Ch3 Network Theorems(MILLMAN’S THEOREM & SUBSTITUTION THEOREM

& RECIPROCITY THEOREM)4454cc

4- MILLMAN’S THEOREM Through the application of Millman’s theorem, any number of

parallel voltage sources can be reduced to one. Fig (1)

Fig(1) Demonstrating the effect of applying Millman’s theorem.

Step 1: Convert all voltage sources to current sources. This is performed in Fig. (2) for the
network of Fig. (1).

Fig(2) Converting all the sources of Fig. (1) to current sources.

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 Step 2: Combine parallel current sources. The resulting network is shown in Fig. (3)

Fig(3)

Step 3: Convert the resulting current source to a voltage source, and the desired single- source
network is obtained, as shown in Fig. (4).

Fig(4) Converting the current source of Fig. (3) to a voltage source.

Note: In general, Millman’s theorem states that for any number of parallel
voltage sources.

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 -------------------- (1)

----------------- (2)

Note : The plus-and-minus signs( - ,+ ) appear in Eq. (1) &(2) to include those cases
where the sources may not be supplying energy in the same direction.

The equivalent resistance is :

---------------------- (3)

In terms of the resistance values:

---------------------- (4)

---------------------- (5)

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EXAMPLE (1) Using Millman’s theorem, find the current through and voltage across the
resistor RL of Fig. (1-13)

Fig(1-13)

Solution:

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 The resultant source is shown in Fig. (13-1-a).

Fig(1-13-a)

Example (2): use Millman’s theorem to find the current through the 2-Ω resistor of fig(2-13):

Fig.(2-13)

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Step(1): Converting the voltage source to a current source fig.(2-13-a):

Fig(2-13-a)

Step(2): find the total current and total conductance fig(2-13-b):

Fig(2-13-b)

Step (3):Converting the current source to a voltage source (Fig. 2-13-c) we obtain:

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Fig(2-13-c) Converting the current source of Fig. (2-13-b) to a voltage source.

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We can apply eq.(4 )and eq.(5) directly we obtain:

6-SUBSTITUTION THEOREM

If the voltage across and the current through any branch of a dc bilateral network are
known, this branch can be replaced by any The combination of elements that will maintain
the same voltage across and current through the chosen branch.

Example (3):

Consider the circuit of Fig. (3-13) in which the voltage across and current through the
branch (a-b) are determined. Through the use of the substitution theorem.

Fig(3-13)

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 Equivalent branches for the branch a-b of Fig. (3-13).

Note: a known potential difference and current in a network can be replaced by an ideal
voltage source and current source, respectively.

7- RECIPROCITY THEOREM :

The current (I )in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source (E) anywhere
else in the network, will equal the current through the branch in which the source was
originally located if the source is placed in the branch in which the current (I )was
originally measured.(fig.5)

Fig(5)

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Example(4) : apply RECIPROCITY THEOREM ,find the current( I )due to source( E)

For the circuit of fig (4-13) Is the reciprocity theorem satisfied?

Fig (4-13)

1- Finding the current I due to a source E.

2- Interchanging the location of (E) and (I )of Fig. (4-13) to demonstrate the validity of the
reciprocity theorem.

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. …. . Yes (reciprocity theorem satisfied)

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