REMINDER Periodic Classification

QUANTUM NUMBERS
The state of an electron in an atom, that is: its energy, its movements around
of the nucleus, the shape of the orbital, is defined by 4 parameters called quantum numbers.

a- The number n, main quantum number: n = 1, 2, ….

It quantifies the energy of the electron and defines an electronic layer or energy level.
n = 1 layer K; n = 2 layer L; n = 3 layer M; etc...

b- The number l, secondary quantum number (or azimuthal): 0 l n-1, integer

belonging to [0, n-1]
It characterizes the "shape" of the orbital; it defines an electronic subbed, or a subbed
energy level.

c- The number m, magnetic quantum number: - l m + l, integer belonging

to [-l, + l]
It defines the atomic orbital or quantum square.
It defines the orientation of the atomic orbital in space.

d- The number s, quantum number of spin s, defines the rotation of the electron on itself.
Two orientations are possible: s = +1/2 and s = -1/2

FILLING RULES

a- Stability rule : at ground state, electrons occupy levels

of the lowest energy in the limit of available places.
b- Hund’s rule : electrons occupy a maximum of orbitals defined by the
azimuthal quantum number before completing with a second spin electron
opposite.
c- Pauli’s rule : In an atom, 2 electrons cannot have all four numbers
identical quantum. If the three numbers n, l and m are identical, these two
electrons must then differ by the spin quantum numbers which will be
opposites
d- KLECHKOWSKI rule:
- The ascending order of energy sub-levels is that of (n + l) ascending.
- When two sub-levels have the same value of (n + l), the sub-level of more
low energy is the one with the lowest value of n.