Geo Part1

Agriculture of Pakistan
 Introduction of Agriculture
 Practice of cultivating soil producing crops and raising livestock
 Agriculture derives from Latin Language Field and cultivates ,Ager ( field) and colo
(cultivate) and in Latin agricultura
 System of Agriculture is depended on one equation
Inputs +Process = Outputs
 Inputs are of two types Natural (Physical) and Human ( capital )
 Three main Types of Farming in Pakistan
Small scale subsistence
Cash Crop
Livestock
Small Scale Subsistence Farming

 Production for family surplus as bonus
 Standard of holdings 4 to 5 hectors ( 8 kanal = 1 hectare )
 Depends on Nature e.g. , Rainfall, natural manure and seeds etc.
 Transformation of Traditional ways
 Unskilled labour and rigid and emotional attachment
 Lack of awareness and knowledge about crops and livestock
 Weak inputs , traditional process and low output
Cash Crop Farming

 Agriculture for Profit and sale purposes
 Crops which can bring high yields and maximum profit
 The aim of Farming to maximize Profit and to increase agricultural output
 Use of modern methods of cultivation
 Cultivation is based on Agricultural research
 Modern technology and machinery is to be used
 The process of pesticides and insecticides is used
 Skilled and trained labour is used according to need
Livestock Farming in Pakistan

 Rearing animals very ancient occupation in Pakistan
 Grazing fields or Shamilat land in each village
 Like Agriculture it is also practiced into two ways
Subsistence Livestock
Commercial Livestock
 Subsistence is further divided into three areas
Nomadic
Transhumance
Settled
 Commercial farming is only to earn maximum profit
Agricultural Products in Pakistan

 For variety of crop cultivation in Pakistan
 Two cropping seasons
Rabi crops (cultivation in October \ November and harvested in April )
Kharif crops ( cultivation in April \May and harvested in October\Nov )
 Survey of Agriculture in Pakistan
Crops Hectares Production in Tones
Wheat 8666 23517
Rice 2571 6160
Sugar cane 1046 58038
cotton 2835 13595 ( 1000 Bales )
The relative % share in the Economics of Pakistan

CROPS Value in % in Economy
Wheat 39.22%
Rice 15,37%
Sugar cane 11.68%
Cotton 24.615
Maize 5.39%
Oil seeds 1.29%
Tobacco .42%
Others 2.02%
Agriculture can be divided into two categories
Main crops
Minor or other crops
 Wheat
 A staple food
 By product as feed for livestock
 Canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh
Wheat
 Temperature favorable for cultivation in October and harvesting in
May
 Rich alluvial plains are the best
 Water logging areas are not suitable for wheat
 Also grown in Barani ( rain fed ) areas of Plateaus
 Plains for wheat must be well drained
 Mostly two time water is needed one month after sowing and one
month before harvesting
Wheat
 Mild temperature at the time of growing and warm temperature at
the time ripening
 Needs minimum 90 and maximum 120 days growing period with mild
moist weather
 90% of area is under wheat cultivation
 High yielding variety is Maxi Pak per hectare,Shahkhan 95, wadnak 95
kohson 95
 Desi varieties are mostly used in subsistence Farming
Rice
 Important export item for Foreign exchange
 Punjab and Sindh is main area for production
 Northern Hilly areas as terraced fields
 Seeds are initially into beds of nurseries
 9 inch high plant is transplanted into prepared (ploughing)
fields with water 30 to 37 cm
 Fields are kept full of water up to ripe
Rice
 The water is drained off for harvesting to begin
 After threshing , rice is taken into the rice mills for processing
 Rice Husk are used for making cardboards and covering roofs of houses
 Basmati super, irri 6 Rechna , Pajhal and few Desi varieties
 Level ground can be more easily irrigated
 Requires plenty of water during growing period and a sunny harvesting
time
Cotton
 The king of Fiber
 Widely used in textile
 Kharif crop ( April May to October November )
 Seed distance 30cm to 45 cm
 Two waters after cultivation
 Cotton balls ripen in dry months of October and November
 After picking cotton balls transported to ginning mills
 Seeds are separated from Lint ( fluffy mass of fibre inside cotton ball )
Cotton
 With the help of anti locusts and fertilizers per hectare yield can be up to 700
KG
 Moisture less than 500mm irrigation is necessary
 Rain at picking span spoils the quality of lint
 Pesticides and insecticides are needed and aerial spray
 Leaf curl virus is the main cause for fruit shedding
 HYVs Nayyab 78 B 557 149F and old one like Pak upload and Desi
 PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council ) is working for new HYVs
Sugar cane
 Important crop for the production of white sugar, brown sugar and Gur
 Kharif crop cultivated in April May
 Seeds are converted into stalks of the full heighted sugar cane plant
 Stalks are made in such a way that Knot of the plant must be in the centre is
called ac eye in Agriculture
 The distance between each stalk will be maintained up to 30 cm during
cultivation process
 The size must be up to 30 cm high
 Quality and sugar contents in plant depends on good irrigation , potash
fertilizer and pesticide treatment
Sugar cane
 The height of the plant rises up to 6 or 7 feet high
 After harvesting again it Rattooned 2 to 3 successive years
 Delayed transportation to sugar mills reduce the sugar content and losing
weight
 The process in sugar mills is in different steps
1. scrubbed with chalk to remove smell and dirt
2. Crushing process to extract juice by heavy rollers
3. further processed with chemicals to make crystal like white sugar
Sugar cane
 In villages gur and brown sugar are prepared by heating process
 There are two major by-Products Bagasse and molasses
 Bagasse , fiber or waste after the crushing or extraction of juice
 Used to make paper , chipboard , and animal feed
 Molasses, liquid left over after the process of crystallization of sugar
 Valuable raw material for the production of citric acid, cattle feed , bakers
yeast , synthetic rubber etc.
 Also used for the chemical industry and, used in boilers to produce steam for
the generation of power in sugar mills
 Sugar cane can give the yield per hectare as 37.5 tones
Minor or other crops
 Maize Kharif crop and food grain , raw material for edible oil
 Used in the manufacturing of corn flour , custard powder and other processed
food
 Used as fodder for animals and poultry
 Grown in porous soil
 Pulses
 Part of local diet and rich with proteins
 Fix the nitrogen in soil to fertile the Land
 Low value crop
 Mung Mash Grams and Masoor are important pulses
Minor crops
 Millets
 Jowar and Bajra coarser cereals con be ground into flour
 Drought resistant crops
 Grown on poorer sandy soils
 Oil Seeds
 Sunflower mustard sarson rai sesame linseed and castor seed
 32% demand of edible oil by local production remaining 68% being imported
 Tobacco
 65% of the total production in KPK Mardan and Peshawar remaing in Sialkot
Gujranwala and Multan
Minor crops
 Fruits
 In two conditions as orchards and fruit trees in and around fields of other
crops
 Dates are grown in Baluchistan and Sindh main area is Khairpur
 Bananas are grown in Sindh Hyderabad and south east of Punjab
 Mangos are grown in Multan Kanpur and southern Punjab and northern Sindh
 Oranges are grown in central and eastern Punjab with other citrus fruits
 Guava water melon Mellon strawberry are grown in central Punjab
 Apples cherry Almonds apricot and grapes are grown in Mountains of Pakistan
Live stock Farming
 The oldest and most common occupation in Pakistan
 In the time of British SHAMILAT was fixed for every village called as grazing
fields
 Livestock is an important part of Rural life
 Three types Nomadic Transhumance Settled
 Nomadic
 In Baluchistan and the desert areas of Punjab and Sindh And consider as
subsistence livestock Farming
 Move from place to place in search of grazing areas and water
 Mostly camel sheep and goats are in their flocks
Livestock
 Transhumance
 Keeping of animals in upper pastures and lower pastures
 Transhumance livestock is common in Northern and high altitudes of western
mountains
 Goats sheep and cattle are main animals
 High pastures of Himalayas and Karakoram are Yak and dzu ( cross breed of
yak and cattle )
 Meat , dairy products , wool and skin are the main outputs may be sold as
excess over subsistence Needs
Livestock
 Settled Livestock
 Subsistence Farming in the villages of Punjab and Sindh
 Cattle and poultry is used for the needs of the family
 Settled farming is mainly based on Inputs process and outputs
 Wool skin and meat are sold to buy new or more animals and other necessities
of life
 Main outputs are Milk Meat wool Eggs and leather
 Mostly outputs are minimal
Livestock commercial Farms
 Practiced either on small scale private farms or on large scale by Government
or Military Farms
 Use of all scientific methods
 Mostly in Pakistan urban supply of milk still come from buffalo herds kept on
vacant plots without any drainage system and hygienic arrangements
 Valuable product cattle dung used for manure and fuel
 To boost livestock production Cross breeding is introduced and early weaning
diets method is used for buffalo and cow calves to save milk for human
consumption
 Veterinary facilities and training for workers is practiced with increasing
urbanization
Importance of Livestock
 Draught power in the traditional fields, ploughing , threshing , harvesting ,
Persian wheel and transport
 Provision of food for the human like milk ,ghee ,butter , cheese ,eggs and
meat
 Provide raw material for domestic industry, processed milk , leather ,wool
,meat and milk products
 13% share in export items linked with cottage industry
 Contributes 10% GDP
Main Livestock Resources
 Cattle (Bulls and Cows )
 Breeds Bhagnari , Dhani , Red Sindhi , Sahiwal , Thari
 Used for draught power and milk , meat and leather
 Common farm animals and rearing is matter of prestige
 Buffaloes
 Nilli bar , Kundi , Ravi and Desi
 Main source of milk and meat
 Not important as work animals
 Produce 70% of total milk
 Slaughtered when they stop producing milk
Main Livestock Resources
 Like to remain in water most of the time
 Canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh are best suited areas
 Sheep and Goats
 Kept for wool and meat
 Demand of mutton in urban areas
 Sure footed animal can survive in variety of landforms and climate
 Can nibble thin grass
 Present in all types of livestock in Pakistan
Main resources of Livestock
 Poultry
 Source of wheat meat and eggs
 Demand of poultry is high due to increase in production
 Reasonable price and use of meat in most of the dishes
 More preference to white meat than red meat , more healthier
 Commercial farms are developed as the layer breed for eggs and broiler breed
for meat
 Desi , misri and other imported breeds are also introduced on commercial
farms
Problems of Livestock
 Few veterinary hospitals and vaccination centers
 Grazing unirrigated grounds causes soil erosion
 Unhygienic conditions causes make animals unhealthy
 Traditional breeding methods results in low quality animals
 Insufficient breeding for Quality
 Lack of grazing grounds cause over grazing
 High prices of animal feed cause difficult to keep them near market
 Insufficient market system of milk and meat
 Gap in prices of products in urban and rural areas
 Inadequate facilities for storage of Meat and Milk
Development strategy for livestock
 To promote the livestock and poultry, the Government should provide the
incentives
 Selective and cross breeding
 Programmes to fatten the livestock
 Control of diseases and better animal husbandry practices
 Vaccination facilities
 Cultivation of fodder crops and make grazing fields
 Establishment of veterinary research institutes
 To make livestock handling training centers
 Enhancement of NARC ( National Agricultural Research Council )
Location of Main resources of Livestock in
Pakistan
 Main cattle areas
 Dir (KPK)
 Punjab
 Sargodha , Gujarat , Jhang ,Bahawalnagar , Muzafargarh ,Multan , Bahawalpur
and Rahimyarkhan
 Lasbela ( Baluchistan )
 Main sheep areas
 Waziristan ( KPK )
Location of main resources of Pakistan
 Baluchistan
 Zhob , Qila saifullah ,Lorelai , Kholo , Kalat , Khuzdar
 Punjab
 Jhang , Dera Ghazi khan ,Muzafargrah , Rajanpur , Bahawalpur and
Bhawalnagar
 Main Buffalo areas
 Sialkot,Sargodha,Gujranwala,Lahore, Faisalabad,Toba tek singh,Okara,sahiwal
jhang,vehari,Multan,Muzafargarh,bahawalnagar,Bahawalpur and
Rahimyarkhan ( Punjab )
 Hyderabad ( Sindh)
Main Goat Areas
 Dir ( Kpk )
 Baluchistan
 Zhob , Lorelai , Kholo ,Kalat , Khuzdar
 Sindh
 Sanghar and Tharparkar
 Punjab
 Sargodha ,jhang ,Gujarat ,Faisalabad ,Sahiwal , Muzafargarh , Bahawalnagar
,Multan , Bahawalpur ,Rahimyarkhan
Factors Affecting Farming
 Natural Human ( Economics )
 Landforms or Topography Marketing
 Soil Size of Farm
 Water including rainfall High yielding varieties
 Temperature Irrigation
 Pest and insect diseases Mechanization
 Fertilizers
 Plant Protection
 Programmes
Marketing 0f Agricultural Products
 Business Activity
 Directed agricultural production from Farms to the consumer
 Factors are transportation , processing , storage , wholesale , and retail
 Agricultural marketing is disorganized with lack of transport and a large
number of intermediaries
 Resulting in increase in costs and reducing output
Size of Farms
 Subsistence farm is small
 Population pressure and laws of inheritance converts into small cultivation
units
 These size of farms are uneconomic
 Machinery cannot be used
 Small and fragmented holdings are difficult to supervise
 Lack of loans to develop small holdings
 Irrigation is difficult
 Lack of experiments and training
 Low production and Low profit
Plant Protection Programme
 Pest and insects cause big loss of crops
 P P Programmes can be preventative and curative
 Prepare treated seeds to be resistant to diseases
 Spraying of insecticides and pesticides
 Control of Locusts
 Aerial spraying
 Pest scouting advisory
Land Reforms Of Pakistan
 Inherited a land tenure system based on Feudalism
 In 1947, 7% of the landowners owned 53% of the land
 To increase the productivity of the land necessary to break up the assets and
security to landless peasants
 To abolish the Zamindari system
 So 1n 1948 , a land form committee was formed and its recommendations to
the Government but could not approved due to strong positions of landlords in
National and provincial Assemblies
 1959 Muhammad Ayub Khan
 Ownership 200 hectares irrigated and 400 hectares non irrigated
Land Reforms of Pakistan
 1959 Exemptions
 For orchards 60 hectares
 Gift / Hiba land 200 hectares
 Limitless land for Educational institutions
 Compensation to Landlords
 The recipients to pay the price of land installments at different slab rates
 Tenants ownership on payment of the price of land installments
 Conditions of tenancy ,landlord could not eject the tenant without the
violation of condition tenancy
Land Reforms of Pakistan
 Consolidation of holdings
 A programme was announced for consolidation of Holdings less than the
minimum size
 1972 Land Reforms
 60 hectares irrigated and 120 unirrigated
 All exemptions withdrawn except for recognized educational institutions
 Shikargahs or hunting grounds were under state control
 Compensation for the land acquired from Landlords
 Distribution of land to tenants without any payment
 Landlords could not eject the tenants on his own will
Land forms of Pakistan
 If the landlord wanted to sell the land first right was the tenant to purchase it
 Consolidation of land continued as 1959 reforms
 1977 Land Reforms
 No exemptions ,owners with tractors and tubewells were allowed an addition
at 2000 PIUs (per index units )
 Fixed compensation with value of Rs 30 PIU
 Distribution of land in tenants free of cost
 Consolidation of holdings continued as 1959 reforms
Effects of Land Reforms
 The desired results could not be achieved
 Lack of sincerity and political will in implementation
 Incomplete land records of Barani Land
 Implementation of Land reforms were easily manipulate by the powerful
Landlords, the agencies who had responsibility to implement
 Paper exercise in real the same landlords are still the owners of their Lands
 The aims of Land reforms are
 Breaking the hold of the Landlords
 Equitable distribution of Land
 Protection of the rights of tenants
 Consolidation of holdings
Farming and Environment
 Modern methods of farming have great benefits to the people by increasing
yield / hectare
 Damage of environment by
 The use of Fertilizers
 Pesticides, a Hazard for human health
 The removal of vegetation
 Irrigation
Government Efforts for the Improvement
 Backbone of the Pakistan Economy

 ¼ share of total GDP
 44% of total employment
 Contribution to export as raw material
 67.5% population lives in rural areas and associates with Agriculture
 Measures are being taken by the Government
 Increase in the production of Fertilizers
 Distribution of improved seeds through government
 Development of Plant Protection Programmes like regular checks for the detection
of pests,advisory services, aerial sprays
 Economic facilities like production and development Loans, Loans to subsistence
farmers, One window operation facilities, Loans for farm machinery
Sustainable Development
 The maximum potential of Agriculture has not been utilized due to the
following problems
 Land degradation (water logging and salinity )
 Soil erosion
 Desertification
 Inefficient marketing system
 Environmental problems
 Resource depletion and pollution
Steps for sustainable basis
 Government and Private sector develop productive and environmentally technologies

 Solutions for the water logging and salinity
 Soil management with afforestation programme and improving the organic contents
 Adoption of organic Farming techniques and stimulation of bacteria in the soil
 Reclamation of deserts with the help of irrigation
 The avoidance of poor farming practices
 To improve the subsistence into commercial with the help of easy loans , guidance center for
loans on every village based offices , documentation system must be easy and transparent,
Poor farmers must lead by the Government sector on fair and transparent basis to the market
demand and proper rates must be given to the Farmers , proper protocol must be given to
the farmers in any office of Government as well as private sector for the development and
production of his crop yield / hectare
Activity
A = In order to have sustainable agriculture , organic Farming techniques
should be used rather than using chemical fertilizers
B = Pakistan should set up more fertilizers factories to increase
agricultural production to meet the needs of its growing population
Which statement do you agree with more ? Give reasons for your answer and
refer the places or examples you have observed in Pakistan to support your
answer ?

Geo Part1

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Geo Part1

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Agriculture of Pakistan

Small Scale Subsistence Farming

Cash Crop Farming

Livestock Farming in Pakistan

Agricultural Products in Pakistan

The relative % share in the Economics of Pakistan

Agriculture can be divided into two categories

 Backbone of the Pakistan Economy

 Government and Private sector develop productive and environmentally technologies

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