Index

Achlya spp. duplication cycle 243

sexual reproduction 262±6 genetic analysis of septation 218±21
actin growth and branching 242±5
A. nidulans cytoskeleton 236±9 hyperbranching mutants 247±52
cytoskeleton in polarized yeast growth hyphal polarity 236±45, 240±1, 241±2
230±1 loss of duplicated DNA 295±6
effect of lysocellin 168±70 morphological mutants 245
in yeast budding 203±4 physiological controls on septation
in yeast ®ssion 204 217±18
phosphoinositide regulation of signal transduction and polarity 239±40
cytoskeleton 160±2 spore germination 209±10
role in septation 201, 215±17, 220±1, 222 Aspergillus niger
transduction of positional information glucoamylase production 114±22
to cytoskeleton 232±5 metal oxalate production 191, 193
vesicle transport to hyphal tip 238±9 metal solubilization 188±91
action potential Aspergillus oryzae
in cords and rhizomorphs 149±51 growth of colonial mutant 111±12, 122
see also signal transduction ascospores
Alternaria sp. periodic discharge 97±8
oligotrophic growth 183
amino acids basidiomycetes
as components of intracellular nitrogen de®nition of fungal genet 285±8
134±6 karyotypic stability 290±3
composition in S. lacrymans 135 metabolism and hyphal differentiation
in nitrogen translocation 145±6 126±56
intracellular storage 142±5 sexual signalling systems 274±7
see also nitrogen unit mycelium concept 283
ammonium uptake, see also nitrogen 139 Blakeslea trispora
antheridiol, see also sexual interactions sexual reproduction 268±71
262±6 branching
Armillaria spp. effect on culture viscosity 112±13
action potential 40, 149 highly branched (colonial) mutants
cords of rhizomorphs 17, 55 108±11
de®nition of fungal genet 285±8 in¯uence on extracellular enzyme yield
genotype mapping 286±8 111±12
karyotypic stability 290±3 see also colonies, mycelium
Arthtrobotrys oligospora budding yeast, see Saccharomyces
lectin as nitrogen source 37, 38 cerevisiae
ascomycetes
ascospore discharge 97±8 Ca2‡ , see calcium, phosphoinositides,
ascospore poduction 126 signal transduction
septation in A. nidulans 208±28 calcium
sexual signalling system 271±4 calmodulin (CAM) 85±6, 164
Aspergillus nidulans cell signalling in N. crassa 85±7
cellularization 201±28 in regulation of polarity 239±40
conidiophore formation 210 Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated release 162±4,
cytoskeleton and polarity 236±9 170±1

326

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 Index 327
storage in vacuole 164 models of morphological patterning in
see also phosphoinositides, signal N. crassa 92±4
transduction peripheral growth zone model 63
calcium oxalate 191, 194±5 reaction-diffusion models 65±9
calcium polyphosphate 37 screening assay for metal solubilization
calmodulin (CAM) 190±1
calmodulin-dependent enzymes 164 stochastic models of growth 65
see also calcium stress responses towards toxic metals
cell cycle 178±200
checkpoints 204, 207±8 theoretical models of growth 62±9
cell division use of tessellated agar tile system 56±8
coordination with nuclear division and see also branching, mycelium
tip growth 202 colony, see colonies
cell signalling conidia
calcium and the circadian clock 85±7 conidiation rhythm 77±8, 97
cyclic AMP 86±7 polarity in A. nidulans 241±2
see also calcium, phosphoinositides, rhythms accompanying conidiogenesis
signal transduction 81±2
cellularization conidiophore
in A. nidulans 201±28 formation in A. nidulans 210
see also Aspergillus nidulans, copper oxalate
Schizosaccharomyces pombe crystals produced by A. niger 193
chitin production by lichens 194
in yeast budding 203 production by Poria spp. 194
metal binding ability 179 Coprinus cinereus
chitin synthase mating systems and pheromones 275±7
in yeast budding 203 mating-type genes 304±5
chytridiomycetes Coprinus radians
sexual reproduction 267 growth in heterogeneous culture 11±14
circadian clocks, see circadian rhythms cords
circadian rhythms formation and induction 128±31
biochemical activities 81±2, 84±5 of Armillaria spp. 55
calcium and the circadian clock 85±7 see also mycelium, rhizomorphs
canonical clock genes and mutants cryptic growth 183
88±92 cyclic AMP
conidiation rhythm 77±8 involvement in conidiation rhythm 86±7
electrophysiological studies 84±5 see also cell signalling, signal
in fungi other than N. crassa 94±9 transduction
in Neurospora crassa 77±94 cytokinesis, see cell division
light and temperature effects 78±81 cytoskeleton, see actin
of yeasts 95
role of fatty acids and membranes 87 DNA repair
Cladosporium spp. in yeasts 293±4
oligotrophic growth 183 duplication cycle
colonial mutants of ®lamentous fungi 242±3
in continuous culture 108±11 see also branching, growth, mycelium
see also Fusarium graminearum
colonies electrical signalling, see action potential,
colonial mutants 108±11 cell signalling, mycelium, signal
de®nitions 25±7 transduction
growth in heterogeneous environments enzymes
49±74 glucoamylase prouction by A. niger
growth in oligotrophic conditions 51 114±22
mathematical models of growth 60±2 hyphal tip number and enzyme yield
metabolism and hyphal differentiation 111±12
126±56 production in continuous ¯ow culture
model of tip dynamics 64±5 113±22

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328 Index
enzymes (cont'd) peripheral growth zone model 63
production in submerged culture 108±25 production of growth-associated
enzymes 113±22
®ssion yeast, see Schizosaccharomyces reaction-diffusion models 65±9
pombe SpitzenkoÈrper hypothesis 63±4
foraging strategies stochastic models 65
cord formation and induction 128±31 theoretical models 62±9
in nitrogen nutrition 133 see also branching, colonies, mycelium
in wood-decomposing fungi 11, 53±6,
126±7, 184 heterogeneous culture systems
mathematical models 60±2 growth of basidiomycetes 11±14
of Hypholoma fasciculare 55 see also foraging strategies, nutritional
of Phanerochaete velutina 55±6 heterogeneity
fractal dimension heterotrophic leaching, see metals
of T. viride colony 54 hydrophobins
see also mycelium biophysical properties 307±8
Fusarium graminearum in Schizophyllum commune 307±9,
growth of colonial mutants in 314±15
continuous culture 108±11, 122±3 Hymenoscyphus ericae 184
hyphal growth unit 244±5 hypha(e), see branching, colonies,
mycelium
genes hyphal growth unit, see also branching,
genes under control of mating-type colonies, mycelium 244±5
genes 307±9 Hypholoma fasciculare
mating-type genes 304±5 foraging patterns 55
nuclear distance and gene expression mycelial growth 16, 19
311±17
nuclear distances and communication inositol phosphates, see Ins(1,4,5)P3,
318±20 phosphinositides, signal transduction
see also genetic stability Ins(1,4,5)P3
genet metabolism 165
concept of fungal individual 25±6, 284±8 role as second messenger 162±4, 165,
genetic stability 170±1
destabilizing factors 288±93 see also phosphoinositides, signal
inter- and intrachromosomal transduction
arrangements 289±90
intraspeci®c nuclear parasitism 292±3 lithium
loss of duplicated DNA 295±6 effects on morphology and
maintenance of genetic identity 293±7 phosphoinositides 167±8
methylation induced premeiotically lysocellin, see phosphoinositides
(MIP) 294±5
of fungal mycelia 283±301 mating, see sexual interactions
quelling 294±5 melanin
repeat induced point mutation (RIP) binding of tributyltin chloride 187
294±5 melanization in response to metals
strain degeneration 290 186±7, 192
vegetative incompatibility systems 196±7 metals
see also genes effects on fungal colonies 178±200
Glomus mosseae 184 effects on growth, branching and
glucoamylase 114±22 morphogenesis 179±86
GOGAT pathway, see also nitrogen 140±1 effects under nutrient-replete conditions
growth 179±81
hyphal tip number and enzyme yield effects under oligotrophic conditions
111±12 181±6
in submerged culture 108±25 essential metals 178
mathematical models 60±2 metal solubilization (heterotrophic
model of tip dynamics 64±5 leaching) 188±95

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 Index 329
metal solubilization, see metals morphological mutants of A. nidulans
MIP, see genetic stability 245, 247±52
Mucor mucedo morphological mutants of N. crassa
sexual reproduction 268±71 245±7
mycelium nuclear distribution and gene expression
action potentials 39±44 302±25
anastomosis 14 nuclear identity and interactions 305±7
as nonlinear hydrodynamic systems nutrient translocation 25±39
11±14 pattern models in N. crassa 92±4
boundaries and life histories 9±11 patterns of cord development 128±9
boundary fusion 7±9 peripheral growth zone model 63
boundary sealing 7±9, 16 polarized morphogenesis in A. nidulans
competition 18±19 236±45
coordination of development and reaction-diffusion growth models 12±14,
nitrogen metabolism 136±46 65±9
cord development and structure 31±6, reallocation patterns 29±39
127±8, 129±31 regulation of differentiation by
cord functions 129 intracellular nitrogen 131±6
de®nitions 25±7 responses to oxygen 14±17
duplication cycle 242±3 rhizomorphs 28
dynamic networks 11±14 role of oxidative stress 14±17
role of phosphoinositides in mycelial
effects of metals on growth, branching
branching 157±77
and morphogenesis 179±86
self-differentation 3±7
electrical signalling 39±44
self-integration 1±24
estimates of genetic stability 284±8
self-organization theory 3±5
fractal dimension and structure 60±2
septation in A. nidulans 201±2, 208±28
functional mycelium unit (FMU) 25±44
simulated branch patterns 67, 68
genetic control of branching 229±60 SpitzenkoÈrper hypothesis 63±4
genetic mycelium unit (GMU) 25±6 theoretical models of growth 62±9
genetic stability 283±301 tropic responses 8
growth and branching in submerged vegetative incompatibility systems 296±7
culture 108±25 see also branching, colonies
growth in oligotrophic conditions 51 mycorrhizas
hydrophobins and hydrophobic effect of toxic metal pollution 184
metabolites 16, 18±19 nutrient reallocation 31
hyphal binding of soil aggregates 70±1
hyphal degeneration 37±9
hyphal differentiation in basidiomycetes Neurospora crassa
126±56 biochemical activities and adenylate
charge 81±2
hyphal growth and branching in
biochemistry and genetics of circadian
A. nidulans 242±5
clock 84±92
hyphal growth unit 244±5
circadian rhythms 77±94
imaging of hyphal distribution 53, 54,
clock genes 89±92
58±60
conidiation rhythm 77±8
impact of genetic stability or instability
cyclic AMP 86±7
283±4, 288±93
effect of phosphoinositide turnover
localized hyphal death 146±9 inhibitors 168±70
lysocellin effects on extension and effects of inositol deprivation 166±7
branching 168±70 effects of lithium 167±8
maintenance of genetic identity 293±7 fatty acids 82, 87
mathematical models of growth 60±2, heat shock proteins 82
93±4 isolation of clock-controlled genes 82±4
mating and sexual interactions 19±20, light and temperature effects 78±81
261±82 loss of duplicated DNA 295±6
mating-type genes 304±5 models of morphological patterns 92±4
model of tip dynamics 64±5 morphological mutants 245±7

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330 Index
Neurospora crassa (cont'd) oogoniol, see also sexual interactions
rhythms accompanying conidiogenesis 262±6
81±2 oomycetes
RIP 294 sexual reproduction 262±6
translation 88 organic acids
vegetative incompatibility system 297 role in metal solubilization 188±95
nitrogen see also oxalic acid
acquisition from the environment 137±9 oxalic acid
cellular compartmentation of nitrogen metal oxalates 191±5
compounds 142±5
coordination of mycelial development
136±46 Paxillus involutus
intracellular nitrogen in S. lacrymans effects of Cd 180
134±6 Penicillium spp.
proteinases 137±9 oligotrophic growth 183
regulation of mycelial differentiation Penicillium bilaii
131±6 phosphate solubilization 188
regulation of nitrogen uptake and Penicillium claviforme
coremium initiation by amino acids 133
metabolism 140±2
effect of proline 141
translocation as amino acids 145±6
synemma production 187
uptake of nitrogen sources 139±40
Penicillium clavigerum
nutrient reallocation 36±9
synnema production 187
nutrient storage
Penicillium funiculosum
carbon 36±7
synnema production 188
nitrogen 37
Phallus impudicus
phosphorus 37
explorative mycelium 55
nutrient translocation
Phanerochaete velutina
biomass density pro®les 32±3
cord formation 128±9
in basidiomycetes 126±7
foraging patterns 56
in cords and rhizomorphs 31±6, 37±9,
phosphorus translocation 36, 128
128, 129
production of hydrogen peroxide 19
in heterogeneous media 51
pheromones, see also sexual interactions,
in mycelium 25±39, 50
signal transduction
in one-dimensional growth systems
phosphoinositides
29±30 biosynthesis 158±60
in relation to nutritional heterogeneity functions of phosphoinositide cascade
70 161
in Rhizopus nigricans 30 inositol-requiring mutants 166±7
in two-dimensional growth systems 30±1 lysocellin 168±70
mechanisms 27±8 metabolism of Ins(1,3,5)P3 165
nitrogen translocation as amino acids phosphoinositide turnover inhibitors
145±6 167±71
nutrient diffusion 52 phosphoinositide-speci®c phospholipase
phosphorus 34±5, 36 C 162±4
towards sclerotia 29 role in hyphal branching 157±77
nutritional heterogeneity structure and composition 158
consequences of nutritional see also signal transduction
heterogeneity 69±71 plasmids
discrete resources 53±60 stability 116±17, 120
effects on colony development 49±74, transfer 292
126±7 Pleurotus ostreatus
experiments on fungal growth 51±60 action potential activity 40, 149
in soil 49, 181 phosphorus translocation 34±5
resource gradients 51±3 Podospora anserina
use of tessellated agar tile system 56±8 nuclear interactions 306
see also nutrient translocation vegetative incompatibility system 297

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 Index 331
polarized growth regulation of genes 309±11
cellular regulatory networks 235±6 Schizosaccharomyces pombe
genetic control 229±60 DNA repair 293
polarity in yeasts 231±2 establishment of polarity 230±6
spatial control in A. nidulans 241±2 patterns of polarity 231±2, 234
temporal control in A. nidulans 240±1 septation 204±8
see also branching, mycelium sclerotia
population dynamics in basidiomycetes 16±17
r- and K-selection 9±11, 18 nutrient translocation 29
proteinases of R. solani 58
of S. lacrymans 146±9 Sclerotium rolfsii
see also nitrogen initiation of sclerotia 16
Pythium sp. self-integration, see mycelium
sexual reproduction 266 septa, see septation
septation
quelling, see genetic stability dependence on mitosis and cell size
Quorn1 myco-protein, see Fusarium 210±13
graminearum dependence on nuclear positioning
213±15
ramet 25±6 genetic analysis 218±21
Rhizoctonia solani in A. nidulans 201±2, 208±28
hyphal density 71 in S. cerevisiae 202±4
mycelial map 59 in S. pombe 204±8
sclerotia production 58 physiological controls 217±8
rhizomorphs physiological role 208±9
nutrient translocation 31±6 predivisional cell death 219±20
of Armillaria 55, 286 septal dissolution and nuclear migration
see also cords, mycelium 302±3
Rhizopus arrhizus septal pore complex 222
effect of metals on radial expansion 182, septin proteins 203
184±5 see also Aspergillus nidulans,
Rhizopus nigricans cellularization
nutrient translocation 30, 52 Serpula lacrymans
Rhizopus stolonifer amino acid composition 135
effect of Ni 180 cord induction 129±31
RIP, see genetic stability cord structure and function 127±9
intracellular nitrogen status 134±6
Saccharomyces cerevisiae intracellular proteinase 146±9
cellular regulatory networks 235±6 nutrient translocation 128
DNA repair 293±4 reallocation response 146±9
establishment of polarity 230±6 sexual interactions
patterns of polarity 231±2, 234 in ascomycetes 271±4
septation 202±4 in basidiomycetes 274±7
Schizophyllum commune in chytridiomycetes 267
effect of Cd 180 in fungal mycelia 261±82
genes under control of mating-type in oomycetes 262±6
genes 307±9 in zygomycetes 268±71
hydrophobins 307±9 isoprenoid hormones of fungi 264
mating systems and pheromones 275, sexual reproduction, see sexual interactions
318±20 signal transduction
mating-type genes 304±5 GTPase signalling molecules 239
nuclear distance and communication in nitrogen metabolism 133
318±20 in polarized growth of A. nidulans
nuclear distance and gene expression 239±40
311±17 long distance signal propagation 149±51
nuclear identity and interactions 305±7 pheromone-receptor system in
primary mycelium 302±3 S. commune 318±20

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332 Index
signal transduction (cont'd) Trichoderma harzianum
see also calcium, cell signalling, cyclic growth on silica gel 183
AMP, phosphoinositides Trichoderma viride
soil effect of metals on radial expansion 182,
hyphal binding of soil aggregates 70±1 183±6
Sphaerostilbe repens growth on low or high nutrient media
synnema production 187 56±8
spontaneous mutation rate, see also genetic imaging of colonies 53, 54, 58±60
stability 288, 298 nutrient translocation 52
spores
germination in A. nidulans 209±10 Ustilago maydis
polarized growth 5 sex pheromones 274±5
Stemphylium sp. 5
nutrient translocation 52 vacuoles
symbiosis as intracellular Ca2‡ store 164
mutualistic 20 cation storage 144
parasitic 20 hydrolytic enzymes 144
synnema production role in compartmentation of nitrogen
in response to toxic metals 187±8, 192 compounds 142±5
vacuolar amino acid transport 143±4
translocation, see nutrient translocation
transposable genetic elements 291 Woronin bodies 208
tributyltin chloride
binding to melanin 187 zygomycetes
synnema induction 188 sexual reproduction 268±71

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