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INT1115 Core Engineering

Materials

December 2021

INTO NUMBER: UNIVERSITY NUMBER:

(Shown on your University ID Card)

Duration: 1.5 hours plus 30 minutes upload time

This exam is available for 24 hours. You must have submitted your work by 0900 Thursday
9th December 2021

Module Convener: Andy Robertson

Question 1st 2nd Agreed
Mark Mark Mark
This is an open book examination. 1
Approved calculators may be used.
2
Marks for this paper contribute 15% to the
3
module mark.
4
The maximum mark for this paper is 75.
%
Instructions

Answer all questions

Show all your rough working.
Handwrite your answers in blue or black, either on this question paper or on blank sheets of
paper.
If you are answering on blank paper, label your answers clearly with the question number.
Each page must have your name, University and INTO numbers at the top.
You may write directly on the exam paper using a tablet PC and send as detailed below (see
exam instructions about downloading a pdf reader).
You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers

If you have a problem during the exam, please contact INTO.AcademicSupport@exeter.ac.uk

At the end of the exam

Write your name, University number and INTO number at the top of each page you send, and
in the file name.
Scan/save your work to a pdf document and upload your work to BART following the
instructions you have been given by your teacher (also posted on ELE).
If you intend to upload directly from an iPad (or equivalent), check that it is possible
beforehand. Check that your upload has been successful.
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INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs)

On completion of the module, students will be able to:
Module Specific Skills and Knowledge:
1 demonstrate a knowledge of the properties of materials relevant to their use in engineering
applications.
Personal and Key Transferable / Employment Skills and Knowledge:
7 carry out directed private study using textbooks and other provided resources
8 communicate effectively and accurately both orally and in writing

Student Declaration

I declare that my answers are entirely my own work, I have communicated with no one else
about the content of this exam, and have received no assistance

Please check the box to confirm: ☐

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Question 1 (20 marks)

A 1 m long, 10 mm diameter cylindrical steel bar has an elastic modulus of 200 GPa, a
yield strength of 1500 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 2000 MPa. In a tensile test,
necking begins at a nominal tensile strain of 0.04 and the bar breaks at a nominal strain of
0.08.

a. Sketch a stress-strain curve for the steel bar (showing nominal stress and
strain), labelling the important points on the curve.
(6 marks)

b. What is the extension of the bar under a tensile load of 30 kN?

(3 marks)
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c. At a stress of 1000 MPa, the steel bar’s diameter decreased to 9.985 mm.
What is its Poisson ratio?
(3 marks)

d. A safety factor of 2 is specified for a particular application. What is the

extension of the bar at the maximum safe stress?
(3 marks)
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e. What is the true strain in the bar at fracture?

(2 marks)

f. Describe the shape of the bar and the characteristics of the fracture surface
after fracture.
(3 marks)
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Question 2 (20 marks)

An aircraft wing is modelled as a uniform bar of material with a rectangular cross-section, 20

m long and 2 m wide. Safety requirements state that the wing tip should not deflect vertically
by more than 1 m when in flight, under a load per unit length of 1000 N/m (caused by the lift
force on the wing).
The deflection of the wing tip is given by
3𝐹𝐿4
𝛿=
2𝐸𝑤𝑡 3
where
δ is the vertical deflection of the wing tip
L is the length of the wing
w is the width of the wing
t is the thickness of the wing
F is the applied load per unit length along the wing
E is the material elastic modulus

a) State an equation for the mass of the wing in terms of its dimensions and density, ρ.
(1 mark)
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b) Derive an appropriate material index to minimise the mass of the wing.

(4 marks)

c) Calculate the material indexes for the materials below and select a material to
minimise the mass of the wing.

E (GPa) ρ (g/cm3)
Titanium alloy 106 4.5
Wood 9 0.6
Aluminium alloy 70 2.7
Carbon-Fibre Reinforced 210 1.8
Polymer
(5 marks)
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d) What will the mass of the wing be if this material is chosen?

(3 marks)

e) What will the thickness of the wing be if this material is chosen?

(3 marks)
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f) Select any material from the list. State two advantages and two disadvantages of this
material for this application.
(4 marks)
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Question 3 (15 marks)

a. Sketch the unit cell for the simple cubic (SC) structure.
(3 marks)

b. Calculate the atomic packing factor (APF) for the simple cubic structure,
assuming an atomic radius R.
(3 marks)
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c. A newly-discovered element is found to have an atomic mass of 300

g/mol, an atomic radius of 0.15 nm, and forms a simple cubic structure.
Calculate its theoretical density.
NA = 6.02 x 1023

(4 marks)

d. With each on a separate diagram, sketch the following

i) [110] crystal direction

(1 mark)
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ii) (201) crystal plane

(2 marks)

_
iii) (2 1 1) crystal plane
(2 marks)
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Question 4 (15 marks)

The interatomic potential energy of a pair of copper atoms can be modelled using the
function

𝐴 𝐵
𝑈(𝑟) = − +
𝑟 6 𝑟 12
where A and B are constants:

A = 1879.75 eV Å6

B = 252390 eV Å12

a) Describe the type of bonding observed in copper, and how it binds the copper
atoms together.
(2 marks)

b) Explain why bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) is stronger than pure copper.
(2 marks)
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c) Calculate the equilibrium bond length for copper.

(5 marks)

d) Calculate the value of interatomic potential energy at the equilibrium bond

length.
(3 marks)
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e) Bronze contains 88% copper and 12% tin by weight. What is the atom
percentage of copper and tin in bronze?

NA = 6.02 x 1023

Atomic weight of copper = 63.5 g/mol

Atomic weight of tin = 118.7 g/mol

(3 marks)

End of questions
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Additional page for working

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Additional page for working