Dr.

Mohamed tharwat
[TYPE THE COMPANY NAME]

Dr.Mohamed Tharwat

DMAT 201

01117106115
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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
Structure of matter
Multiple choice questions
1- The strongest intermolecular bond is
a. Ionic bond b. covalent bond c. metallic bond d. hydrogen bond
2- Solids which having body centered cubic system (FCC), contains………… atom/s per unit cell
a. Two b. four c. three d. one
3- Displacive transformation is characterized by:
A- Slow transformation B- Being accompanied by expansion
C- Involving breakage of bonds D- All of the above
4- Fraction of space occupied by the atoms is:
A-interatomic distance B-coordination number
C-atomic packing factor D-atomic weight
5- Crystalline solids are characterized by having:
A- High internal energy B- Random and short arrangement
C- Glass transition temperature D- Specific shape and form in their structure
6- The bonding forces between polymer molecules are mainly due to:
A- Covalent bond B-Cross-linking C- Ionic bond D- Van der Waal forces
7- Ionic bond is:
a- Electrostatic attraction between ions
b- Attraction between free electrons and positive cores
c- Sharing of electrons. d- Directional in nature
8- Ionic bond characterized by the following except:
a- Chemical in nature
b- Strong bond
c- Insoluble in organic solvent
d- The basic bond for polymers
9- Covalent bond is characterized by:
a- High thermal conductivity
b- Ionize in water
c- Weak bond
d- Directional
10- An example of point crystalline imperfection is…………………………
a- External surface
b- Vacancies
c- Grain boundaries d- Dislocations

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11- The amorphous solids are suspected to:
a- Be detected by xray diffraction
b- Have low internal energy compared to crystalline solid
c- Have large number of unit cells in their structure
d- Have melting range
12- Metals are good thermal and electrical conductors due to
a- Presence of the cloud of electrons around the positive cores
b- Sharing of valence electrons
c- Dipole formation
d- Forming cation and anion
13- For secondary bond to occur ………. Must be formed
a- Dipole b- electron cloud d- positive core c- electron share
14- Displacive transformation of silica characterized by one of the following
a- Break down of atomic bonding
b- Slow transformation
c- Being accompanied by expansion
d- All of the above
15- Dental materials formed of strong inter atomic bond usually have:
a- Glass transition temperature c- low strength
b- Low coefficient of thermal expansion d- small hardness number
16- Metallic bond characterized by the following properties except:
a- Chemical
b- Strong
c- High electrical and thermal conductivity
d- Translucency
17- The ordered arrangement of atoms in three dimensions is called
a. Semi crystalline c. non crystalline
b. Amorphous d. crystalline
18- Quartz, trydimite, cristobalite have the same chemical reaction with the same physical properties
a- The two statements are true
b- The two statements are false
c- The first is true, the second is false
d- The first is false, the second is true
19- Weak bonding leading to
a- Increase hardness and melting point
b- Decrease hardness and melting point
c- Increase hardness and decrease melting point

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20- Metallic solids are
a- Lustrous b- dull c- poor conductors d- translucent
21- Displacive transformation characterized by
a- Slow transformation c- volumetric change
b- Bond breakage d- need high energy
22- The type of transformation from alpha-quartz to beta-quartz is called:
a- Reconstructive transformation c- displacive transformation
b- Ionic transformation d- none of the above
23- The smallest repeating unit that is contained in a crystal
a- space lattice
b- unit cell
c- point defect
d- non of the above
True & False
1. Materials have higher coefficient of thermal expansion usually have higher melting point F
2. The higher the atomic packing factor for crystalline solids the higher their density T
3. Density of the material depend on atomic radius and atomic weight T
4. The ionic bonds are highly directional in nature F
5. Covalently bonded materials are thermal and electrical conductors F
6. Opacity of metals due to the movement of valence electrons F
7. Displacive transformation of silica appears in transformation of α quartz to β tridymite. F
8. Ionic bonds are ductile in nature F
9. Isomerism occur in crystalline inorganic material as natural rubber F
10. Beta cristobalite can be transformed into beta trydymite F
11. Atomic weight affects density & specific heat T
12. Ionic bonds are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in ionized solvents as water F
 Give reasons:
1- Metallic solid are good thermal conductors
- Due to presence of mobile free electrons
2- Polymers and ceramics are thermal insulators
- Due to absence of electron cloud
Types of allotropic transformation  displacive transformation / reconstructive transformation
3- Metallic solids are opaque
- Due to absorption of light by free electrons
4- Metals are lustrous
- Due to re-emission of light by free electrons
5- Metals characterized by high melting point

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
- Because it is crystalline structure bonded by primary strong metallic bond

Physical properties
Multiple choice questions
1. During the casting of an alloy best results are obtained if the alloy has:
A- Low density B- High density C- Wide melting range D- High melting
2. High thermal conductivity is desirable in:
A. Denture base materials B. Dental cements
C. Deep filling materials D. Impression materials
3. Mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion between tooth and restoration leads to:
A. Marginal percolation. B. Recurrent carries.
C. Hypersensitivity. D. All of the above.
4. There is a direct relationship between thermal diffusivity and ………
a. Thermal conductivity
b. Specific heat
c. Density
d. Heat of fusion
5. There is an inverse relationship between thermal diffusivity and ………
a. Thermal conductivity c. Density

b. Specific heat d. b & c

6. The ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to its velocity in medium is called:
a. Metamerism b. polymorphism c. fluorescence d. index of refraction
7. An object never seen through
a- An opaque material
b- A translucent material
c- A rough material d- A transparent material
8. Metallic denture base is worse than non metallic one, due to high thermal conductivity of metallic
one:
a- First statement is true, second is false
b- First is false, second is true
c- Two statements are true
d- Two statements are false
9. Flourescence give ……………. of human teeth
a. Dull appearance b. discoloration c. vital appearance d. translucency
10. Opacity means:
a. The material that prevent passage of light
b. The material that permits passage of light but disperse it

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
c. The materials allow passage of light d. Non of the above
11. Color parameter that represents the brightness and darkness of an object is:
a. Hue b. Chroma c. Value d. Metamerism
12. Color parameter that represents the kind of color is:
a. Hue b. Chroma c. Value d. Metamerism
13. Color parameter that represents the strength of color of an object is:
a. Hue b. Chroma c. Value d. Metamerism
14. The ability of sound human teeth to absorb certain wavelength and re emits another wavelength is
called:
a. Fluorescence b. Opacity c. Metamerism d. Translucency
15. Breaking of the marginal seal between the filling and cavity wall occurs due to:
a. The large difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the filling and tooth structure
b. No difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the filling and tooth structure
c. Not related to the coefficient of thermal expansion between the filling and tooth structure
d. Little difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the filling and tooth structure
16. High thermal conductivity of dental amalgam (metallic) restoration is considering disadvantage while
high thermal conductivity of metallic denture base is consider advantage
a- First statement is true, second is false
b- First is false, second is true
c- Two statements are true
d- Two statements are false
17. The appearance of an object depending on the nature of light , this phenomenon called
a- Fluorescence b- Translucency c- Transparency d- metamerism
18. Water sorption is the process in which water
a. Adhere to outer surface
b. Penetrate inside the material
c. adsorbed on the surface and absorbed into the body
d. Evaporate from the outer surface of the material
19. The amount of heat in calories or joules passing per seconds through a body 1cm thick, 1cm2 cross
section area when temperature difference is 1c is called
a- Specific heat
b- Thermal diffusivity
c- Thermal conductivity
d- Heat of fusion
20. An object can be seen clearly through
a- Opaque material
b- Translucent material

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c- Transparent material d. Fluorescent material
21. The rate at which a body with non uniform temperature approaches equilibrium
a- Specific heat
b- Thermal conductivity
c- Thermal diffusivity
d- Heat of fusion
22. The change of color matching of two objects under different light sources is called
a- Polymorphism
b- Isomerism
c- Metamerism
d- Non of the above
23. During casting melting of cobalt chromium alloys requires
a- Gas-air torch
b- Oxyacetylene torch
c- Electric furnace
d- Non of the above
24. During casting gold alloys melted by:
a. Gas-air torch c. Electric furnace
b. Oxyacetylene torch d. Non of the above
25. Metallic denture base is advantageous because it has high thermal conductivity
a- First statement is true, second is false
b- First is false, second is true
c- Two statements are true
d- Two statements are false
26. It makes the teeth bright and vital, as it increases the brightness
a. Metamerism b. fluroescense c. translucency d. transparency
27. Water sorption is the process in which water
a. Adhere to outer surface
b. Penetrate inside the material
c. Adhere and penetrate the materials
d. Evaporate from the outer surface of the material
28. It is advantageous to construct a lower denture form a low density material, and an upper denture
from a relatively higher density material to obtain good stability of the denture
a. The first statement is true, the second is true
b. The first statement is false, the second is false
c. The two statement are true
d. The two statement are false

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32. Color matching should be done under two or more different light sources one of which should be
fluroscent lamp
a. The first statement is true, the second is true
b. The first statement is true, the second is false
c. The two statement are true
d. The two statement are false

True & False:

1. A perfect match in the refractive indices between the dispersed phase (fillers) and matrix phase results in
transparent solid T
2. Large difference in refractive indices between the dispersed phase (fillers) and matrix results in opaque
material T
3. Dead teeth have high value F
4. Alloys with low density are very easy during casting F
5. Light weight denture base material help in retention of upper denture T
6. The most important color parameters in shade selection is the chroma F
7. Metals of lower density used for denture base construction allow both better retention of upper denture and
castability F
8. Metals with low density allow better castability F
9. A good thermal conductor is preferred for a denture base to maintain good health of the supporting tissues
(or to avoid burning sensation) T
10. Chroma represents the degree or intensity of color T
11. Thickness of insulating base materials are important factors in thermal diffusivity T
12. Coefficient of thermal expansion of restorative material should be lower than of tooth structure F
13. For perfect color matching the refractive index of the restoration should be same as the refractive index of
the tooth transparent solids T
14. Thermal conductivity in dental amalgam restoration consider as an advantage F
15. Upper denture should have low density (weight) to allow more retention T
16. Coefficient of thermal expansion of metal should be close to ceramic in ceramo-metallic restoration to
provide metal ceramic bonding T
17. A tooth with low value appear white and vital F
18. Coefficient of thermal expansion of denture base should match that of artificial teeth to avoid crazing T
19. Thermal conductivity is more important than thermal diffusivity F
20. Chroma is very important parameter of color because it is related to the vitality of teeth F
21. Adequate thickness of dentin or insulating base should present under metallic restorations T
22. Opaque material allow passage of some light and scatter or reflect the rest F
23. Gas-air torch used for melting of gold alloys T

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24. Metals has high specific heat F
25. Thermal conductivity of metallic denture base consider an advantage T
26. Chroma is the darkness or brightness of color F

 Give reasons:
1- Coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction of restorative material should match that of tooth
structure
- To avoid marginal percolation which leads to recurrent caries, discoloration, hypersensitivity
2- Large metallic restoration should be preceded by insulating base
- To decrease thermal diffusivity and avoid thermal pulp shock
3- Upper denture base should be made from low density or non-metallic denture base
- To be light weight and increase retention
4- Thermal diffusivity is more important than thermal conductivity
- Because it is related to thickness of the material and can be controlled
5- Lower denture should be made from high density or metallic denture base
- To increase stability
6- Metallic (gold , base metal) denture base is preferred than non metallic
- Because metallic is thermal conductor, so maintain good health and vitality of supporting tissue
7- Gold alloys easy in casting while base metals are difficult
- Because gold have high density and base metals have low density
8- Value is the most important factor during shade selection
- Because it is related to the vitality of teeth
9- Opacifiers added to composite resins
- To act as scattering centers to control composte shades
10- Shade selection should be done under two sources of light
- To avoid metamerism
6- Thermal conductivity is double edged weapon (advantage & disadvantage)
- In amalgam restoration  thermal pulp shock In metallic denture base  maintain the tissues health
7- Coefficient of thermal expansion of denture base should match that of artificial teeth
- To avoid crazing or loosening of teeth

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
Mechanical properties
 Multiple Choice Questions
1. The tendency of stainless steel to break under repeated condition of cyclic stressing below the
ultimate strength is
a- Resilience b- ductility c- creep d- fatigue
2. …………….. is indicative of the ease of finishing and polishing of restoration or appliance
a- Transverse strength b- hardness c- tear strength d- non of above
3. The impact strength can be measured by
a- Brazilian test b- izod test c- charpy test d- b&c
4. Transverse strength used to test
a- Denture base resins c- long span bridge
b- Both of the above d- non of the above
5. Ductility is a term of:
a. Stress b. Elastic strain
c. Plastic strain d. Energy Low density
6. Permanent deformation at stress below proportional limit of a material may occur in
a- Transverse loading b- creep c- fatigue d- B&C
7. Any internal force that is exerted throughout any unit area of a structure that resists an external
force applied to that area is:
a. Modulus of elasticity b. strain c. impact strength d. stress
8. In which material greatest stress generated when subjected to force of 100kg, material A with cross
sectional area = 1cm or material B with across sectional area =5cm
a- A b- B c- the stress is the same
9. The greatest stress to which a material can be subjected such that it will return to its original
dimesnsions when the load is released is the:
a- Elastic limit of the material c. proportional limit of the material
b- Compressive strength d. shear strength
10. The greatest stress to which a structure may be subjected and still obeys hookes law is the:
a- Elastic limit of the material b. proportional limit of the material
c- Compressive strength d. shear strength
11. The stress at which the material begins to function in aplastic manner (or doesn’t obey hookes law):
a. Resilience b. yield strength c. brittleness d. ultimate strength
12. When the yield stress of the restoration is lower than the force of mastication:
a- The restoration will be in good fit during occlusion
b- The restoration will break

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c- The restoration will permanently deform
d- The restoration will be scratched
13. The modulus of elasticity:
a- Doesn’t depend on the interatomic force of the material
b- Represents the measure of ductility of the material
c- Represents the measure of rigidity and stiffness of the material
d- Represents the easy deformation of the material that has high rigidity
14. Which of the following materials is stiff:
a. Material A
b. Material B
c. A or B
d. None of them
15. Material with high modulus of elasticity:
a- Resist elastic deformation c- Resist permanent deformation
b- Resist fracture d- Resist fracture by fatigue
16. Denture base made of base metal alloys which have high modulus:
a- Can be used in thick sections c- can be used in thin sections
b- Cant be used in thin sections d- all of the above
17. Which property describes the capability of an impression to be removed from around the teeth
without permenant deformation
a- stiffness b- maximum flexibility c- malleability d- elongation
18. Impression material should be flexible to
a- Easy removed from under cut during removal from mouth
b- Record fine details of oral structures
c- Adhere to tray d- All of the abov
19. The ability of material to withstand permanent deformation under tensile load without rupture is;
a- Malleability b- yield strength c- ductility d- resilience
20. A ductile material:
a- Has the ability to plastically deform under tension
b- Is of high resistance to scratching
c- Has the ability to plastically deform under compression
d- A & b
21. Brittle materials
a- Can withstand tension but cannot withstand compression
b- Can withstand tension and withstand compression
c- Are easily burnished
d- Are material that demonstrate no or very little plastic deformation

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22. The mechanical property that represented by the total area under the elastic and plastic portion of
the stress – strain curve:
a- Impact strength b- resilience c- flexibility d- non of the above
23. Which property represented by the following area?
a. Toughness
b. Flexibility
c. Resilience
d. Ductility
24. Which property represented by the following area?
a. Toughness
b. Flexibility
c. Resilience
d. Ductility

25. The following are energy related properties except:

a- Hardness b- resilience c- impact strength d- toughness
26. The following are energy related property
a- Hardness b- fatigue limit c- ultimate strength d- toughness
27. What does point (A) marked on the curve represent?
a. Modulus of elasticity
b. Yield strength
c. Proportional limit
d. strength
28. What does point (B) marked on the curve represent?
a. Modulus of elasticity
b. Yield strength
c. Proportional limit
d. strength

29. Amount of energy absorbed by a strucuture when it is stressed not to exceed its proportional limit is
a- Modulus of elasticity b- flexibity c- resilience d- toughness
30. The total work or energy required to rupture a material is:
a- Resilience b. toughness c- brittleness d.ultimate strength
31. Charpy’s testing machine is used to measure:
a- The impact strength b- the toughness c- 3-boint loading d- creep

32. Endurance limit of restoration should be:

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a- Lower than masticatory force c- equal to masticatory force
b- Higher than masticatory force d- it doesn’t matter.
33. Which of the following properties is important for orthodontic wires?
a- Resilience b- flexibility c- corrosion resistance d- all of the above
34. Which of the following properties is important for denture base?
a- Impact b- flexural c- fatigue d- all of the above
35. To reduce stress and deformation in long span bridge, the most important dimension to be increased
a- The magnitude of load b- the length c- the width d- thickness
36. …………… is the amount of energy absorbed by the material when subjected to sudden load
a- Impact strength b- Fatigue strength c- Resilience d. Ductility
37. Impact strength important property describes resistance of denture to fracture during
a- Normal mastication function c- insertion and removal
b- Accidental dropping d- none of the above
38. Rubber inclusions are added to acrylic resin denture base to:
a- Increase hardness b- increase ultimate strength c- increase impact strength
39. A material with very high surface hardness could
a. Be difficult to be finished and polished
b. Be scratched by opposing natural teeth
c. Loose its surface smoothness during service
d. A&b
40. Which of the following used to measure hardness
a- Fatigue test b- knoop test c- impact strength
41. Which of the following properties cannot be determined from stress-strain curve.
a- Elastic limit b- Hardness c- Toughness d- Resilience
42. Shore-A test used to measure hardness of
a- Brittle materials b-Metal & alloys c-Rubbers d-All of the above
43. Which of the following dental materials have mechanical properties that are time dependent
a- Impression compound
b- Rubber impression materials
c- Dental cement
d- Gold alloys
44. If load applied to rubber impression for a long time than a short time
a- Viscoelastic strain will be less
b- The permanent strain will be less
c- The permanent deformation will be greater
d- Elastic strain will be greater
45. Under low rate of loading, polymers:

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a- Show less permanent deformation
b- Behaves in a brittle manner
c- Behaves in ductile manner
46. Viscoelastic material are characterized by
a- Their mechanical properties are varied with the rate of load application
b- The strain is time dependant
c- After loading cannot undergo total strain recovery
d- All of the above
47. The greatest stress at which a material can be subjected without fracture
a. Yield strength b. elastic limit c. fracture strength d.ultimate strength
48. The ability of the metal to be withdrawn into thin wires is
a- ductility b- flexibility c- malleability
49. High ductility is required in dental casting alloy as it allows
a- ease of burnishability b- ease of casting
b- compatibility with porcelain d- ease of soldering
50. Base metal alloys can be used in thin sections due to their high
a- Hardness
b- modulus of elasticity
c- yield strength d- ultimate strength
51. Modulus of elasticity is related to:
a- The amount of the permanent deformation
b- The bond strength between atoms
c- The type of load applied
d- The heat treatment to which it is subjected
52. Amalgam undergoes creep in patient mouth due to
a- They have high yield strength
b- They have components of melting temperature near room temperature
c- They have viscoelastic material
d- B&C
T&F:
1. Diametral compression test is used to measure tensile strength of brittle material T
2. Hardness is surface property which can be determined from stress strain curve F
3. Indirect tensile test is used to measure tensile strength of dental amalgam T
4. Maximum flexibility represents the amount of total strain F
5. For a restoration to be long standing it should have its endurance limit lower than fatigue stresses F
6. Restorative materials should be used at stress above their endurance limit F
7. In the viscoelastic materials the strain is completely recovered after removal of the load F

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8. A material is considered ductile when it has low tensile strength F
9. During adjustment of a wire or a partial denture clasp, the stress applied should be greater than the yield
strength T
10. Ductile materials are characterized by ease of burnishing T
11. Rubber impression easily tears when snaply removed from patient mouth F
12. Rubber impression must be removed with sharp snap from patient mouth T
13. Stress is a measure of deformation F
14. Amalgam and waxes can creep at room temperature T
15. Metal and ceramic creep at room temperature F
16. Modulus of elasticity can be applied from the entire stress-strain curve F
17. The flexture strength is most important in long span bridges T
18. Brittle material are usually weak in compression F
19. Strain is the internal reaction to an externally applied force F
20. Transverse strength is an important parameter in selection of denture base material T
21. Yielding of a material is much more dangerous than its fracture under service loads T
22. Fatigue is failure of a material with small repeated cycling load above the proportional limit F
23. Ductile material will fracture away from the proportional limit T
24. Percentage of elongation is a measure of hardness. F
25. Fatigue strength can be measured by Izod and Charpy tests. F
 Give reasons:
1- Amalgam undergoes creep
- Because it is viscoelastic material contains mercury with melting temperature near room temperature
2- Elastic impression material should be removed from the mouth with sharp snap removal
- Because it is a viscoelastic material so decrease permanent deformation and increase tear strength
3- Yielding of a material is much more dangerous than its fracture under service loads
- Because it represents clinical failure inspite restoration doesn’t break
4- Hardness of cobalt chromium alloys consider a double edged weapon (have advantages and
disadvantages)
- Because it is difficult to finish (disadvantage) but maintain the finish for long time (advantage)
5- Orthodontic wire should be resilient
- To absorb stress as internal energy without permanent deformation
6- Acrylic resin denture base should contain rubber inclusions materials
- To absorb energy of sudden load and increase impact strength
7- Restorative materials should be used at stresses below it endurance limit
- To avoid fracture under cycling or repeated loading
8- Long span bridges should be fabricated from rigid / stiff material
- To increase stress distribution of force / to be used in thin section
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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
9- Any impression material should be flexible
- To allow easy removal from undercut
10- Any impression material should be elastic
- To return to its original shape after removal from undercut
11- Clasps of partial denture should be flexible
- For easy removal and insertion from undercut
12- Tensile strength of dental amalgam tested by indirect tensile test or Brazilian test or diametral
compression test
- Because it is a brittle material that weak under tension

 Scientific terms
1. Stress….. the internal reaction of the material to the external applied force
2. ……strain……… the change in length or deformation per unit length when a material is subjected to
force
3. ………yield stress….. The stress at which the material exhibits a specific limited deviation from
proportionality of stress to strain
4. …………endurance limit…… stress below which material will not fracture by fatigue (withstand
infinite cycles of loading)
4. ……modulus of elasticity…….. It represents the relative stiffness of rigidity of the material within
the elastic range ( or the constant proportionality between stress and strain )
5. ……brittleness……..It is the relative inability of a material to sustain plastic deformation before
fracture of a material occur
6. …viscoelasticity …..Strain rate sensitive material, behaves like viscous fluid and elastic solid
7. ……toughness…. The ability of the material to absorb energy up to the point of fracture
8. …fracture toughness….. the amount of energy required to fracture a sample by crack
9. impact … the amount of energy absorbed by the material when subjected to sudden load
10. …fatigue . The fracture of a material when subjected to repeated cycling small stresses below the
proportional limit
11. …Hardness…. The resistance of the material to permanent indentation or penetration or scratching
which is a surface property cannot be determined from stress strain curve (hardness)

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Adhesion
1- Spread of a liquid on a surface indicates that:
a- The surface has been poorly wetted by the liquid
b- The surface energy of the solid is high and surface tension of liquid is low
c- The surface energy of the solid is low and surface tension of liquid is high
d- The surface has been contaminated by material with low surface energy before placement of the liquid
2- The tendency of a liquid to spread over a solid surface is called:
a- Sorption c- Surface tension
b- Absorption d- Wetting
3- One of the following is required for good adhesion to take place:
a- The adhesive should be applied in a viscous state
b- The adhesive should be in liquid state
c- The adhesive should produce thick layer
d- The adhesive should have high surface tension
4- The lower contact angle between the adhesive and the adherend surface, the better the wettability
a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. The two statements are true
d. The two statements are false
5- Thin adhesive film produces less stresses due to setting contraction, the stronger the adhesive
junction will obtained
a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. The two statements are true
d. The two statements are false
6- The following will result in strong adhesive bonding except:
a- Thin adhesive film
b- Minimum stresses contraction of the adhesive
c- Large difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between adhesive and adherend
d- Low viscosity of the adhesive
7- The solid substance to which the adhesive is applied is called adherend, while the forces of attraction
between the surface atoms of liquid is called surface energy:
a. Both statements are false
b.Both statements are true
c. Only statement 1 is true
d.Only statement 2 is true

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8- More natural appearance is achieved if restorative materials are:
a. Wet by thick film of saliva.
b. Wet by thin film of saliva.
c. Not wet.
d. None of the above

9- Which of the following is NOT a desirable quality for a dental adhesive?

a. Low viscosity. b. Low surface tension.
c. Many air bubbles. d. High strength in very thin film.
10- The acid etching of enamel leads to the following except:
a- Removal of surface debris
b- Increase surface energy
c- Increase surface tension of the adhesive
d- Increase surface area
11- Factors that present difficulty in adhesion with tooth structure is
a- Presence of smear layer b- homogenous composition
b- Cleanliness of tooth surface d- all of the above
12- Atoms at the surface of solid materials possess more energy than those inside it, is known as
a- Surface energy b- surface tension c- surface layer
13- What type of enamel/restoration bond is created when acid etch technique is used
a- Chemical
b- Micromechanical
c- Macro mechanical
d- all of the above
14- The cement that make chemical bond with tooth structure is
a- Calcium hydroxide c- zinc oxide eugenol
b- Glass ionomer d- zinc phosphate
15- Contact angle between soap water & adherend should be
a- Acute c- Zero
b- Obtuse d- More than 90
16- Contact angle between water & teflon should be
c- Acute c- Zero
d- Obtuse d- More than 90

17- Amalgam retention to tooth structure achieved by

a- Macromechanical adhesion c- Chemical adhesion
b- Micromechanical adhesion d- All of the above

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat

18- Etching of dentin doesn’t include

a- Removal of smear layer c- Opening of dentinal tubules
b- Exposure of collagen fibers d- Increase surface energy
19- Composite retention to tooth structure achieved by
a- Macromechanical adhesion c- Chemical adhesion
b- Micromechanical adhesion d- All of the above
T&F

1.Bonding to enamel is much easier than bonding to dentin. T

2.Acid etching of enamel lowers its surface energy. F
3.For good wetting, the surface tension of the liquid adhesive should be more than the surface energy of the
adherent. F
4.A liquid with a high surface tension exhibits high contact angle. F
5.The thinner the adhesive film, the stronger is the adhesive junction
6.The forces of attraction between the surface atoms of solid is called surface energy
7.Glass ionomer and zinc poly carboxylate cements are adhesive restorations
8.Pressure welding is an example of bonding of two similar materials at their interface
9.Adhesive should applied in liquid state to produce thick layer
10. True adhesive should have high surface tension to give strong adhesion
11. The tendency of liquid to spread over a solid surface is called surface energy
12. The primer is used before etching of dentin to improve wetting
13. Solder joint is stronger than glue joint
14. Attraction of molecules of the same kind is called cohesion
15. The larger the contact angle the better the wettability
16. Adhesion to clean and dry surface is better than adhesion to wet surface
17. More natural appearance is achieved if the restoration materials are wetted by thick layer of saliva

 Give reasons:
1- Glass ionomer considered adhesive restoration (chemical bond tooth structure)
- Because it contains free carboxylic group that react chemically with tooth structure
2- A thick adhesive layer leads to a weak adhesive junction.
- Due to more thermal and setting stresses , more voids and no intimate contact
3- Thin adhesive film is indicated
- Decrease contraction stresses and thermal stresses and air bubbles (strong-bond) / intimate conact
4- Wax should be coated by surface active gent or wetting agent or debubbilizer before investing
- To increase surface energy of the wax and improve wettability to produce smooth mold

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
5- Teflon used in non stick cooking utensils.
- Due to its low surface energy.
6- Bonding by true adhesion is more preferred than bonding by mechanical interlocking.
-Allow chemical bonding to the tooth restoration and minimum tooth reduction.
7- Surface irregularities may promote or retard adhesion or (double edged weapon):
- If it is irregular and deep  air pocket and no intimate contact ( poor adhesion)
- If it is regular and shallow  more intimate contact (good adhesion)
8- Close matching of coefficient of thermal expansion between adhesive & adherend
- To minimize stresses at interface to increase strength of the bond
9- Acid etching of enamel is important step in composite restoration
- Produce Clean surface, increase surface energy ,surface area, produce pores for micromechanical
interlocking of composit
10- Acid etched dentin should be primed
-To increase surface energy of dentin and promote bonding between dentin and adhesive

 Scientific terms:
1. …Adherend…..is the solid substance to which the adhesive is applied

2. …Adhesive….. is the liquid material used to produce adhesion

3. …Surface tension..is the forces of attraction between the surface atoms of liquid

4. …Surface energy… is the forces of attraction between the surface atoms of solid

5. …Wetting… is the tendency of a liquid to spread over a solid surface

6. …Glass ionomer...cement is adhesive restoration

7. …Primer…. should be added before applying bonding agent to dentin to increase the surface energy

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
Metallurgy
Multiple choice questions:
1- When all possible slip planes have been consumed
a- Ductility is increased
b- Strength is increased
c- The movement of dislocation is easy
d- Fracture of metal may occur
e- B and D
2- Dislocation movement is easy in metal because:
a- Metals have less slip planes
b- Metals have many slip planes
c- Metals have wrought structure
3- The super lattice Au Cu in the gold –copper system is preferred to the super lattice Au Cu 3
because:
a- It has more strengthening effect
b- It has lower coefficient of thermal expansion
c- It can resist corrosion
d- It is face centered cubic
e- a & c
4- Wrought wires are:
a- Highly stressed structure
b- Plastically deformed structure
c- Fibrous structure
d- All of the above
e- a & c
5- Two metals that are completely soluble in the liquid state but partially insoluble in the solid state the
type of alloy is
a- Eutectic b- Inter metallic compound c- Solid solution d- Solder alloy
6- When metals are completely soluble in the liquid and the solid state will form
b- Eutectic b- Inter metallic compound c- Solid solution d- Solder alloy
7- Stainless steel ( Iron – carbon ) is:
a- Inter metallic compound b- eutectic alloy c- Interstitial solid solution
d- Substitutional solid solution
8- Gold –copper alloy system (Au-Cu) is
a- Intermetallic compound b- Eutectic alloy c- Interstitial solid solution d- Substitional solid solution

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
9- When shaping a structure by sintering:
a- It becomes cold worked
b- It produces a powder form
c- Strong cohesion between particles occurs
d- Melting of solid particles is essential
10- Silver copper alloy (Ag-Cu) is
a- Eutectic and used for soldering
b- Solid solution
c- Intermetallic compound
11- Silver tin alloy (Ag3sn) is
a. Eutectic and used for soldering
b. Solid solution
c. Intermetallic compound
12- Above solidus line metal alloy is:
a- Liquid only
b- Solid only
c- Liquid and solid
d- All of the above
13- Above liquidus line metal alloy is:
e- Liquid only
f- Solid only
g- Liquid and solid
h- All of the above
14- If dislocation during movement along slip planes are impeded:
a- Plastic deformation is inhibited
b- Modulus of elasticity is increased
c- Proportional limit an yield strength is increased
d- A & C
15- When metal change from the shape of crystals into elongated grains (fibrous structure) it is called
a- Cold working b- casting c- sintering d- electroplating
16- The following properties are affected by microstructure of metal except
a- Strength b- Hardness c- Modulus of elasticity d- Ductility
17- Metallic solids are
a- Lustrous b- dull c- poor conductors d-translucent

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
18- Plastic deformation in metals occurs by:
a- Movements of dislocation across slip planes
b- Stretching of inter atomic bond
c- Crack propagation d- all of the above
19- The increase in the rate of cooling during metal solidification causes
a- Large number of small sized grains c- Small number of large sized grains
b- Increase in strength and hardness d- a&b
20- Ductility of metals can be increased by
a- Addition of grain refiner b- Addition of an element (alloy)
b- Lowering rate of cooling d- All of the above
21- The faster rate of cooling of alloys during solidification leads to
a- High ductility b- low ductility
b- Low strength and hardness d- all of the above
22- Compared to a cast metallic structure, the cold work structure has
a- Higher surface hardness
b- Accumulation of dislocation within the metal
c- Decreased metal ductility
d- All of the above
23- Wrought metals have the following properties except
a- High strength
b- High hardness
c- Low ductility
d- High tarnish and corrosion resistance
24- Conditions for substituional solid solution (S.S.S) are the following except:
a- Metals have same valence b- Metals have same lattice space
b- No chemical affinity c- Difference of atomic size more than 15 %
25- Compared to solid solution alloys, eutectic alloys have:
a- High tarnish and corrosion resistance b- High ductility
b- Lower melting point c- All of the above
26- Heating of a metal after plastic deformation to relieve internal stresses without changing the shape
of the grain is called
a- Recrystallization b-Recovery c- Aging d- Homogenization
27- Grains do not join at their meeting points due to
a- The compositional difference b- the difference in type of space lattice
b- The difference in orientation d- all of the above
28- The horizontal (straight) plateau in cooling curve is due to
a- Libration of latent heat of fusion c- Elastic recovery

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
b- Viscous deformation d- All of the above
29- During cold working Stresses are applied …………….. the yield strength of the material to produce
plastic deformation through dislocation movements
a- At
b- Below
c- Above
d- Any of them
30- Two metals that are completely soluble in liquid and solid state will form
a- Solid solution b- Eutectic alloy c- Intermetallic compound d-Non of the above
31- An alloy with a single melting point which is the lowest point of the alloy system
a- Solid solution b- Eutectic alloy c- Intermetallic compound d-Non of the above
32- Irridium is use as grain refiner ( nucleating agent) because it has
a- Low melting temperature b- High melting temperature
b- Same melting temperature d- All of the above
33- Homogenization heat treatment is essential for
a- Cold worked structure
b- Solid solution Cored structure
c- Eutectic alloy
d- Intermetalic compound
34- Obstruction of dislocation movements may be achieved by
a- Grain boundaries b- Other dislocation
c- Other types of lattice discontinuity
d- Alloying
e- All of the above
35- Annealing heat treatment is essential for
a- Cold worked structure
b- Solid solution Cored structure
c- Eutectic alloy
d- Intermetalic compound
36- Metals are ductile due to:
d- Their cast crystalline structure
e- Stretching of inter atomic bond
f- Crack propagation d- all of the above
37- Metals are those elements that ionize in solution
a-Negativly b- Positively d- Neutral

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
38- When two metals have chemical affinity to each other the alloy is
a- Solid solution b- Inter metallic compound
b- Eutectic d- Interstitial
39- Atoms at grain boundaries have high energy because
a- They are the last atoms to solidify b- Interfere with dislocation
b- Have no particular arrangement d- All of the above
40- The process of elimination of compositional difference in cored structure is known as
a- Aging b- annealing c- recrystallization d- homogenization
41- Metals are characterized by high melting point because
a- Their crystalline structure b- The presence of dislocation
b- The strength of interatomic bond d- Non of the above
42- Metal transform from grain to fibrous structure through:
a- Recovery
b- Recrystallization
c- Cold working
d- A & b
43- Any cold worked structure should be annealed before insertion into oral cavity ?
A. To increase internal stress
B. To increase corrosion
C. To prevent warpage or fracture
D. Non of the above
 True & False:
1- Metals are elements that ionize negatively in solution F
2- Eutectic alloys are more corrosion resistant than solid solution F
3- The greater the number of nuclei of crystallization present, the faster solidification and the smaller size of
each grain will be T
4- Rapid rate of cooling of metals during solidification leads to high strength & hradness.
5- Powder metallurgy (sintering) is shaping of metal under high pressure and temperature above melting point
6- The faster rate of cooling of metal during solidification the larger grain size F
7- The smaller the grain size of cast restoration, the greater will be its strength T
8- There is a direct relation between grain size and yield strength F
9- In annealing if temperature is held for longer time there is a decrease in strength of metal T
10- Cold work structure have higher tarnish and corrosion resistance than cast structure
11- The greater the dislocation movement, the higher the ductility of metal T
12- Addition of nucleating agent (grain refiner) leads to large grains and high strength F
13- Above solidus temperature alloys are liquid and solid T
14- Slip interference increase ductility of metals F

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
15- Elastic deformation becomes more difficult in metals if dislocation movement is inhibited F
16- Fibrous structure have low strength and hardness than cast structure F
17- Eutectic alloys are usually brittle T
18- Atoms at grain boundaries have more energy than atoms in grain proper T
19- Pure metals are not used in dentistry F
20- Au Cu 3 alloy is preferred or better than (stronger) to Au cu F

o Give reasons:
1- Adjacent grains do not join at their meeting point
- because they have different orientation
2- Any cold worked structure should be annealed before insertion into oral cavity
- To relief internal stress and increase corrosion resistance
- To prevent warpage or fracture during service
3- During solidification of pure metal a horizontal plateau or constant temperature observed in the
cooling curve
- Due to liberation of latent heat of fusion during solidification
4- Homogenization of cored structure is essential or mandatory
- To eliminate coring and increase the tarnish and corrosion resistance
5- Grain boundaries are the most dangerous area of the metal
- Because they have more energy so they more liable to corrosion
6- Au Cu is used in dentistry instead of Au Cu 3
- Because it have high percentage of gold above 60% and have high tarnish and corrosion resistance
- More strength (F.C.T)
7- Modulus of elasticity doesn’t affected by microstructure of metal
- Because it is resistance to elastic deformation (related to bond strength)
8- A cold worked metal structure is harder and stronger than a cast metal
- Due to consumption of all slip plane and difficult dislocations
9- The use of silver-copper eutectic alloy in soldering procedures.
- as they have low melting temperature
10- Use of eutectic alloys in dentistry should be limited.

- as they are brittle and have poor tarnish and corrosion resistance
11- The time of homogenization of cored structure is greater than that required for stress relief anneal
of cold worked alloys.
- To allow atomic deffusion to eliminate heterogeneous structure to increase corrosion resistance.
12- The brittle behavior of eutectic alloys.
- Due to its heterogeneous structure that decrease dislocation movements

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
13- Any cored structure should be homogenized
- To allow atomic diffusion to produce homogenous structure to increase corrosion resistance
14- Eutectic alloy have low resistance to tarnish and corrosion
- Due to hetergenous structure
15- Recovery stage is only the required stage during annealing
- To relief internal stress without change of shape
- Because recrytsalliazion and crystal growth decrease the srength and increase the ductility
16- Solid solution alloys have more tarnish and corrosion resistance than eutectic alloys
- Because they are homogenous structure

Polymers
Multiple choice questions:
1. Cross linking in denture base resin is contributed by_____________?
A. Glycol dimetharylate
B. Benzoyl peroxide
C. N-para toluidine
D. Methyl methacrylate
2. Hydroquinone is added to methyl methacrylate monomer_________________?
A. To prevent polymerization during storage
B. To initiate release of free radicalls
C. To enable polymerization reaction at room temperature
D. All of the above
3. The following are characterstics of external plasticizer except:
a. Non volatile
b. Strong attraction to polymer chain
c. Low leach out
d. Low boiling point
4. Polymerization reaction can be inhibited by presence of :
a- Impurities b- initiator c- free radical d- activator
5. Under low rate of loading, polymers:
d- Show less permanent deformation
e- Behaves in a brittle manner
f- Behaves in ductile manner
6. Addition polymerization reaction is better than condensation polymerization reaction due to:
a- Presence of by product c- little polymerization shrinkage
b- Slow reaction d- its high molecular weight and short chain

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
7. Condensation polymerization reaction characterized by the following except:
a- Very long chain polymer
b- Dimensional instability
c- Moderate molecular weight
d- Presence of by product

8. The substance added to initiate the polymerization reaction is:

a- Benzoil peroxide b- lead dioxide c- tertiary amine d- tin octate
9. Compound which are added to partially neutralize the secondary Vander Waal force that normally
prevent the polymer chains from slipping
a- Cross linking agent b- Plasticizers
b- Benzoil peroxide d- Free radicals
10. The temperature at which the polymer transformed from the solid state to rubber state by heating
a- Glass transition temperature c- Melting temperature
b- Freezing temperature d- non of the above
11. Separation between polymer chains due to tensile stress is
a- Creep b- crazing c- warpage d- deformation
12. Thermoset polymer can be molded by
a- Physical reaction b- chemical reaction c- pressure d- heat
13. The number of the repeating unit in the polymer chain
a- molecular weight c- co-polymerization
b- degree of polymerization d- cross linking
14. Direct coupling occur in ……………… stage of polymerization reaction
a- Activation
b- Intiation
c- Propagation
d- Termination
15. The following is true about thermoset polymer except:
a- Formed by chemical reaction
b- Irreversible reaction
c- There is evolution of heat
e- Mechanical properties are sensitive to temperature
16. Which is the first stage of addition polymerization
a- Propagation c- Activation
b- Initiation d- Termination
17. Condensation polymerization characterized by
a- Little polymerization

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
b- Rapid reaction
c- Long chains produced
d- Prescence of water or alcohol as by product
18. A compound with unpaired electron which is very reactive called
a- Initiator c- Monomer
b- Free-radical d- Non of the above
19. Benzoil peroxide consider
a- Activator c- Free radical
b- Initiator d- All of the above
20. When the polymer chains joined together by reactive side chain and form three dimensional network
structures it is called
a. Linear polymer b. cross linked polymer c. homopolymer
21. All of the following are inhibitors of polymerization reaction except
a- hydroquinne c- eugenol
b- oxygen d- benzoil peroxide
22. Hydroquinone should be added to polymer at percentage of
a- 0.006% c- 0.6%
b- 0.06 % d- Non of the above
23. Addition polymerization is characterized by the following except
a- Prescence of by product b – rapid reaction c- long chains
24. Plasticizers:
a- Decrease strength and hardness b- increases TG
c- decrease strength and resilience
25. Which of the following act as inhibitor
a- Benzoil peroxide b- tertiary amine c- some impurities d- non of the above
26. Which of the following produces free radical
a- Tertiary amine b- benzoil peroxide c- plasticizer
27. Crazing decreased by:
a- Solvents b- plasticizer c- cross linking agent d- initiator
28. Fillers added to polymer to casue all the following except:
a- Decrease strength b- increase modulus of elasticity c- increase hardness
T&F
1. Thermoplastic polymers can be molded by chemical reaction F
2. Polymers that may soften by heat and solidify by cooling are refered as thermoset polymers F
3. Polymerization reactions are associated with increase in volume F
4. Crazing of denture is due to tensile stresses and separation of polymer chains T
5. Plasticizers increase glass transition temperature F
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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
6. Polymer is bonded intra-molecularly by primary bond and inter-molecularly by secondary bond.(T)
7. Cross linked polymer has high strength & high water sorption F
8. Condensation polymerization products show more dimensional inaccuracy T
9. Plasticzers decrease glass transition temperature T
10. At slow rate of loading of polymers. They respond in a ductile manner T
11. Butyl methacrylate is external plasticizer F
 Give reasons:
1. Addition type of polymerization give rise to better quality polymers than condensation
polymerization
- Because it has no by product and less polymerization shrinkage
2. Adding of hydroquinone to composite
- To prevent self-polymerization during storage (increase shelf-life)
3. Zinc oxide and eugenol cement is contraindicated to be used under composite restoration
- Because eugenol material inhibits polymerization reaction of composite
4. Plasticizers decrease glass transition temperature
- Because they decrease secondary bonds between polymer chains
 Scientific terms
1. …Glass transition temperature.…. the temperature at which the material transformed from the solid state
to rubbery state by heating or from rubber to solid by cooling
2. …Degree of polymerization… is the number of repeating unit in the polymer chain
3. …Residual monomer…… the remaining or incompletely cooked monomers
4. ……Free radical….. a compound with unpaired electron which is very active
5. …Benzoil peroxide…is a substance which after activation it gives free radical (initiator)
6. …Hydroquinone…. added to polymer to prevent self polymerization during storage

Tarnish and corrosion

Multiple choice questions
1. Discoloration of a metal surface or even a loss of the surface luster is called
a- dry corrosion c- wet corrosion
b- tarnish d- non of the above
2. In electrolytic cell:
a- The anode has higher electrode potential
b- Anode has lower dissolution tendency
c- Cathode has higher electrode potential
d- Cathode has higher dissolution tendency
3. Resistance of noble metals to corrosion is due to their:
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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
a- Inertness b- passivity c- high reactivity with environment

4. Chromium in base metal alloys is responsible for:

a. The increase in elastic modulus
b. The brittleness of the alloy
c. Resistance to tarnish and corrosion by formation of passive layer
d. The ductility of the alloy
5. Lower anode/ cathode ratio may lead to:
a. Higher corrosion rate
b. Lower corrosion rate will be
c. The corrosion rate will not be affected
d. The corrosion will be inhibited
6. Palladium/silver ratio in economic gold alloys
a. 2/1 b. 3/1 c. 4/1
7. Corrosion resistance of some base metals known as:
a. Nobility b. passivity c. resistivity d. sensitization
8. Which of the following elements is not noble:
a. Palladium b. titanium c. platinum d.gold
9. In galvanic cell the cathode:
a. Corrodes b. remains intact c. non of the answers
10. A reduction reaction is:
a. Loss of electrons b. gain of electrons c. non of the answers
11. Corrosion of silver by action of sulfide is a type of:
a. Galvanic corrosion b. stress corrosion c. chemical corrosion
12. Stress cell corrosion can occur in case of
a. Repeated insertion and removal of partial denture
b. Ana amalgam restoration opposing a gold inlay directly
c. Accumulation of food debris in the inter-proximal areas
d. All of the above
13. Passivity is a term related to:
a. Corrosion resistance of base metals c. Corrosion resistance of noble metals
b. Cold working of metals d. Non of the above
14. Corrosion in grain boundaries is:
a. Stress cell corrosion c. galvanic cell corrosion
b. Dry corrosion d. composition cell corrosion
15. Concentration cell corrosion (crevice corrosion) may occur as a result of:

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
a. Difference in electrolytic composition
b. Difference in oxygen tension
c. Presence of pits in the restoration
d. All of the above
16. If consumption of the electrons at the cathode is higher than the production of electrons at the
anode
a. The corrosion rate will be higher c. the corrosion rate will be lower
b. The corrosion rate will not be affected d. non of the above
17. Due to the difference in composition of the parent alloy and solder alloy in patient mouth the
following may occur
a. Concentration cell corrosion c. galvanic cell corrosion
b. Dry corrosion d. compositional cell corrosion
18. Compositional cell corrosion occurs in
a- Amalgam opposed by gold inlay directly
b- Solid solution (cored structure)
c- Pits in amalgam surface
d- Cold worked structure
19. Galvanic cell corrosion can occur in case of
a- Repeated insertion and removal of partial denture
b- An amalgam restoration opposing a gold inlay directly
c- Accumulation of food debris in the inter proximal area
d- All of the above
20. Corrosion of partial denture clasp is:
a. Stress cell corrosion c. galvanic cell corrosion
c. Dry corrosion d. composition cell corrosion

T&F
1- Painting the cathode by a varnish leads to decrease rate of corrosion T
2- Corrosion of cold worked metals is stress cell corrosion T
3- Silver consider as nobel metal F
4- Gold alloys show high resistance to corrosion due to presence of their passive layer F
5- The anodic reaction is the main driving force of corrosion process F
6- Crevice corrosion may occur due to presence of two dissimilar metals F
7- Passive layer is produced by titanium, aluminum or chromium T

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 Dr. Mohamed tharwat
 Give reasons
1- Househeld bleaches never used to clean base metal alloys
- To avoid removal of passive layer and decrease tarnish and corrosion resistance
2- Painting the cathode with varnish when using two opposed dissimilar metal
- To decrease rate of corrosion of anode
3- Oral cavity is good medium or environment for tarnish and corrosion
- Due to prescence of saliva and fluctuation of temperature and PH
4- Dental restoration should be highly finished and polished
- To avoid concentration cell corrosion
5- Chromium should be added to base metal alloys
- To form passive layer which protect the metal from tarnish and corrosion
6- Silver not considered as noble metal
- Because it have high chemical reactivity with sulfar and corrode by formation of sulfide
compound (corrosion in the oral cvity)
 Scientific term:
1- …Tarnish…… is discoloration or even loss of luster of metal surface
2- …Corrosion … is disintegration of metal due to reactivity with its environment
3- …Chromium …... added to base metal alloys to form passive layer
4- Type of corrosion occur when oxygen tension decrease …Concentration cell corrosion …

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