A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

“STEAM TURBINE”

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITED BY
ANIRUDDHA NARESH RAUT
2230331507035

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. POOJA P. SANAP

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
LONERE 402103, Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra
2023-2024
 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,

Lonere 402103, Tal. - Mangaon, Dist. - Raigad, (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report titled “STEAM TURBINE” is the
bonafide work carried out by Mr ANIRUDDHA NARESH RAUT, Roll No:
2230331507035 of First year Bachelor of Technology in Chemical
Engineering. It is approved for partial fulfillment of requirement of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Engineering of Dr. BABASAHEB
AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Lonere, Raigad 402103.

Guide Head of Department

PROF. POOJA.P. SANAP Dr. A. R. Chavan

Dept. of Chemical Engg. Dept. of Chemical Engg.

Examiners: 1.

2.

Place: Lonere
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound sense of gratitude to our pro-active staff without

whose guidance this work would have not been success. Their constructive
criticism and useful timely suggestions and encouragement in every step
immensely helped me. Their invaluable presence was great boost for me in
achieving our goal.
I would also like to thank Dr. A. R. Chavan, Head Department of Chemical
Engineering, DR.BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, LONERE for their systematic guidance, valuable advice and
constant encouragement throughout the work. It was his motivation, which helped
me to learn new thing.

I would also like to thank all staff members in department, library, and
reference section (DR. B. A. T. U.) that extended all kind of co-operation for the
completion of this work.

Aniruddha Naresh Raut

2230331507035
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Particulars Page

No.
CERTIFICATE i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

1. Introduction

2. Components of Steam Turbine

3. Advantages and Disadvantages

4. Working of Steam Turbine

Conclusion

Reference
 Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction of steam turbine

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that converts the thermal energy of
pressurized steam into mechanical work, which can be used to generate electricity
or perform other types of mechanical work. It is a form of heat engine that uses
steam to generate rotational energy.
Steam turbines were first developed in the late 19th century and quickly became a
popular technology for power generation. The development of steam turbines
revolutionized the power generation industry, making it possible to generate large
amounts of electricity using relatively small and efficient power plants.

1.2 What is Steam Turbine?

Definition: Steam turbine comes under the classification of a mechanical machine
that isolates thermal energy form the forced steam and converts this into
mechanical energy. As the turbine produce rotatory motion, it is most appropriate
for the operation of electrical generators. The name itself indicates the device is
driven by steam and when the vaporous stream flows across the turbine’s blades,
then the steam cools and then expands thus delivering almost the energy that it has
and this is the continual process. [1]
The blades thus transform the device potential energy to that of kinetic movement.
In this way, the steam turbine is operated to supply electricity. These devices make
use of enhanced pressure of steam to rotate electric generators at extremely more
speeds where the revolving speed of these are maximum than water turbines and
wind turbines. [1]

1.3 Working principle of steam turbine

Working principle of steam turbine depends on the dynamic action of steam. A

high-velocity steam is coming from the nozzles and it strikes the rotating blades
which are fitted on a disc mounted on a shaft. This high-velocity steam produces
dynamic pressure on the blades in which blades and shaft both start to rotate in the
same direction. Basically, in a steam t urbine pressure energy of steam extracts and
then it converted into kinetic energy by allowing the steam to flow through the
nozzles. The conversion of kinetic energy does mechanical work to the rotor blades
and the rotor is connected to a steam turbine generator which acts as a mediator.
Turbine generator collects mechanical energy from the rotor and converts into
electrical energy. Since the construction of steam turbine is simple, its vibration is
much less than the other engine for same rotating speed. Though different types of
governing system are used to improve turbine speed. [2]

1.4 Classification of steam turbine

1. Based on the Steam Movement

● Impulse Turbine
● Reaction Turbine

Impulse Turbine
Here, the extreme speed steam that flows out from the nozzle hits the rotating
blades which are placed on the rotor periphery section. As because of striking, the
blades alter their rotating direction having no change in the pressure values. The
pressure caused because of momentum develops the rotation of the shaft.
Examples of this kind are Rateau and Curtis turbines. [1]

Reaction Turbine
Here, the expansion of steam will be there in both the moving and constant blades
when the stream flows across these. There will be a continuous pressure drop
across these blades. [1]

1. Based on Vapour Conditions from Inlet to Turbine

● Less pressure (1.2 ata to 2 ata)

● Medium pressure (40 ata)
● High pressure (> 40 ata)
● Very high pressure(170 ata)
● Supercritical (>225 ata)
 Chapter 2

2.1 Main component of steam turbine

2.1.1 Rotor

● Rotor: The rotor is the central rotating element of the steam turbine. It is
typically made of high-strength materials such as steel, and it rotates at high
speed due to the force of steam. The rotor is connected to the generator,
which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
1.1.2 Steam Turbine Casing
● Casing: The casing
encloses the rotor and blades and directs the steam flow through the turbine.
It is typically made of thick steel plates and serves to contain the steam
pressure and ensure that the steam flows through the turbine in the correct
direction.
2.1.3 Nozzle ring

 Nozzles: Nozzles are used to direct the high-pressure steam onto the blades.
They are typically located at the inlet of the turbine and are designed to
ensure that the steam flow is properly directed onto the blades for maximum
energy extraction.

2.1.3 Blade
● Blades: The blades are attached to the rotor and are the primary means by
which the steam's energy is converted into rotational motion. They are
typically made of high-strength materials and are designed to withstand the
high stresses and temperatures associated with steam turbine operation.
There are different types of blades, including impulse blades and reaction
blades, each designed for specific applications.

● Seals: Seals are used to prevent steam leakage from the turbine. They are
located at various points along the casing and rotor and are designed to
2.1.4 Bearing
prevent steam from escaping from the turbine, which can cause energy
losses and damage to equipment.
 ● Bearings: The bearings are used to support the rotor and reduce friction
during operation. They are typically located at the ends of the rotor and
allow it to rotate freely while supporting its weight.

● Control system: The control system is used to regulate the steam flow and
ensure that the turbine operates at its optimal performance. It includes
various sensors and control devices that monitor the steam pressure,
temperature, and flow rate and adjust the turbine's operation accordingly.

Overall, each component of a steam turbine plays a critical role in its efficient and
safe operation. Steam turbines are complex machines that require careful design,
manufacture, and maintenance to ensure their longevity and reliability.
 Chapter 3

3.1 Advantages of steam turbine

● Thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is higher than that of a reciprocating

engine.

● The steam turbine develops power at a uniform rate and hence does not
required flywheel.

● No internal lubrication is required for steam turbine as there is no rubbing

parts inside.

● No heavy foundation is required for turbine because of the perfect balancing

of the different parts.

● If the steam turbine is properly designed and constructed then it is the most
durable prime mover.

● Much higher speed may be developed and a far greater range of speed is
possible than in the case of reciprocating engine.

● There are some frictional losses in reciprocating engine as some

arrangements are required for conversion of reciprocating motion into
circular motion. but in steam turbine no friction losses are there.

● Steam turbine are quite suitable for large thermal power plant as they can be
built in size from few horse power to over 200000 hp in signal unit.
 3.2 Disadvantages of steam turbine

Steam turbines have a few drawbacks, although approximately 80% of the

world's electricity is reliant on steam turbines.

● Not profitable smaller turbines

● Side effect of low pressure steam turbine

● Possibilities of complete mechanical failure

● Load change behaviour

3.3 Difference between Steam Turbine and Steam Engine

STEAM TURBINE STEAM ENGINE

Minimal friction loss Maximum friction loss

Good balancing properties Poor balancing properties

Construction and maintenance is simple Construction and maintenance is

complicated

Can be good for high-speed devices Only operates for minimal speed devices
Uniform power generation Non-uniform power generation

Enhanced efficiency Less efficiency

Appropriate for huge industrial Appropriate for minimal industrial

applications applications
 Chapter 4

4.1 Working of steam turbine

The process of converting thermal energy into mechanical work involves several
steps, as follows:

● Steam Generation: Steam is generated in a boiler by heating water with a

fuel source, such as coal, natural gas, or nuclear energy. The steam is
pressurized to a high temperature and pressure, typically above 1500 psi and
1000°F.

4.1.1 Steam flow

● Steam Flow: The pressurized steam flows through a set of pipes and enters
the steam turbine at a high speed. The steam flow is controlled by valves and
regulators to ensure that it enters the turbine at the correct pressure and
temperature.

4.1.2 Nozzle
● Nozzle: The high-speed steam passes through a nozzle, which is a small
passage that converts the steam's thermal energy into kinetic energy,
increasing the steam's velocity and directing it towards the blades of the
turbine. The nozzle's design is critical to the turbine's efficiency, and it must
be designed to extract as much energy as possible from the steam while
minimizing energy losses due to turbulence and other factors.

● Blade: The steam strikes the blades of the turbine, causing them to rotate.
The blades are mounted on a rotor and are designed to extract as much
energy from the steam as possible. There are two types of blades used in
steam turbines: impulse blades and reaction blades. Impulse blades are
designed to extract energy from the steam's kinetic energy, while reaction
blades extract energy from both the steams kinetic and pressure energy. The
design of the blades is critical to the turbine's efficiency, and it must be
optimized to extract as much energy as possible from the steam.
● Energy Conversion: As the blades rotate, they turn the rotor, which is
connected to a generator. The rotation of the rotor generates mechanical
energy, which is converted into electrical energy by the generator. The
generator produces electricity at a voltage and frequency that is suitable for
distribution on the power grid.

● Steam Exhaust: After the steam passes through the blades, it loses energy
and exits the turbine at a lower pressure and temperature. The steam is then
condensed into water and returned to the boiler to start the cycle again. The
condensation of the steam releases heat, which is typically rejected to the
environment through a cooling tower or other heat exchange system.
 Conclusion
Steam turbines are an essential technology that has revolutionized the power
generation industry and have become a cornerstone of modern infrastructure. They
are widely used in various industrial applications and power generation plants, due
to their high efficiency, reliability, and flexibility. Steam turbines have also played
a critical role in reducing the environmental impact of power generation, as they
are capable of utilizing a range of fuels and can operate in a range of conditions.
As technology continues to evolve, steam turbines are likely to remain a critical
component of the energy sector, and advancements in their design and operation
will continue to improve their performance, efficiency, and reliability.

Reference

1. www.elprocus.com
2. www.mechanicaltutorial.com
3. www.360training.com