DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & REGIONAL PLANNING,

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR

SHORT TERM COURSE

Under Continuing Education Programme

Services in
Large Scale Buildings

Principal Coordinators:

Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya

Dr. Sumana Gupta
Dr. Arup Das
 Day – 1, Session I (9 – 10.30 AM)

Water Supply in Buildings

Arup Das

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Contents:

Part I: Introduction to water supply systems

Part II: Basics of hydraulics and distribution systems of water

Part III: Flow in network pipes

Part IV: Pumps – key concepts

Part V: Appurtenances and design of building pipe network

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Part I: Introduction to water supply systems

Key aspects of any water supply systems –

I. Source of water – groundwater sources (wells) and surface water sources (rivers, lakes)

II. Water quality (physical properties – taste, odor, aesthetics; chemical properties – BOD, inorganic content)
and treatment of water

III. Water quantity (population, urban/rural; future population projection)

IV. Water distribution (network, pumps, appurtenances)

This program is primarily targeted towards the distributional aspects of water supply.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Part II: Basics of hydraulics

Study of water in motion and at rest is known as Hydraulics. Applied hydraulics is about the computation of flow rates,
pressure and forces in water/wastewater storage and conveyance system.

The study of distribution and movement of water on earth’s surface and under the earth’s surface is called Hydrology.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN HYDRAULICS

• Water and waste water are assumed to be incompressible liquid.
• Physical and hydraulic behavior of water and wastewater are similar.
• Unit weight in SI is 9.8KN/m3.

FLOW:

Most applications in hydraulics involve water in motion-

• In pipes under pressure (prevalently in water supply).
• Open channels under gravity (prevalently in drainage).

The volume of water flowing past any given point in a pipe or channel per unit time is called flow rate or discharge rate.
SI unit for flow rate is m3/s.
L/S or MLD i.e.; million litres per day can also be used
1 MLD = 106 L/Day; 1 mgd = 3.79 MLD.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
 Part III: Flow in network pipes

a. Equivalent Pipes

i. Pipes in series ii. Pipes in parallel

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 Hazen Williams Nomogram (C = 110)

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 b. Pipe network analysis

Hardy Cross Method

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Part IV: Pumps – Key concepts

Water Demand from a community range from a minimum to a maximum peak which can be
2 - 4 times the Average Daily Rate.

The lower is the pressure, the higher is the demand

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
 Arrangement of centrifugal pumps

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur
 Domestic systems of supply

There are two types of system for domestic supply –

1. Upward distribution system (for 24×7 supply, water is directly supplied to the building from the
street mains, which has adequate pressure head)

2. Downtake supply system (for intermittent supply or supply with inadequate head, water is first taken
to the overhead reservoir and supplied to all the floors by gravity or, water is supplied to a ground level
storage tank from where it is pumped to overhead reservoir).

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Supply in high rise building –

I. Overhead storage system

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 II. Break pressure tank system

Source: api.grundfos.com/

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 III. Booster pump system

Source: api.grundfos.com/

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 III. Booster pump system

Source: api.grundfos.com/

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 IV. Hydro-pneumatic system

Source: archicrewindia.com/

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Design of pipelines

The size of the communication and service pipes are determined on the following basis –

a) the maximum rate of discharge required

b) the length of the pipe
c) the head loss by friction in that length including the fitting
d) the roughness of the interior surface of the pipe

Hazen William’s formula is used for determining the size of the pipes.

If the water supply is intermittent and the hours of supply are irregular, it is sometimes desirable to have a
minimum storage of half a day’s supply and a maximum of 1 day’s supply for overhead tanks. The ground level
tank, where provided, should have a minimum capacity of 50% of the capacity of the overhead storage tank.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Design of consumer’s pipes based on fixture units –

The design of the consumers’ pipes or the supply pipe to the fixtures is based on:

a) the number and kind of fixtures installed

b) the fixture unit flow rate

c) the probable simultaneous use of these fixtures

The rates at which water is desirably drawn into different types of fixtures are known, these rates become
whole numbers of small size when they are expressed in cubic feet per minute. This unit has therefore been
adopted as a matter of convenience of expression. A rate of 1 cubic feet/minute is called a fixture unit.

The total discharge flow in cubic feet/minute of a single fixture is called the fixture unit flow rate.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 The fixture units for different sanitary appliances or groups of appliances are given in below –

S. No. Type of fixtures Fixture Unit Value Min. size of

as Load Factors branches
(in mm.)
1 Wash basin 1 9
2 Bath tub 3 15
3 Shower stall 2 15
4 Urinal 4 15
5 WC (flush tank) 4 25
6 WC (valve operated) 8 25
7 Kitchen sink 2 15

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 The fixture units for fixtures not listed above shall be estimated in accordance with Table below

S. No. Fixture Drain or Fixture Unit Value

Trap Size (in mm)
1 > 30 1
2 40 2
3 50 3
4 65 4
5 75 5
6 100 6

Since all the fixtures in a given layout are not expected to be in operation at the same time, the total rate at
which water will probably flow in main supply branches need not equal the sum of the requirements of the
individual fixtures.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 A probability study made by Hunter suggests the relationship shown in the figure and table given below. In the
absence of similar studies in this country, the curves based on Hunter’s study may be followed.

Source: NBC, 2016 (Part – 9)

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Source: https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/317292736237501258/

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 No. of Flush tanks Demand Flush valves Demand
fixture units
Unit rates of Litres per Unit rates of Litres per
flow# minute flow# minute
20 2 (10%) 56.6 4.7 132.5
100 5.7 162.8 9.1 257.4
500 16.7 473.1 19 537.5
900 26.1 (~3%) 738.1 26.1 738.1
1500 36.1 1022 36.1 1022
3000 57.8 1635.1 57.8 1635.1
#Unit rate of flow = 1 cubic feet/min = 28.32 litres/min.

In a system with flush tanks, the unit rate of flow or the probable load on water pipes in the building vary from
10% – 3 % (24% – 3% for system with flush valves), when the total fixture units is less than 900.

When total fixture units vary from 900 – 3000, the unit rate flow or probable load on water pipes vary between
3% – 2%. The unit flow rate or probable load is similar for both system with flush valves and system with flush
tanks.

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

 Source: NBC, 2016 (Part – 9)

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

Thank You