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geographic boundaries. Nonetheless, there is still a lot of unrealized potential in rural places
where access and virtual literacy are still problems. SMEs in Bangladesh are adopting e-
commerce due to a number of factors, such as the nature of the business, the resources at their
disposal, and the opportunities in their target market. Several industries, most notably retail,
fashion, and electronics, have been at the forefront of e-commerce due to consumer demand
for convenient online shopping (Nasrollahi, Ramezani &Sadraei,, 2021). Conversely,
industries with intricate supply chains and specialised services have slower e-trade
integration costs. Notwithstanding the progress, problems still exist. SMEs face obstacles
such as a lack of digital skills, concerns about online security, and budgetary limitations that
prevent them from fully integrating into the e-commerce landscape. Tax issues and
complicated regulations also have an impact on how easy it is to adopt e-trade. SMEs in
Bangladesh appear to be at the forefront of e-commerce adoption, which is typified by a
blend of challenging circumstances and achievements. The increasing virtual gap between
rural and urban areas emphasises the necessity of focused measures to ensure inclusive
adoption. Although the growing trend appears positive, more work needs to be done to give
SMEs the tools, assistance, and training they need to fully utilise e-commerce prospects.
Through an exploration of such patterns and insights, this evaluation adds to a comprehensive
understanding of the e-commerce landscape among Bangladeshi SMEs.
2.3 Key Barriers Hindering SMEs from Adopting E-Commerce in Bangladesh:
The adoption of e-commerce by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh is

impeded by several challenging circumstances that prevent the smooth incorporation of
virtual technologies into their business operations. While losing some of the subtleties of the
complex environment that SMEs must negotiate to adopt e-trade, synthesising the present
literature provides insightful information on these fundamental constraints. Technological
Barriers: The biggest obstacle to SMEs in Bangladesh attempting to engage in e-commerce is
the presence of technological barriers. Many SMEs may not have access to the modern
technological resources and infrastructure needed to establish and maintain a strong online
presence. Numerous organisations, particularly those located in rural areas, face a high
learning curve due to poor software solutions, internet connectivity issues, and little
knowledge of e-trade platforms (Meng, Qamruzzaman&Adow,, 2021). Financial Restraints:
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For SMEs considering e-commerce adoption, financial restraints provide a significant
challenge. Particularly for SMEs with limited resources, the costs associated with creating
and managing e-trade websites, online stock management, virtual advertising and marketing,
and customer service can be prohibitive. The use of e-commerce solutions may be
discouraged by the impact on already tight finances caused by investments in the era,
personnel education, and continuous preservation. The regulatory landscape poses a
formidable obstacle for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) looking to integrate
electronic commerce into their business operations. Complicated issues pertaining to online
pricing gateways, taxes, information security, and intellectual property rights often lead to
confusion and discourage SMEs from venturing into e-commerce. SMEs have additional
hurdles due to ambiguities in legal frameworks and compliance requirements. Security
Concerns: Another significant obstacle that SMEs encounter when considering the use of e-
trade is security concerns. Online transactions raise concerns about identity theft, hacks, and
statistics breaches because they entail the gathering and delivery of private client information.
Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs), especially those lacking cybersecurity expertise,
may be discouraged from pursuing e-commerce by the perceived risk of buyer agreement
compromise caused by security flaws (Karmaker, et al, 2023). Customer Trust and
Reliability: For SMEs, developing trust and credibility with online shoppers is a major
undertaking. In an online economy with a plethora of possibilities, customers are wary of
doing business with odd online enterprises. SMEs constantly struggle to convey their
dependability, sincerity, and dedication to making things enjoyable even when there are no
physical encounters. Lack of Digital Skills: One major obstacle to the adoption of e-
commerce is the low level of virtual literacy and skills among SME owners and their staff.
Using e-trade systems effectively requires knowledge of online customer engagement tactics,
content management systems, data analytics, and virtual advertising (Addae-Korankye and
Aryee,, 2021). The inability of SMEs to have a compelling online presence may be caused by
the lack of certain competencies. Amidst the increasing global acceptance of e-commerce,
these obstacles highlight the complex terrain that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
in Bangladesh must traverse. Overcoming these difficult circumstances necessitates a
multifaceted approach that includes policy support, financial incentives, ability-building
initiatives, and cooperation between governmental agencies, business associations, and
financial institutions. Ultimately, there are a variety of interconnected barriers preventing
SMEs in Bangladesh from embracing e-commerce. To fully realise the revolutionary
potential of e-trade for SMEs and enhance their market penetration, competitiveness, and all-
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around contributions to the financial system, it is imperative to tackle these obstacles. This
overview offers a comprehensive grasp of the obstacles that SMEs face in their pursuit of e-
trade integration by exploring those challenging scenarios.
2.4 Enabling Factors that Promote E-Commerce Adoption Amongst SMEs in

Bangladesh:
The path that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh are taking to
successfully integrate e-trade is driven by several enabling factors that are essential in helping
them adopt digital technology. Examining well-known academic publications reveals a
landscape full of chances and tactics that enable SMEs to successfully negotiate the
challenges of adopting e-trade. Reliable Internet Infrastructure: Having access to trustworthy
Internet infrastructure is essential for the successful adoption of e-commerce. In Bangladesh,
SMEs can now create an online presence in both urban and rural areas thanks to recent
advancements in digital connection (Polas, et al, 2022). A dependable internet connection
enhances user experience by enabling faster website loading times, smooth customer service,
and environmentally friendly online transactions.
Training Programmes and Capacity Building: These days, training apps and potential-
building initiatives are essential instruments for giving SMEs the skills they need to succeed
in the digital world. Government agencies, nonprofits, and private establishments provide
training programmes on many aspects of e-commerce in addition to digital advertising,
internet site building, and cybersecurity. These initiatives provide SMEs with the tools they
need to properly manage their online operations and make well-informed decisions (Khayer,
et al, 2021).
Government Policies and Incentives: It is impossible to overestimate the influence of

presidential policies in creating an environment that is favourable to the adoption of e-trade.
Encouraging laws that reduce taxes for online transactions, simplify regulatory strategies, and
offer financial incentives motivate SMEs to enter the e-commerce market. In Bangladesh,
initiatives such as electronic pricing gateways and tax advantages for online businesses have
made the environment more favourable.
Collaborative networks and ecosystems, along with supportive networks: These are
essential for SMEs to start using e-commerce. SMEs can showcase their products, share
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evaluations, and reach potential customers via platforms offered by business groups,
enterprise companies, and online marketplaces. By providing SMEs with a pre-existing
clientele, these networks lessen the difficulties involved in creating a logo from the ground
up.
Financial Resources: For SMEs to invest in website development, virtual marketing, and e-
commerce infrastructure, they must have financial resources available to them. Financial
institutions and fintech companies are more and more providing SMEs with customised
financial services and solutions that enable them to obtain the necessary investment for e-
trade adoption. Project capital assistance, credit lines, and loans are essential for closing the
financial gap.
Customer Confidence and Digital Payment Methods: SMEs must prioritise building
customer consideration if they want to succeed in the digital market. Robust cybersecurity
protocols, encryption technology, and safe online pricing systems all contribute to fostering
consumer confidence. These components contribute to more seamless transactions and
improve overall customer satisfaction, which in turn encourages repeat business (Rahman, et
al, 2020).
Adaptive Entrepreneurial attitude: One crucial yet intangible factor in SMEs' effective
adoption of e-trade is an adaptive entrepreneurial attitude. Entrepreneurs and supervisors who
welcome collaboration, consistently update their digital skills and remain receptive to new
ideas tend to be more adept at navigating the rapidly changing e-commerce environment.
The enabling elements that promote e-commerce adoption among Bangladeshi SMEs create a
comprehensive environment that enables companies to set out on their virtual adventure. A
proactive mindset, dependable infrastructure, government rules, educational programmes,
networks of support, financial resources, and supportive networks all contribute to the
successful integration of e-commerce. By comprehending and utilising those components,
SMEs in the virtual technology sector can increase their growth, competitiveness, and overall
success.
2.5 Impact of Organizational Traits on E-Commerce Adoption:
Studies examining the connection between organizational advancements and e-trade adoption
provide light on the ways in which factors such as location, industry zone, and size
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significantly affect SMEs' preparedness and capacity to represent virtual trade. Gaining
insight into how these patterns affect the adoption process will help you better understand the
dynamics that shape SMEs' e-commerce integration.
Organizational Length: One of the main factors influencing the adoption of e-commerce is
the size of the organization. Larger SMEs usually possess greater resources, financial
stability, and workforce to invest in developing and managing e-trade systems (Mukit, 2020).
Their additional expertise allows them to implement complex digital strategies, such as
integrating sophisticated buyer relationship control systems and creating fully functional
online stores. Conversely, smaller SMEs may also experience resource limitations that restrict
the scope of their e-commerce endeavours.
Industry Sector and Type of Business: An SME's e-trade adoption strategy is significantly
influenced by the enterprise zone in which it operates. Due to consumer demand for online
shopping, companies in industries with strong virtual presences—such as retail, electronics,
and fashion—are far more likely to give e-commerce adoption a top priority. In addition,
SMEs in industries with specialized offers or intricate supply chains may find it difficult to
modify their methods to fit within digital frameworks (Alim, et al, 2022).
Geographical Location: The pace and volume of e-trade adoption by SMEs are significantly
influenced by geographic location. Urban SMEs benefit from easier access to stable internet
connectivity, which is necessary for efficient e-commerce operations (Hossain, et al, 2022).
In fact, they have a larger customer base and are granted access to networks that support the
integration of e-commerce. However, rural SMEs could also experience connectivity issues
and a less developed e-commerce ecosystem, which could hinder their adoption attempts.
Customer Demographics and Preferences: An SME's approach to adopting e-commerce is

significantly shaped by the decisions and actions of its target customer base. Decisions about
the type of e-trade platform, pricing methods, and personal enjoy layout are informed by an
understanding of customer possibilities for online shopping, convenience, and virtual
interactions. SMEs should modify their approach to meet client expectations in order to exert
pressure for the successful adoption of e-trade.
Adoption Resources and Complexity: Organizational dynamics have a complete impact on

how complex the adoption of e-trade is. Larger SMEs with more resources may afford to
invest in cutting-edge e-commerce solutions, such as specially designed websites and top-
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notch data analytics equipment. Due to aid limits, smaller SMEs may opt for simpler
alternatives, such as 1/3-party e-trade platforms (Shahadat, et al, 2023).
Cultural and Behavioural characteristics: E-trade adoption is also influenced by cultural

and behavioral characteristics that are inherent to an employer. Employee digital literacy,
organizational culture, and management's attitude toward technology all have an impact on
how eager and able they are to embrace e-commerce techniques. Smoother adoption is likely
to be facilitated by a workforce that is open to digital change and leadership that is tech-savvy
(Hasan &Rahman,, 2022).
Suffice it to say, organizational characteristics like duration, industry, and geography

significantly influence SMEs' e-commerce adoption tactics. SMEs can improve their
prospects of successful integration into the digital trade landscape by recognizing these
effects and adjusting their strategy to suit their circumstances. In addition, these insights can
be used by support organizations and governments to provide targeted assistance to SMEs
according to their unique needs and preferences.
2.6 Relationship Between E-Commerce Adoption and Business Performance:
A developing body of research delves into the complex courting between Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) e-trade adoption prices and their overall business performance metrics.
Synthesizing those studies sheds mild on whether successful e-commerce integration indeed
correlates with advanced sales, multiplied market share, and more advantageous profitability
for SMEs.
Revenue Enhancement: Studies continuously propose a fantastic affiliation between e-trade

adoption and sales growth among SMEs. The accessibility of a much broader client base
enabled via e-trade systems often interprets elevated sales possibilities (Talapatra, et al,
2019). By breaking down geographical boundaries, SMEs can goal both home and
international markets, main to better transaction volumes and stepped forward sales streams.
This superb correlation underscores e-commerce's potential to enhance SMEs' pinnacle-line
boom.
Market Share Expansion: E-commerce enables SMEs' potential to reach and engage with a
broader customer base, as a result influencing marketplace percentage. The online realm
provides a platform for SMEs to show off their products and services to an international
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target audience, probably attracting new clients and competition shoppers. Enhanced
visibility, coupled with powerful advertising strategies, contributes to extended marketplace
share. However, factors along with quarter competitiveness and product differentiation also
play a role.
Profitability Upswing: The link between e-commerce adoption and profitability is nuanced.
While e-trade can lessen operational expenses by streamlining strategies and automating
transactions, the direct effect on profitability varies. Factors inclusive of pricing techniques,
aggressive pressures, and preliminary investments in the era must be taken into consideration
(Siddik, Yong &Rahman,, 2023). Nonetheless, SMEs that efficaciously align their e-
commerce strategy with green operations and pricing approaches tend to experience
improved profitability through the years.
Customer Loyalty and Engagement: E-trade's impact extends beyond instant economic
metrics. Customer loyalty and engagement, reinforced through customized reviews and green
online offerings, contribute to lengthy-term enterprise sustainability. Engaged online clients
are more likely to come to repeat customers and logo advocates, in addition to influencing
sales and profitability growth.
Innovative Business Models: E-commerce adoption regularly activates SMEs to innovate

their commercial enterprise fashions. The integration of digital platforms can result in the
creation of recent sales streams, consisting of subscription offerings, online marketplaces, or
cost-added digital services. These modern tactics can lead to revenue diversification and
greater profitability.
Sector Variability: The relationship between e-commerce adoption and commercial

enterprise overall performance may be motivated by the world in which SMEs perform.
Industries characterized by fast technological advancements and customer call for online
offerings, inclusive of retail and hospitality, may additionally enjoy greater suggested
upgrades in sales, market proportion, and profitability. In contrast, sectors with longer income
cycles or complicated value chains may look at slower influences.
Long-Term Impact: While immediate impacts are frequently located in phrases of sales and
market proportion, the long-time period benefits of e-trade adoption are extra profound.
SMEs that consistently deliver high-quality online reviews tend to construct enduring client
relationships, fostering sustainable increases through the years. The connection between e-
trade adoption and SMEs' commercial enterprise overall performance metrics is complex and
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multidimensional. While e-trade can drastically contribute to enhanced sales, marketplace
share, and profitability, its effects are prompted by way of numerous inner and outside
elements. Successful integration requires strategic alignment between e-commerce tasks and
usual enterprise desires, ensuring that the potential benefits are maximized even as addressing
challenges efficaciously.
2.7 Research Gap:
Despite the enormous research performed on e-commerce adoption among SMEs in diverse
contexts, there stays a superb gap in understanding the nuanced demanding situations and
possibilities confronted by SMEs in Bangladesh. Existing literature frequently offers insights
from advanced economies, which won't accurately capture the specific socio-financial,
technological, and regulatory dynamics of Bangladesh. Additionally, whilst a few studies
discuss e-trade adoption boundaries and facilitators, few offer a comprehensive exam of the
interplay between organizational developments and e-commerce integration (Islam, et al,
2021). This research ambitions to bridge those gaps by offering contextually relevant insights
into the unique factors hindering or allowing e-commerce adoption among SMEs in
Bangladesh. By examining how organizational traits intersect with the demanding situations
and opportunities inherent in e-commerce integration, this examination seeks to contribute
precious insight that can tell strategies to beautify SMEs' virtual transformation inside the
Bangladeshi context.
Theoretical implementation
Implementation of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) within Bangladeshi SME

adoption of e-commerce can provide key insight into understanding and overcoming any
potential barriers they face when adopting this form of commerce. TAM can assess users'
perception and acceptance of new technology, giving valuable information that will inform
effective implementation strategies. TAM may be conducted using surveys and interviews
within SME communities in Bangladesh in order to gauge perceptions about the e-commerce
technology used. Such analysis could uncover specific concerns related to ease-of-use or
perceived usefulness that SMEs encounter when adopting it for business needs, such as ease-
of-use/perceived usefulness of platforms.
19
Findings from TAM can inform targeted interventions. For instance, if the perceived
complexity of e-commerce technology is an impediment to use, training programs designed
to increase digital literacy and user-friendliness could be designed. If security concerns are at
the forefront, efforts could focus on providing robust payment systems online. Government
and industry stakeholders could utilize TAM insights in shaping policies and incentives by
understanding factors influencing SME adoption of e-commerce - using this understanding;
policymakers could craft supportive regulations or financial incentives designed to address
any security or safety concerns they identify from these insights to develop supportive
regulations or incentives which address concerns from these concerns by understanding those
factors which hinder adoption using these insights from TAM findings.
Chapter Summary:
In this literature overview, the complex panorama of e-commerce adoption amongst SMEs in
Bangladesh has been explored. The evolution of e-trade adoption, its cutting-edge level inside
us of a key barrier, enabling elements, the impact of organizational traits, and the relationship
between e-trade adoption and business performance were critically examined. The assessment
underscores the significance of e-commerce as a transformative pressure for SMEs, outlining
the challenges they face even as highlighting capability pathways for success. These insights
function the bedrock for the subsequent chapters of this dissertation. With a focus on
understanding the dynamics precise to Bangladesh, the research aims to offer actionable
pointers that may enhance e-commerce adoption among SMEs. The subsequent chapters will
delve into empirical studies methods, records evaluation, and the method of strategic
guidelines, contributing to a deeper understanding of how SMEs in Bangladesh can navigate
the e-trade landscape to attain sustained growth and competitiveness.
20
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
There are different factors that create significant impact on the activities of SME and
influence e-commerce activities. Using effective methods of data collection can help to
improve the research context and enhance understanding about e-commerce. This research on
identifying factors to adopt e-commerce needs to collect information or data to investigate the
relationship between e-commerce adoption and commercial enterprise performance. This
chapter has focused on methods and tools of collecting and analysing data from primary and
secondary sources to understand the use of e-commerce processes in different SMEs.
However, research paradigm and design have also been considered to guide the entire
research.
3.2 Research onion
Research onion is a metaphorical framework that is used in methodology to illustrate the

layers included in a research. In order to accumulate information from different sources, a
researcher needs to analyse each layer in a proper manner (Abdar et al. 2021). From the
outermost layers to the innermost layer, research onion includes philosophical assumption,
research approach, research strategy, time horizon, data collection, sampling, data
analysis and findings. However, understanding of this research onion, researchers can
conceptualise the entire research process by using the series of interconnected layers. This
research has also used this research onion in terms of collecting information about key
barriers hinder and factors influence organisational activities to improve E-commerce.
21
Figure 1: Research onion
(Source: Alturki, 2021)
3.3 Rationale and research paradigm
The research paradigm represents the philosophical framework that guides the appropriate
approach of conducting a study. However, the different types of research paradigms such as
positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism. Selecting an appropriate research
paradigm can reflect the beliefs of the researcher about the knowledge, reality and process of
the entire research. This research has used “positivism philosophy” in order to manage
objectivity and Discover universal truth through empirical observation. Positivism is
basically epistemological stands that focus on empirical information or observation in order
to gain Real world knowledge about the research context (Alturki, 2021). In order to break
down the barriers of SMEs it is important to gain Real world knowledge about The E-
Commerce activities and SMEs of Bangladesh.
Positivism also provides a strong emphasis on systematic observation and generalisation of
data by eliminating personal bias. As per the view of Alharahsheh& Pius (2020), positivism
also helps a research study to collect subjective experience from valid sources of knowledge.
Using positivism philosophy, this research has also been collected from surveys by
conducting primary practical research work. Other paradigms are not applicable due to their
incapabilities of focusing on valid source and empirical evidence. Hence, due to this factor,
22
this positivism paradigm has proved justified in this research to understand contemporary
stages of e-commerce adoption in Bangladesh.
3.4 Research population
Research population is essential in order to accumulate information about the research

context and draw conclusions. Research population refers to the entire group or individuals
that are the main interest area of research study and help to generate findings (Miller, Chng&
Cheah, 2022). In order to accumulate primary information, it is important to select a specific
research population. This research has selected the owners of SMEs in Bangladesh in order
to understand their concept about E-commerce adoption. Target population can ensure the
valid and relevant findings for analysing the research concept. Since this research has focused
on E-Commerce Adoption in the SMEs of Bangladesh, it is important to include the owners
of SMEs to collect relevant information. Toys of research population and sampling is aligned
with research objectives to maintain flow in a research study. However, 30 research
participants have been selected from this target population to understand the situation of
SMEs. Therefore, this population has been proved justified to accumulate relevant
information about research context.
3.5 Sample size and method
Sample size and sampling method influence the data collection from different data sources to
knowledge about research phenomena. This research has used the simple random sampling
technique in order to select participants and accumulate data from them. As per the view of
Liu & Pontius (2021), simple random sampling can help to randomly select data from
different research populations. Simple random sampling can also mitigate the bias throughout
the discharge by randomly selecting participants. In that context, this technique has been
proved justified in order to conduct surveys and take responses from them.
Using this simple random sampling technique, this research has selected 30 participants as
the population of the survey to understand factors for enabling SMEs to adopt e-commerce.
As per the view of Kang (2021), choosing appropriate sample size is essential to accumulate
sufficient data for drawing conclusions about the research context. However, this size of 30
participants is effective or appropriate to figure out the solution for this research problem.
Therefore, due to this reason, this sampling is appropriate in this research.
23
3.6 Research methods
Research strategy
Strategy is an important part of research that provides the guidelines of accumulating findings
and improving research understanding. There are two types of research strategies such as
quantitative and qualitative. This research has used quantitative strategy in terms of
accumulating numerical information about the trend of using e-commerce, limitation of e-
commerce, challenges of SMEs, and trend of e-business. As per the view of Mehrad &
Zangeneh (2019), quantitative research strategies involve the specific measurement of
variables and help to accumulate statistical information from larger sample sizes.
Quantitative strategy in data collection provides a structured way or plan to collect common
data and draw conclusions. In this research quantitative strategy allows the presentation of
information in a numerical form such as chart, graph, table and statistical summaries to
accumulate in-depth view. On the other hand, the qualitative strategy provides description-
based information for research. In that context, this quantitative strategy has proved
beneficial.
Research design
Using specific research design is essential in order to analyse the relationship between
variables. This research has used descriptive Research Design in order to address all the
factors in a descriptive manner behind adopting e-commerce. As per the view of Doyle et al.
(2020), descriptive design can produce non quantified issues and help to gather data in a
quick manner. Using descriptive design, this research has also described different factors
such as training programs, government policies, collaborative network, financial resources,
customer confidence in the case of promoting e-commerce in SMEs. Since this design has
helped to describe the research elements in a detailed manner, descriptive design has proved
justified.
Data collection method
This research has used a primary quantitative Data Collection method in order to accumulate
information about the impact of organisational traits on E-Commerce adoption. There are
different factors such as market trends, use of Advanced technology, social distancing has
created opportunities of using e-commerce systems. In order to gather knowledge about these
factors and hindrance in the way of E-Commerce adoption, this research has accumulated
data from the target population by conducting primary research. As per the view of Dolnicar
24
(2020), primary quantitative data can be collected from reliable sources which also maintain
accuracy in findings. Survey has been conducted among 30 owners of SMEs in Bangladesh.
This specific group of participants has provided authentic information and responses from
their experience in SMEs to adopt e-commerce systems. 25 close ended questionnaires have
been used in this research in order to accumulate quantitative information from participants.
As per the view of Chen et al. (2020), close-ended questionnaires can provide standardised
response options and make the analysis of responses easier. Based on research objectives,
close-ended questionnaires have been established to gain specific responses. Survey sheet has
also been sent through email along with providing an information sheet. Therefore, it can be
stated that primary quantitative data collection has been justified for collecting reliable and
valid information.
Data analysis
Using appropriate data analysis techniques is essential to enhance transparency and reliability
of data. This research has considered statistical analysis techniques to analyse numerical
information to draw findings. As per the view of Wu et al. (2020), statistical analysis can
illustrate research data by using statistical facts, charts, graphs and other elements. Moreover,
Excel has also been used to understand facts and perspectives in a detailed way.
3.7 Ethical issues and research standards
This research has focused on ethical standards in order to conduct an entire study for
understanding the relationship between small and medium sized Enterprises and e-commerce
systems. Moreover, the research has also followed certain rules and regulations implemented
by the University of Chester. No participants have been forced to provide any sensitive or
personal data about their Enterprises. Informed consent has also been obtained from the
participants before involving them in the study. Participants will not face any damage or
potential risks throughout the entire research. Moreover, privacy and confidentiality of
information has also been implemented by securing personal and confidential information.
Data has also been secured in a cloud-based device with third party access control.
Anonymity will be maintained throughout the entire research study to maintain the general
principle of research. Academic integrity has also been implemented by avoiding plagiarism
and data manipulation. This research has also followed the rules implemented by “General
Data Protection Regulations” by the Government of UK (). No data has been misinterpreted
throughout the statistical analysis section. Moreover, the research also has compliance with
25
the rules and regulations of academic research. It has also ensured that participants can
withdraw their responses at any time throughout the research. No bias has been considered in
this research when selecting participants. Therefore, in this way, this research has
implemented transparency and reliability.
3.8 Methodological limitations
This research has used quantitative Data Collection methods in order to provide numerical
information about E-Commerce System Adoption in SMEs of Bangladesh. No qualitative
data has been included in the findings for that created a little limitation in the Methodology.
3.9 Chapter summary
As per the above mentioned discussion it can be concluded that use of proper data collection
and analysis tools can help to analyse the research context in a proper manner. This research
has used primary quantitative data in order to analyse the trend of adopting e-commerce
within the company. Positivism philosophy has been implemented to guide the quantitative
data collection from surveys of participants. Along with that, descriptive Research Design has
been used to describe the variables such as factors to hinder and enable SMEs to adopt e-
commerce and break down the barriers. Based on the research onion, effective data analysis
techniques have also been used to figure out appropriate findings about the use of e-
commerce systems. The statistical analysis technique has been used by implementing Excel
to illustrate graphs and charts of information. Moreover, the simple random sampling
technique has been used in order to select research participants to accumulate quantitative
information or response to surveys. Moreover, ethics has also been implemented throughout
the entire research to protect data confidentiality and academic integrity.
26
Chapter 4: Result and findings
Introduction
Understanding the specific difficulties and benefits of adopting e-commerce among SMEs in
Bangladesh requires more research on the topic. It can help guide plans to expand access to
technology, increase employment opportunities, and boost economic development. It can also
help enterprises adjust to shifting customer preferences and international market conditions.
Therefore, the author has surveyed 30 SME owners in Bangladesh to get real-time data and
comprehensive insights. The findings have been analyzed and evaluated using relevant theory
and literature studies. The author has also justified the findings obtained from the survey data.
4.1Critical analysis of empirical data (survey)
Q1 How long have you been involved with the SME sector of Bangladesh?
Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants
5 to 7 years 16.67 5 30
10 to 20 years 43.33 13 30
20 to 40 years 6.66 2 30
40 to 60 years 23.33 7 30
More than 60 years 10 3 30
Table 1: Response to question 1
27
Figure 1: Response to question 1
Q2 Have you already implemented any form of e-commerce in your business operation
when working in Bangladesh?
Yes 50 15 30
Neutral 30 9 30
No 20 6 30
28
Q3 Do you agree that e-commerce is essential for the growth of your business or any
kind of small business?
Agree 20 6 30
Strongly agree 40 12 30
Neutral 36.66 1 30
Disagree 30 9 30
Strongly disagree 6.66 2 30
29
Q4 Do you agree with the fact that E-Commerce can enhance the competitiveness of
your small business?
Agree 40 12 30
Strongly agree 33.33 10 30
Neutral 13.33 4 30
Disagree 10 3 30
30
Q5 Do you agree with the fact that Bangladesh has proper access to reliable internet
infrastructure that will help to manage E-Commerce adoption?
Agree 16.66 5 30
Neutral 36.66 11 30
Disagree 30 9 30
Strongly disagree 10 3 30
Table 5: Response to Question 5
31
Q6 Do you think financial constraints can create a huge barrier to the adoption of e-
commerce?
Agree 36.66 11 30
Neutral 3.33 1 30
Disagree 10 3 30
32
Q7 Which form of e-commerce business operation do you mainly prefer for your small
business?
Social media 36.66 11 30
Online sales 40 12 30
Digital Marketing 10 3 30
Website marketing 13.33 4 30
33
Q8 Do you agree with the fact that regulatory complexity can be increased due to the
adoption of an e-commerce business?
Agree 40 12 30
Neutral 10 3 30
Disagree 13.33 4 30
34
Q9 What factors mainly create hindrances in your small business by adopting e-

commerce?
Lack of technical 20 6 30
skills
High maintenance 16.66 5 30

costs
Regulatory Issues 6.66 2 30
Lack of awareness 23.33 7 30
35
Limited access to the 33.33 10 30
internet
Q10 According to you, what is the main factor that enables your small business to adopt
E-Commerce in a successful manner?
Government 40 12 30
support
Improved internet 30 9 30
infrastructure
36
Access to e- 10 3 30
commerce training
Increased customer 20 6 30
demand online
Q11 Have you ever faced challenges in managing E-Commerce activities in your
business in Bangladesh?
Yes 60 18 30
Neutral 16.66 5 30
No 23.33 7 30
37
Q12 Do you agree with the fact that security is one of the major factors for making
decisions in e-commerce business?
Agree 40 12 30
Neutral 3.33 1 30
Disagree 10 3 30
38
Q13 Do you provide training for your employees to improve their digital skills and
capabilities for managing e-commerce activities in your business?
Yes 56.66 17 30
Neutral 30 9 30
No 13.33 4 30
39
Figure 13: Response to Question 13
Q14. Does the availability of training programs for digital skills encourage your e-
commerce adoption?
Agree 33.33 10 30
Strongly Disagree 10 3 30
Disagree 30 9 30
40
30 26.66
Strongly agree
Agree
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
10
33.33
Q15: Do you think supportive government policies play a role in the decision to adopt e-
commerce?
Options Percentage Respondents Total participants
Agree 30 9 30
Strongly Disagree 16.66 5 30
Disagree 13.33 4 30
41
45
40
40
35
30
30
25
Percentage
20
16.66
15 13.33
10
0
Strongly agree Agree Strongly Disagree Disagree
Q16: Do you agree that access to financial resources has positively influenced the
development of e-commerce?
Agree 33.33 10 30
Disagree 10 3 30
42
60
50 50
40
33.33
30
Percentage
20
10 10
6.66
0
Strongly agree Agree Strongly Disagree Disagree
Q17: Do you believe that collaborative networks and industry associations have
facilitated your e-commerce adoption?
Agree 43.33 13 30
Disagree 6.66 2 30
43
6.66
30
20
Strongly agree
Agree
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
43.33

Q18: In your opinion, does customer demand for online products or services motivate
your e-commerce adoption?
Yes 66.66 20 30
Moderately 20 6 30
No 10 3 30
Not sure 3.33 1 30
44
Not sure 3.33
No 10
Percentage
Moderately 20
Yes 66.66
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Q19: Do you have observed improved revenue since adopting e-commerce?
Yes 46.66 14 30
Moderately 26.66 8 30
No 16.66 5 30
Not sure 10 3 30
45
50
45
40
35
30
25
46.66 Percentage
20
15
26.66
10
16.66
5 10
0
Yes Moderately No Not sure
Q20: Do you agree that e-commerce has led to an increase in the market share?
Agree 23.33 7 30
Disagree 13.33 4 30
46
13.33
36.66
Strongly agree
Agree
26.66 Strongly Disagree
Disagree
23.33
Q21: Do you think that your profitability has improved as a result of e-commerce
adoption?
Agree 26.66 8 30
Disagree 6.66 2 30
47
45
40
35
30
25
43.33
20
Percentage
15
10 26.66
23.33
5
0
Strongly agree
Agree 6.66
Strongly Disagree
Disagree

Q22: Do you think the size of your business affects the ability to adopt and manage e-
commerce?
Agree 33.33 10 30
Disagree 16.66 5 30
48
16.66
26.66
Strongly agree
Agree
Strongly Disagree
23.33 Disagree
33.33

Q23: Do you agree that the industry sector you belong to influences your decision to
adopt e-commerce?
Agree 30 9 30
Disagree 20 6 30
49
Disagree 20
Strongly Disagree 10
Percentage
Agree 30
Strongly agree 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Q24: Do you think that the geographical location of your business impacts on your e-
commerce adoption process?
Agree 26.66 8 30
Disagree 10 3 30
50
10
3.33
Strongly agree
Agree
26.66 Strongly Disagree
Disagree
60
Q25: Do you believe that e-commerce has positively impacted the performance of your
business?
Agree 33.33 10 30
Disagree 6.66 2 30
51
6.66
10
Strongly agree
Agree
50 Strongly Disagree
Disagree
33.33
4.2 Synthesising findings and relevant theory and literature
This research has been conducted primarily in order to accumulate quantitative information
about the development of e-commerce businesses and the adoption of e-commerce systems in
SMEs of Bangladesh. As per the view of Arefin & Rahman (2020), the dynamic shift of the
Global Business Environment towards digital business management has created challenges
for traditional business activities. On the other hand, business organisations are using e-
commerce systems by adopting advanced technology, which needs effective skills and access
to the internet. Lack of access to internet service is one of the major hindrances for E-
Commerce businesses to attract customers. The primary findings highlighted that 43.33% of
participants had been involved with the SME sector of Bangladesh for 10 to 20 years. Using
these experiences in the SME sector of Bangladesh, owners are trying to enhance their
operations by implementing e-commerce.
Response highlights that the majority of participants have already implemented an E-

Commerce system in your business operation providing service in Bangladesh. It has been
seen that E-Commerce has not achieved a high level of popularity in developing countries
like Bangladesh. As opined by Al-Amin (2020), in traditional business, geographical barriers
create huge challenges for organisations to manage Global Business. Majority of participants
52
strongly agree with the fact that E-Commerce is essential for the growth of small businesses.
Around 36.66% of participants are neutral since they do not have any idea about the
importance of the e-commerce system for business growth. According to Karmakeret al.
(2023), the implementation of e-commerce systems in business can also enhance
competitiveness by expanding the market. Using the E-Commerce system, small and
medium-sized companies can communicate with a wide range of customers across the world
to deliver service. E-Commerce systems also create a significant impact on marketing supply
chain efficiency and advertisement along with attracting customers. The majority of
participants agree with the fact that E-Commerce can improve competitiveness in a small
business.
Due to the implementation of the e-commerce system, small businesses became able to
compete. On the other hand, reliable internet service is essential in order to maintain
continuity of e-commerce activities. The majority of participants highlight a neutral response
to access to reliable internet infrastructure in Bangladesh since negative comments can create
an impact on their business. On the other hand, 16.66% of participants agree with the
existence of reliable internet infrastructure to manage E-Commerce Adoption in Bangladesh.
As opined by Nasrollahi, Ramezani &Sadraei (2021), the evolution of digital technology has
created a major influence on small business organisations to improve business growth.
Consumer demand has also changed with the implementation of developed technology that
led to the use of e-commerce in small businesses.
Financial constraint is the major barrier to the adoption of e-commerce strategy within small
business. As opined by Meng, Qamruzzaman& Adow (2021), due to a lack of financial
resources, owners cannot leverage advanced technology or automation systems to improve E-
Commerce. Around 43.33% of participants strongly agree with the fact that financial
constraints are a huge barrier to e-commerce adoption. There are different forms of e-
commerce business operations that use social media, online sales, websites and other digital
marketing. Resource-based view theory highlights that the use of resources can help to
enhance the effectiveness of managing operations by using sufficient resources. Along with
financial resources, human capabilities competitive values are also effective resources that
help to increase the development of e-commerce systems in small businesses.
The majority of participants use online sales, whereas very few respondents use digital
marketing techniques in Bangladesh. The use of social media platforms such as Facebook and
53
Instagram can help to communicate with customers and understand their preferences in
product development. The link between E-Commerce platforms and social media platforms
helps to accumulate the inside about customer preference. Moreover, 13.33% of participants
prefer the use of website marketing to maintain small business.
The use of e-commerce also increases the chance of regulatory complexity due to
technological utilisation. As stated by Janssen et al. (2020), high levels of regulatory
complexity regarding cybersecurity and technological adoption can create challenges.
According to Addae-Korankye& Aryee (2021), a lack of skills to use different E-Commerce
Technologies, such as Data Analytics and virtual advertisement, can create barriers in the way
of operational efficiency. Primary data highlights that lack of Technical skills and Limited
access to the internet are the major challenges, whereas small businesses can also face issues
due to high maintenance costs and lack of awareness among employees. In that case, the
adoption of the Technology acceptance model can help small business companies understand
the system of accepting and adopting advanced technology for operation management
(Kemp, Palmer &Strelan, 2019). TAM highlights the perceived usefulness of new technology,
and external variables such as competitiveness, social norms, and Government support also
influence the adoption of technology.
On the other hand, there are also some success factors that help to improve small businesses
despite challenges. The majority of participant’s highlight Government support as the
enabling factor of small business since government loans can be helpful to business
improvement. Along with that, the increasing demand of customers for online shopping and
improving internet infrastructure is also a supportive factor for adopting e-commerce in small
businesses in Bangladesh.
The SME owners have faced different challenges to maintain E-Commerce activities due to
various gaps in their business. It is highlighted by (Polas et al., 2022) that cyber security is
the major factor that helps to make decisions in e-commerce business. Challenges in
managing the security of information and customer data can create an adverse impact on
brand loyalty and brand image. Participants highlight that government policies and training
arrangements can be supportive of small businesses in Bangladesh to make decisions about
the adoption of e-commerce. In that case, proper training of employees is essential to handle
security systems in e-commerce operations. Collaborative networks within the industry can
also enhance operational efficiency.Furthermore, in terms of market penetration, revenue
54
generation, cost savings in operations, and consumer involvement, e-commerce has been an
essential tool for SMEs. Customers can use online platforms anytime, 24/7. Efficiency and
client targeting are only two areas that have benefited greatly from data analytics and
automation. For SMEs in Bangladesh, e-commerce is a benefit to their development,
competitiveness, and financial success.
4.3 Evaluation of findings in light of existing theory
The findings from Q1 indicate that 43.33% have been involved with the SME sector in
Bangladesh for 10-20 years. However, just half of these businesses have adopted e-
commerce, demonstrating that even extensive industry expertise does not guarantee e-
commerce success. This contrasts with the theory that more experienced companies may be
more eager to adopt technological advances.Most participants (40%) strongly agreed that
online trading is critical for expanding their company. Additionally, in Q4, 40% agreed that e-
commerce can enhance the competitiveness of the small business. This is consistent with
views that have previously emphasized electronic commerce's significance for businesses'
growth and competitiveness. However, it is notable that 30% of participants disagreed in Q3.
This may be because of enough funding or resources to adopt e-commerce in small
businesses. Furthermore, there are mixed responses in Q5. There may or may not be
sufficient internet infrastructure to accelerate or hinder the possibility of adopting e-
commerce for SMEs. Even 43.33% in Q6 agreed that financial constraint is the biggest
barrier. It is further evidence that SMEs have trouble finding the capital to embrace e-
commerce fully.
Q7 has shown that 40% and 36.66% of respondents think online sales and social media are
the best e-commerce business operation for small businesses. This supports the existing facts
about the rising popularity of online sales and the benefits of social media for expanding
business. Q8 respondents agreed (40%) or strongly agreed (30%) that e-commerce may
increase regulatory complexity. This result gives credence to the argument that addressing
complex regulatory hurdles is a major barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises. The
most common responses to Q9 were a lack of internet access (33.33%), followed by a lack of
technical abilities (20%). These results corroborate previous research stressing the
significance of technological development and literacy in promoting e-commerce. However,
Q10 responses have shown that key enablers are government funding (40%) and better
internet infrastructure (30%) in adapting e-commerce in Bangladesh. This fits well with
55
explanations that stress the importance of institutional reforms and technological
advancements in promoting e-commerce. Further, 60% of participants have said they face
challenges in managing e-commerce activities in their business in Bangladesh.
Most respondents in Q12 (40%) agreed that security is important when making online
purchases. This supports the generally accepted view that customers should take precautions
to protect their personal information while shopping online. In Q13, the majority (56.66%) of
businesses invest in their staff's digital abilities by providing training, lending credence to the
theory that this is crucial for a smooth transition into e-commerce. This is also supported by
the response in Q14, where 33.33% agreed that training programs for digital skills
encouraged e-commerce adoption. Q14 and Q15 have shown that most participants think
government policies help in adopting e-commerce, and financial resources have positively
influenced the development of e-commerce, respectively. On the other hand, 43.33% have
agreed that collaborative networks and industry associations have facilitated their e-
commerce adoption. This supports the theory of collaboration among SMEs to boost brand
awareness.
66.66% said that client demand for online services/products stimulates their adoption of e-
commerce, supporting the theory that satisfying customers is a key driver of e-commerce's
widespread acceptance. 46.66% in Q19 have said that adopting e-commerce saw increased
profits. This result supports the hypothesis that e-commerce may boost earnings. In Q20,
36.66% strongly agreed that e-commerce has boosted market share and profitability. This
lends credence to the theory that e-commerce has the potential to raise both the
competitiveness and profitability of businesses. The majority of respondents (33.33%) in Q22
felt that the size of their company affected their capacity to embrace and manage e-
commerce. In Q23, 40% of respondents strongly agreed that a company's industry impacts
the decision to adopt e-commerce. Additionally, in Q24, 60 strongly agreed that geographical
location also impacted the decision. This fits the speculation that e-commerce readiness and
appropriateness may vary between sectors and geographies. In Q25, 50% strongly agreed that
e-commerce positively affected their company's success. This lends credence to the idea that
e-commerce can potentially boost business success.
4.4 Justifying findings from data
Critical insights relevant to the issue of SMEs in Bangladesh embracing e-commerce are
revealed by the survey findings. These findings have the potential to greatly transform the
56
way these companies do business online by providing both actionable insights and tangible
results.
The distribution of respondents by SME experience is indicative of the wide range of

enterprises in Bangladesh. This information might be useful for developing individualized
plans for promoting e-commerce adoption among various types of companies. Many
SMEs, as shown by the statistics on e-commerce implementation, have already embraced e-
commerce. This goes well since it shows that the value of online trade is being more
acknowledged. Additionally, recognizing the value of e-commerce to a company's
development is crucial. It highlights the fact that small businesses in Bangladesh are
becoming more open to the idea of using e-commerce as a development strategy, as per the
study by Forward (2021). Given the widespread belief that e-commerce can increase
competitiveness, it is clear that small and medium-sized enterprises in Bangladesh are
actively seeking ways to improve their position in the market. With this knowledge, they can
design training and support programs with the explicit goal of boosting competitiveness
through electronic commerce. However, some SMEs have shown belief in the current state of
internet infrastructure, while others may have doubts. Fixing this problem is essential for
giving all companies an equal chance at e-commerce.
Furthermore, it is beneficial to know the most beneficial e-commerce challenges for SMEs.
So, the businesses can get proper training and support that is unique to those channels. For
instance, social media-centric companies can receive customized support with social
commerce. The widespread recognition of regulatory complexity as a possible barrier
highlights the need to simplify rules in order to promote the growth of e-commerce. As per
the view of Khan &Mukit (2022),reducing obstacles for small and medium-sized enterprises
can be accomplished through streamlining the regulatory environment.
On the other hand, lack of technical skills, high maintenance expenses, and restricted access
to the internet are just a few of the identified barriers that highlight areas needing specific
interventions. A study by Gao et al. (2022) has claimed that opportunities can be found in
training programs, subsidies, and infrastructural improvements. Recognizing government
assistance, enhanced internet infrastructure, and consumer demand as enabling factors
highlight the significance of these aspects. It is possible to encourage e-commerce expansion
by strengthening government laws, investing in infrastructure, and boosting demand. Further,
57
recognizing difficulties in managing e-commerce operations calls for education and capacity-
building initiatives. In turn, this may improve SMEs' capacity to manage e-commerce.
The widespread acknowledgement that customers need to feel safe before making financial
transactions online underlines the need to invest in rigorous cybersecurity measures and
educate the public. SMEs in Bangladesh need security measures in place to safeguard their
operations and their clients. It is also encouraging to see that research shows many companies
provide digital skills training to their staff. Increasing access to this kind of education may
improve such businesses' capacity for online trade. Understanding that factors such as
company size, industry, and geography all influence e-commerce choices necessitates
individualized approaches. Depending on the circumstances, SMEs may need various forms
of assistance. According to Alam & Khalid (2020), the widespread acknowledgement of e-
commerce's beneficial effects on company performance serves as a powerful incentive for
small and medium-sized enterprises. It is possible to increase e-commerce's use by
demonstrating how it improves overall performance.
The results of this survey provide a deep insight into the current state of e-commerce in
Bangladesh from the perspective of small and medium-sized businesses. They provide light
on the difficulties, drives, and preferences of industry firms, which is essential. The
information can be used to influence policy initiatives, training programs, and infrastructure
development projects in Bangladesh with the goal of increasing SMEs' participation in online
commerce while reducing the barriers that prevent its wider acceptance.
Chapter Summary
The results of a recent study on small and medium-sized businesses in Bangladesh and their
use of e-commerce are quite instructive. It has demonstrated that despite SMEs' recognition
of the development and competitiveness benefits of e-commerce, many still face difficulties
in this area. That includes a lack of adequate internet infrastructure, budgetary restrictions,
and the complexity of relevant regulations. Even so, it is clear that e-commerce has a
beneficial effect on sales, market share, and the business's operation. Therefore, targeted
training programs, regulatory changes, and infrastructure improvement are all necessary to
accelerate the widespread adoption of e-commerce. Insights such as these can be used as an
outline for how to improve Bangladesh's small and medium-sized enterprise (SME)
landscape, hence boosting the country's economy.
58
Conclusion
The study set out to learn more about the characteristics that either encourage or discourage
SMEs in Bangladesh from adopting e-commerce. This study has used a methodologically
rigorous approach to investigate the current state of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs') adoption of e-commerce, identify key barriers, explore enabling factors, analyse the
impact of organisational traits, and look into the connection between e-commerce adoption
and business performance.
Adopted Methodology
In providing a solid framework for data gathering and analysis, the methodology served as
the study's foundation. The study onion approach helped scholars examine several facets of a
topic, from underlying philosophical assumptions to data-gathering methods. It has been
possible to maintain impartiality and an empirical foundation by focusing the research on
positivist principles. In order to get a representative sample of SME owners in Bangladesh,
the researcher used a random sampling method. Statistics on the growth of online shopping
were gathered with the use of quantitative research methods like surveys. Excel and other
statistical software packages made it easier to make sense of the data.
Achievement of Research Objectives
The study goals were accomplished in full, providing much-needed insight into the
prevalence of e-commerce use by small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Bangladesh.
Many of the SME owners in our sample have worked in their field for more than ten years,
giving them invaluable expertise. Researchers also noted the most significant obstacles to the
widespread use of electronic commerce, including lack of resources, restricted access to the
internet, and complicated rules and regulations.
The first objective was to study how SMEs in Bangladesh are using the internet now. A
complete picture of the present state of affairs was captured, allowing us to accomplish our
goal. The findings showed that many of the business owners in our sample had been working
in their current industry for over 10 years, demonstrating the sector's stability and the
opportunity for e-commerce within it. In addition, the study wanted to figure out what
stopped SMEs from using the internet for business. As a result of the methodical data
collecting and analysis, researchers have gained a more nuanced knowledge of the difficulties
these businesses confront, which vary from financial restraints to regulatory complexity.
Furthermore, the study’s aim is to determine what characteristics facilitate SMEs' use of e-
commerce. It has been discovered that important characteristics ease the shift to e-commerce
59
by investigating government assistance, enhanced internet infrastructure, and training
programmes.
Meeting Research Questions
The study was driven by the research questions, which provided a framework for us to learn
more about the complex topic of e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Bangladesh. The
results comprehensively answered these key questions. First, The data showed that many of
the SME owners that have been surveyed had already begun selling their wares online,
suggesting they are well aware of the significance of the digital transformation now taking
place in the corporate world. This ties up with the study's central hypothesis that they are
already using e-commerce in some capacity. Second, the study shed light on how SME
owners see the value of e-commerce. The vast majority of respondents not only agreed, but
also agreed strongly that e-commerce was crucial to their development. This result supports
the hypothesis of the study that e-commerce is vital for Bangladesh's small and medium-sized
enterprises.
The report also sheds light on why many company owners believe e-commerce would help
them stay competitive. Many of those surveyed agreed with this assessment, lending credence
to the study's overarching inquiry into how e-commerce has altered corporate competition.
Nonetheless, a complex picture evolved among all these affirmative answers. Widespread
worries about regulatory complexity and budgetary restrictions highlighted the difficulties
that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) confront. These results are consistent with
the study question that sought to investigate the obstacles to the widespread use of e-
commerce.
Limitations of the Study
Despite the thoroughness of the approach being used, it is essential to recognise the
constraints of this study. First, the study heavily favoured quantitative information, ignoring
qualitative details that would have added context. Despite the study's best efforts, the sample
size may not be representative of all SMEs in Bangladesh. In addition, the study is limited
since it is cross-sectional in design, therefore capturing just a single moment in time. It could
not take into consideration how quickly people are adapting to online shopping. Finally, as
with any survey-based study, response bias is possible, however, it was mitigated to some
extent.
Further Areas of Research
The dynamic nature of e-commerce and SMEs creates several research opportunities. First,
the quantitative findings of this study may be supplemented by qualitative research.
60
Quantitative statistics may not capture subtle limitations and enabling elements that might be
uncovered via in-depth interviews and case studies. The dynamics of e-commerce adoption
among SMEs may also change over time, therefore, ongoing study might shed light on this.
Academics and politicians alike will benefit greatly from an understanding of how these
elements change and adapt throughout time. In addition, more in-depth insights into the
efficacy of government policies and training programmes for promoting e-commerce
adoption might be gained via further study.
Conclusion and recommendations
In the end, small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) in Bangladesh may gain a significant
competitive advantage by adopting e-commerce. This investigation has shown the
significance of government backing, enhanced internet infrastructure, and consumer desire in
driving adoption. Governments are urged to continue crafting pro-e-commerce policies and
initiatives and to simplifying regulations in order to increase the sector's uptake. Companies
should provide digital skills training for their staff, and collaborative networks may play a
critical role in promoting widespread uptake. While there are certainly some obstacles, the
future seems bright. Bangladeshi SMEs may gain in income, market share, and profitability if
they embrace e-commerce. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may better traverse
the e-commerce market and contribute to the growth and development of the country's
economy by resolving the highlighted hurdles and harnessing the enabling elements.
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BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIERS:

IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS THAT

1.1 Research Background

1.2 Aims and Objectives

 To observe the contemporary stage of e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in Bangladesh.

 To examine the impact of organizational traits on e-commerce adoption,

 To investigate the relationship between e-commerce adoption and commercial enterprise

What is the contemporary stage of e-trade adoption amongst SMEs in Bangladesh?

What is the impact of organizational traits on e-commerce adoption?

1.4 Research Methodology

1.5 Synopsis of the research

Introduction- The introduction segment discusses appropriate and concise research

Literature Review- In this segment of the research, the researcher comprehensively

1.6 Chapter Summary

2.1 Evolution of subject matter

2.3 Key Barriers Hindering SMEs from Adopting E-Commerce in Bangladesh:

The adoption of e-commerce by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh is

2.4 Enabling Factors that Promote E-Commerce Adoption Amongst SMEs in

Government Policies and Incentives: It is impossible to overestimate the influence of

2.5 Impact of Organizational Traits on E-Commerce Adoption:

Customer Demographics and Preferences: An SME's approach to adopting e-commerce is

Adoption Resources and Complexity: Organizational dynamics have a complete impact on

Cultural and Behavioural characteristics: E-trade adoption is also influenced by cultural

Suffice it to say, organizational characteristics like duration, industry, and geography

2.6 Relationship Between E-Commerce Adoption and Business Performance:

Revenue Enhancement: Studies continuously propose a fantastic affiliation between e-trade

Innovative Business Models: E-commerce adoption regularly activates SMEs to innovate

Sector Variability: The relationship between e-commerce adoption and commercial

2.7 Research Gap:

Implementation of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) within Bangladeshi SME

3.2 Research onion

Research onion is a metaphorical framework that is used in methodology to illustrate the

3.3 Rationale and research paradigm

3.4 Research population

Research population is essential in order to accumulate information about the research

3.5 Sample size and method

Data collection method

3.7 Ethical issues and research standards

3.8 Methodological limitations

3.9 Chapter summary

4.1Critical analysis of empirical data (survey)

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

More than 60 years 10 3 30

Table 1: Response to question 1

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Table 2: Response to question 2

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Strongly disagree 6.66 2 30

Table 3: Response to question 3

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Strongly agree 33.33 10 30

Strongly disagree 3.33 1 30

Table 4: Response to question 4

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Strongly agree 6.66 2 30

Table 5: Response to Question 5

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Strongly agree 43.33 13 30

Strongly disagree 6.66 2 30

Table 6: Response to Question 6

Options Percentage Respondents Total Participants

Social media 36.66 11 30

Website marketing 13.33 4 30