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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 9
Dual Nature of Electrons
Physical Science
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Quarter 2 – Module 9: Dual Nature of Electrons
First Edition 2020
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 9
Dual Nature of Electrons
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
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At the end of this module you will also find answer key to serve as your guide to
check your level of understanding.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master by citing experimental evidences showing that electrons can
behave like waves. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A minute portion of matter and was known as the smallest building block of the
universe.
a. Particle
b. Photon
c. Portion
d. Product
2. The theory that states all matter and light shows the characteristics of both wave
and particle.
a. Dual wave-portion theory
b. Wave-dual particle theory
c. Wave-particle duality theory
d. Duality of wave-product theory
5. He was the first to coined the term “electron” for the electric charge quantity.
a. Albert Einstein
b. Christiaan Huygens
c. Joseph John Thomson
d. George Johnstone Stoney
6. He discovered electron particles using cathode ray tube.
a. Isaac Newton
b. Francesco Grimaldi.
c. Joseph John Thomson
d. George Johnstone Stoney
TRUE OF FALSE
Directions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if
otherwise.
____________ 11. Electrons have no known mass and slightly bigger than proton.
____________ 12. Wave interference can be applied to sound and light.
____________ 13. When the crest part of a wave meets another crest, sound will
produced.
____________ 14. When there is no wave interference, no sound and light is
produced.
____________ 15. The dual nature of electrons paved the way for quantum physics.
Lesson
Is an Electron a Particle or a
1 Wave?
We all know that atom is the building block of all matter in the universe.
These extremely small particles are made up of a few even smaller particles.
The earliest particles discovered that make up an atom are protons,
neutrons and electrons. But scientists did not stop looking for the
fundamental particles of matter and what “holds” them together. Recent
discoveries suggest that quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, are
another type of fundamental particle. Together with the leptons, quarks
make up the stuff we think of as matter.
Large parts of modern physics and chemistry are based on the study of
energy levels of various atomic and molecular systems. Through the
advancement in technology, laboratory instruments are now able to contain
and observe individual electrons while telescopes can detect electron plasma
by its energy emission. All these were the result of understanding the atomic
and molecular behavior of the subatomic particles, specifically the electrons.
This lesson will help enhance your understanding about the molecular
behavior of electrons and how its discovery led to the development of the
wave-particle duality theory.
What’s In
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ACROSS
5. Quantized partickles
DOWN
What’s New
Tell something about the illustrations. Relate your answers on science concepts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is It
Then, where does the idea of electron being a wave come from? It is like having two
different worlds mold into one! A sound impossible isn’t it? Let us continue
exploring by understanding what is a wave and if electrons manifest this wave-like
behavior.
In physics, a wave is described as a disturbance that travels through space-time
and medium accompanied by transferring energy from one place to another. A
medium may be a substance or material that carries the wave. The wave medium
is not the wave and it does not make the wave; it merely transports the wave
from its source to other locations. Remember, waves transfer energy and not
matter. Thus, waves are said to be an energy transport phenomenon.
Evidently, in describing these two words, waves and particles are very
different. We can say that a particle is a small thing, finite object. You can
hold a particle in your hand. Particles have momentum and positions. On
the other hand, waves are oscillations, they are not localized. When the
waves meet together, crest meets crests it is called constructive interference.
When the waves cancel each other, no interaction at all, it is called
destructive interference.
We can apply this wave interference in sound and light. When two waves
meet together, sounds are produced, light is present. When there is no wave
interaction, no sounds are created and only darkness.
Photo Credit: http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/bubbles.html
Now, how is electron become a particle and exhibit wave-like behavior at the
same time? Let us go back to memory lane by tracing how it all started.
Lesson
Evidences of Wave-like
2 Behavior of Electrons
Two famous scientists in the 1600s, Christian Huygens and Isaac Newton
were both working on the theories for the behavior of light. Huygens
proposed a wave theory of light while Newton’s was a “corpuscular” (particle)
theory of light. Newton believed that light was made up of small particles
and these particles would naturally have mass too. Since light particles have
mass, he deduced that a beam of light parallel to the surface of the earth
would bend downward due to the pull of earth’s gravity. On the other hand,
Huygens believed that light was made up of vibrating waves perpendicular
to the direction of the light travels. With this concept, he was able to
formulate a way to visualize wave propagation. Huygen suggested that light
wave peaks form surfaces like the layers of an onion. In a vacuum or other
uniform mediums, the light waves are spherical and these wave surfaces
advance or spread out as they travel at the speed of light. This Huygen’s
Principle explains why light shining through a pin hole or slit will spread out
rather than going in a straight line.
In 1803, Thomas Young studied the interference of light waves using the
double-slit experiment. By shining light through a screen with two slits
equally separated, the light emerging form the two slits, spread out
according to Huygen’s principle. Eventually the two wave fronts will overlap
with each other. His experiment firmly supported Huygen’s wave theory of
light. Later in 1815, August Fresnel supported Young’s experiments with
mathematical calculations.
In the early nineteenth century, diffraction (slight bending) of light had been
observed which firmly support the wave theory of light over Newton’s
particle theory. The term diffraction was first discovered and coined by
Francesco Grimaldi, an Italian natural philosopher. In 1900 Max Planck
proposed the existence of a light quantum, a finite packet of energy which
depends on the frequency and velocity of the radiation. The birth of
quantum physics is attributed to Max Planck’s experiment on black body
radiation.
Further studies was made by De Broglie and he found out that the
probability of finding a particle at a particular location is related to the wave
associated with the particle. The larger the amplitude of the wave at a
particular point, the larger the probability that the electron will be found
there. Similarly, the smaller amplitude the smaller the probability. This
means that the larger the objects, the smaller wavelengths can be observed.
But for small objects, wavelengths are more distinct as shown in the double
slit experiment with electrons. Because of his profound discovery, de Broglie
won a Nobel Prize.
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What’s More
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A. Particle _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
B. Wave ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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1.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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3.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Using the suggested materials try to perform this experiment at home for
you to have an actual observations on how electrons behave as a particle
and a wave.
Materials:
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Procedure:
1. Fold and unfold your sheet of printer paper once so that it can stand
upright.
2. Make a tiny hole in your paper with your needle.
3. Stand your printer paper upright on a table that is at least ten feet away
from the wall.
4. Use your tape to mount your laser pointer to a stable object, like a heavy
book. Place the mounted laser on the table.
5. Turn your laser on. Adjust the angle of your laser so that it passes
through the hole in your paper and onto the wall. What did you see? Is it
what you expected to see?
6. Make another hole in your paper right next to the first one so that
they’re as close together as possible without creating one larger hole.
7. Adjust your laser so that it now passes through both holes. Observe the
shapes created on the wall. What do you see? Was it what you expected
to see?
8. Cover one of the holes with a small piece of paper, leaving the other
open. How does the projected image on the wall change?
Guide Questions:
A. One slit______________________________________________________________________
2. How does the projected image on the wall change when one of the holes
was covered?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What can you infer from the activity about the behavior of light
particles?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
A. Particle
B. Wave
C. Both wave and particle
A. Projectile
B. Space shuttle
C. Heavenly bodies
D. Electrons
3. Which phenomenon best supports the theory that matter has a wave nature?
A. Electron momentum
B. Electron diffraction
C. Photon momentum
D. Photon diffraction
4. On the atomic level energy and matter exhibit the characteristics of _______.
A. Particles only
B. Waves only
C. Neither particles nor waves
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B. Doppler effect
C. Interference
D. Diffraction
7. What was the first experiment to show that light is a wave?
A. The oil drop experiment
9. What wave -like property of light is shown when light bends as enters an
opening?
A. Reflection
B. Diffraction
C. Refraction
D. Interference
10. What does the dark fringe patterns of light wave on the screen in double slit
experiment show?
A. Destructive interference
B. Reflected interference
C. Constructive interference
D. Diffracted interference
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MATCHING TYPE:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
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Additional Activities
Research Work
Directions: Research at least one invention made out of the discovery of the
wave-particle duality of electrons. Choice of presentation can be through
Powerpoint or Microsoft word/WPS application.
Criteria Expectations
Picture Clear and authentic. Image should bear the credit source
below the picture.
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Directions: Find and encircle the missing words hidden in the grid. The
words may be hidden in any direction.
Interference Medium
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References
Helmenstine, Anne Marie. “Wave-Particle Duality-Definition Light Acts as Both a
Wave and a Particle.” February 2, 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/
definition-of-wave-particle-duality-605947.
Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. “Does All Matter Exhibit Wave-like Properties?.” May
7, 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/de-broglie-hypothesis-2699351.
Kelleher, Colm. “Is light a particle or a wave?” June 13, 2013. https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=J1yIApZtLos.
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