cy lp ngay William Henry Scott @ FP Ateneo ve wana universiry PRESStoma, Qn wot by Aono de Mala nd eee Tin pn tare version ct cersn apes hae ben hss Pipe jour ha aa acy Caan al Sony ce 19) ches #0: Pin eee ey masa par 6 Kn a 8. seer acer Gare Quis sl ine Can nthe Mat ERS nso rth ner aon en fo he eer Ct SMe pote pte Ly Libre a he Use fermion feet i euy Sete = Giese ly extant son 1054 RHINE ISON aT 16 hk ISBN ATLAS (phd) Contents Foreword be rrkaneron : Th Won! "Dag « Ti Wd “iia” Te la ‘The ie Wave Migion Thy » Phin Langue Fd to On PART I The Visayas CUTER I: PENSICAL APPEARANCE... sennseld ‘Pincsotee Dt» Pate» Stall owing» Pe Fis (Gran * Poca» la» ling ty The orang se One Sago» ios» ap ering Ts (hae + Hag» Phng + Doma Aina « Cting aN» Dating and Diag» Ding igus Soang «Weng lie © Ral rear mehr yt ar ‘ReCanecdg ar! Cnn an‘Nn pu Pe Dr ol» ie a Na eT ieibips ne» Oreja» Deh ond Baa inane Are atl © ane Te Ase» state + Bear Pe» sal tars Nie na» Bening * Gomes el Ging event Hea ov Hyg + Ais + Tren Thaalpng+ Wat and Wer» Seoerhip Dan» Fina» Oise» eb ad Dafoe» Camaiy ‘Rhcn}p L's lotags nsrdenes Pp om Lar Set and Dag" ln» ie Si * Wayjoe Pape a Cn of Ws» Sat aad Tos» Sie Reiing Die * Pc Pa» er PART 2 Mindanao and Luzon ‘Cag «Bun» Data » ple Ge» Sanson Fan ‘Mogundene* Suh ‘Sonadave*Dnntng = Soa Sc» gion» Te Aah © Warr ‘Therap Ward * Techs» Te * Toe Mat ‘etarTuR 12-TACALOG SOCIETY AND RELIGION. nap + ial Sucre» Land wnt ay» Wj Reign ‘Famongs Gxline* Penpaage Lew * Lawsuits © Pongoinan Calle The Yea ond Mie ‘he fgets © Cagyn Catone Atcneord 272 + Notes 277 + Biblographica! Huy 282 “thirty BN + todo 300 Foreword : liam Henry Seott (1981-1988), tinguished historian aad emi nentecholar, pats ke considerable debtwith the publication of Barangay Saree nny Philpine Cale and Sst By bringing tothe fore the pate inhabits ofthe sechipelage who fm colonial docurentsand diy sen in hisoical writing are relegatod tothe backgroud, Scout isa egregious lack. The book in an ethnography of sxeenth-century Philp oc commanitics that aneners the queeion: What did dhe Spaniards aly ay about the Fpino people When they fist met them? ‘Scott dered bis igormation to annwer dae question from an extensive bitog-apic bas A nor clstr of hit sources athe historical doc. sic ptlahed in five collections: The fist dye are the calcio de taemens nai (collections of unpublished documents ited 50 this Fume a0 GDIa, C10, and CVD}, publsied bythe Spanish goverament ening in IRS with Martin Perindes Navarece's five volumes and ating sy voltmesty 1982 The fourth coetion Brand Roberton's Te Puppies, 1493-1898 (8), Gtyive votwmescf randations nto Rngih. The kl cliction inthe ongoing Hutona dels Piri Agustina Sao Noni d ni de ijpnas PAB hy Feria Rodeiguer wh sme 120 bing the moat event In aedion to thee published collections i= 9 19 a7 7‘ve sryof auch othe plished ad npublsed sures as chronic Tine! clout nmigatona! logy fetes sermon hooks, catechins ‘port sd eons Phare igure impor i his book: a he sce cont nee ene abit lf and half nates ano sal umber en Aare afc acer beer ei mer and ave popula andthe enoonons challenge tn teaching Shines he pa gg ce Spsh wonaren delet com Muu teIal langage, hey este that was moze efi theo olay dhe locllangunges tare teach Spa othe eee a JtpelatinsAconscquene of he deo ws Serius fonts tomar Pexiction at wolf al of eaclng manonarice te local ngage ‘Krug these oh ner Spenidyerearuls, eral Spanish ition sere Spain, more tan eee hundred pated pages, the ‘Renartey no ony tunes of local words tals provide a ‘iesee ile acral unge ofthe words. a wy nt psec Sher soe thes sna ape fora indo how things we fected in fora eatgovca The Since Soar detonary ges Fes of the mon for everyday of the month the Lon iba tony etines pars of te backatrsplom the Mexsrid liga “stony onto the west extensive lossy of seafaring terms. And Sttenoven ta Tagalog diconeryincader eth ogre found uve of te neues of technology at His, comes “Conetsandineret rte ead tao an pert move ta Ween sees Thin edogaphy of Stceniscentary Piippines coves we sophia enn, Due tote spread of aval Soecs and the chrono Sfp ofSpanit acdc thee ear of esoninaion, the cups o aR Vistun nonce compe he mt vabtail portion of te boo {eon and Mindonayhoweser aio get proporonate auenton:# {ann half te book providers survey afsreax owe ofthe Vit ‘he han of Mindanao. the Cagayan Yay, he Bit pei, wb tteory of Tagalog, Papoose, Panton communities Sete kad 0 Tova chapter onthe Does bt i pasng oy prevented comple Anitpecie range wpe treated nthe book. The secon on th vaya for intance dees pips appearance, fod ad fang Casein comme teligon, erate and enternent ata sa ‘See soul orgrataions and warbe. Eres snore impress than Cf ge of pc the degree of Gell in whic ihe wpe ae explored ner aheteulingotVinya pyseal pearance, the Dok descber an analresdecorative dental moulding, penis circumcision, ca ierlng ha clothing, jewelry, and tattooing, The treatment ofeach tem goer fr asthe documents allow. Ip the eae of tatoving, for empl, ‘Sow examines various aspects of the esto sich st who wore tattoos ‘hows when, don which ars the body they were apple to atally poled these what were Uni eponalravintons what rsa to health dey posed. Most important ofall the author explains what tatoos mean roel. Tf he information Sco gathered together io his back is epresenative ‘etwhat the Spaniard sid about the natives, is lear tha hey ald quite lot — tear, quite loc more than s nonally posed. Aca ean be Ince tat che Spaniards carey tok note of detatls in the nate word fo as 10 destroy or tramnform naive cltire the more thorough. ut resindig fron tier snotives, the Spaniards collected dam that now tow sto tempt a description af the mative wot ‘Spasiah documentary soutces were products of the colonial machincry. ry mere writen by Spaniards, for Spanish proses ach as tracing cfangelization, eibute ting. But 35 he shows i Gacs tthe psc fram and athe ess Pipi isan Scot had founda Way of etching ‘Neetng limpsex of Flipins ane thet reactions a Spanish domination ninietinal and merely inedentl to the purpose ofthe documents” ‘And particularly in thi book, Seat tok tevin al avaiable text in the focal languages which, despit: their Spanish provenance, are indigenowsin the mon oni eve In them, dhe native ze the objecta andy an of ‘clonal intervenon, Ye, they remain subjects a wel since tis they who the fet iatance spake the language the niionariea sed, The doc ‘ments conserve the native languaging ofthe native word. ‘Scott vented to answer dhe question: What di dhe Spaniards actly syahout the Flipino people wien dhe frst met therm? Unig wide ray of soutees and a method convtucve to gleaning information on patie Tahabitats, Scott ays out an apswer to the quesbon In a tanner that teres an inten commited scholerahip snd am wnfiing afeton for is opted people. = y08e M. cRU2. SpIntroduction ( “Thisbook prewateaixteenthcenturyPhlippine etunography based on contempormecus sources, It does not stenpt to recensirct that sowiety by consideration of present Philippine socieces, or of femares Talleved to be common ¢o sll Austronentan peoples. Nor docs i seek Similars wh nelgborig eutures in Sontheat Ay chong the ro" fata presente shoul be of wse to scholars vo might wi io caso Rather isco to answer the question: What did the Spaniards aca uy about the Flin people when they Bs ret ther’ Its hoped that the anawer to tha question wl permit pin readers coda to pay Weaious visio the and of del ancestors four centri ago, story texts ia use i dhe Palippie scocl sytem generally include a chapter on pre Hispanic society and ctr dried frm five naln sources ‘olablein gli nthe monumental Blas and Robertson compend ‘ftrsaltions, Pe Pip lan 1493-1888 chese are Anouio Pigal Accont ofthe Magellan oye, Migal de Loares' 1582 Raadan, fac, Plseucla's 1589 ueades on custom law and religious practices, Pedro (hirino’s 164 Rtas and chapter Sof Antonio de Morga's L600 Suan, Dforaunatey the alo make we oftwo twendetncentar forgeries stib- wed to siteentheontiry Diego Povedano and nincteentn-centary Joverset Maris Pain, and misrepreent Pedro A. Montcclar's 1807 Marat a 4 preHixpanie document! ] “To the authentic documents may be added four other eyewitness azcounsof the Magellan vagy daven rom the osher ese) Spanish txpedions, Tie 1526 Loaea expediden touched on the eat coast of Mindanao, snl Ava de Stavedrn visited Sarangand {and eee times 198, Four account; one of ew running to's hundeed pages, have tuned ra the Ry Leper de Villalobox expedition, whieh spent eight ‘cn mont in Saangash Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar in T542¥ 1545, and ‘Caumnaignted! both Mindanao and Sma, #rom the Miguel Lopes de Legupi 1563 expedition wich eatblised the Spank colony, come af ‘etal sateen month journal, separate repors of lal products and f ‘custom and rear of onary and emmtadoecosesponceace. And fom the next cout eames Franca Alinas unpulsishedfoursolume tra de vitae deinen, which ipsvatua'e both forts who's Geseriptions of taterial euleare and bit atempr to reconstruct pre 5 Hispanic Vaya society by stesicing the oldest siden. | ‘Muy infaintion can ako Ye gleaned throng what T bave calle ‘eraca inthe parchment cats in an calieresap—"chinks, #0 to peak, through bleh leeting glimpses of Pilipino snd thei ceactions to Spanish Sominion may be seen. unintentons) and merely taeda "0 the purpose ofthe document (Scot 19821) peace pet hetween Mages Srvost ana ruler in Palawan for exaenple, ndleaes that i was rans Tate by a Spanahspesking Makassarese ale sciaed fom a ofa Lueon ‘eset in Boren, Cour proceedings against basing Manila converts Include a description of Moai banal, and nottaed wsdsnonis by Flipino chiefs reveal chat few of then» could igh their names Tagalog scxmons by fir misonarics mention dees olserwise unknown, ero ‘he munber of days a save b expected to work for hie maser and ive agine te rani of tooth ng and eyebrow: shaving. Buc Dy fa the schest soures of information on Fipiao ethnography ae the earysevententt-eentary Spanish dicdonaries of Palipine la funges. By their very ast, dichonaries contain spore information chan ny other sort of liarature of documentation. Morenve, since thse fa the Sprnish colony mere comp by auonaris forthe wee of other mison aes, ther definitions maybe innrrect ht dhey would noche deiberacely | tlgembling. The Sinches Satinceio dictionary goes the phases of the ‘moon for every day af the month; dhe Lisboa Bitalanodetionary defines the part ofthe backetap loony the Méntrida Hiligaynon diconary coo faing the most extemive glonsry of wearing terms. And the San Intesucion boenaventuca Tagalog dictionary includes ethaographic data found io one ofthe account of technology and indir, comercial Convacts and interes ates, Read aking and puberty ites jar ural and send moves ‘Naturally, these sources st be wid erally. Dictionary deiatons are olen tntalsingly bret, and she absence of a articular vr may ‘heer he lescographer' imitations rater than the nonexistence of the Toneept, Commenison Filipino eties and moral are hopelessly sewed br Spaniaheunocenrciy andthe reactions of aliens caugh: in the grip Sreultare shock, On the other hand, misionsey sport inteaded for forapean audiences are sflen stood by the desire to prevent converts Ror appearing Lie naked sages, Reports to the Hing Oo products 20d fadusaie suitable for colonial exploitation are obviously more reliable than thowe reconatng Flipin belierunce and weachery which might {xcusecongpstador brutal Information om native reigion Is especialy ‘roblemale, iret questions about God, ceaion, te Ped the human bul, heaven and hel eegulany prodvced obliging answers contrary «© ‘heal ulepracices In hi edsaogeaphy, nerefore, all descriptions il be ‘sel ona seas of al de sonore mae; no data lb presented Ales they accord with tat sei Moreover, with few exceptions they ‘il be derived ftom primary sonrees In thee origina! Tanguages, 301 {econdary sours or anslatons Regret, these sources contain two signs aenae—iack of se tsdcs td lore lo ance the whole arebipelago. Viel statistics are com pletely wating, a well a Sgres on prodtcton and cstiation which Cost permit sn estinete of ilping vag tandardsbetor thelposilon DOr colonk bundene. Tagalog and Visayan cultre can be reconstrcted ‘Eom docnnents and dcionarie, but there i Title infrzation ot the peoples of exthers Laon, and none atall on the Mindanao and Sul Shltanates which the Span id noe tin the setenth etary except for itary atacks Te soul ao be noted that the Philippines was either isla nor suchanged during the century. A Malacean prince founded a new stan tein Maguindanan, Brine enabled comercial aml politcal tis ith Moni. anl Filipino hemucles traveled at fray Burma ad Teor a6 netehants or mercenaries. But tbe any Sfanish ad Chinese innovations Cl the lass sy decades of the eentsry cannot be considered pat of ‘Tadonal Prlippine eure, though they quickly Decame regarded as thch, Gamote al corn, fr example sce mllsand daft aninal, were introdvcel ducing x single edientotuction Among surviving sxeestlscentuty sours, there happen to be more ‘olnminous dita on Visayan etre ean on che rest ofthe Philippines Combined. The Spaniards were the Vier earsbefore they reached [Tuson and dey recorded tle observations withthe endhisana of ew dacemoses Lear's elacion wan writen in Mio, and Akins sero in Leyte and Samar. Mateo Sisvcae's Visiyan detonary widen in Dagamh Lente the bet othe et Spanish lsieons and can be supplemented bythe contemporary Panay dicdonary of Aorao Menta. However, this Toeumentary ome vation maybe seu a 2 fortitowsaeddent Pr Ou! purposes Vian cure ad languages are the mos widely dispersed in the archipelago, and Leste and Samar are the ibn rhest “emnoved Feoas cect Asia contact Tie thereore pou to segard the eiization portrayed these sources aa kind of ae Philippine society and culture, “Thivunevea bution of daa has ngested the pln of thisbook. Past 1 Geers Vioyan cule neigh chapters plyseal appearance ood tun farming, trades and commerce, celigion, lttatereand entraiament, racial sence, sci] onganiaton, and waar. Part 2 survey the rest of thearchipelago fous south to north -Bindaaao, Bikol, Tagalog, Papangs, Pangesiaan, Hoc, Igoot, and Cagayen, Wi the exception of Tagalog nce, hese sections contain oly bref uaies de eter ta paeiy o daa or aecase there eno need to repeat fares siseady described at Tength in prt 1,An afterword has been added to exarnine the sural of sSccench-century minorites. And a biographie exay Tocates nd. de- teres the book's sources. Iriredusion gucoery ofan ancient boat in Butan, toa bastardine Philippine erm, Shaimghs” whic has gained popular currency though no sch ord [fovea Philippine language "Wien de Spenarés reacted Luzon, chey found this orl fora als ‘pinged forthe smalet poial uni of Tagalog soo’. Franciscan fiat [um de Plwcaci (158%, 935) described i a allows ae ate eet pesearcuneeatindediraindcn ‘Sir bie ig lteter ds he [rts adorn ya ceo cone mile barengy eg No doubs, the aucentre of dhe Tagloge reached the archipelago in ‘wns tt His ely ely that Tagaloy communis could ave maine thine! thei dscrote boatload ienttesaewarcenties snd illennia But the choice of the tm, a the explanation fori, would have reinforced the petepson of ene commons as historically distinct fom ll oer, sand egtimined ‘apis’ claim to personal allegiance "These wo meaningee te word bray calla io voimporant “duncteritigof the siteent-costry Phibppines not characteristic of the fwentiethdependence on boate to highly localized. government. rags therefore not as inappropsate ide for abook about Pay pe sciey and ease in the steenth centr. ‘With the exception of ware populations inbabiing che interior monn thin range, all sxteenthcennry Fos ined on the seacoast or the ‘Dranis of rigable lkes and srcams Ther only sven of wansporeation |] ere toate there i no cedence of wheeled vehicles or draft anil “Trade and alder itn an foes Gomsed om one side oF asier to De learned in the Phiigpines. When Antoaia Piafeta, Magetian’s Talim | other by boa, rom ind o sland, and beaveen distant portson the same txpeditiocary etlnograplicr, went ashore «o parey with due ruler of 4 ad. Communes were connecter, not separated, bY water” i as by auasame, they ot together in'a boat drava up on shore which Figafeta {vate that they exchanged foods, mamwacsared Yares, and foreign (5245, 118) called along This word appears as eer blaxgayo* | imports, The eventual clearing off of interior foress ard the opening of orang, nth the se mesa, ia all he rajor Ingwages ofthe Pllp- fen ld othe plow aud popslation expansion may sees ema pinea ae the caiest Spanish dictonzries make It clear that twas pro- f epson from the hiniasons of the older boat caltre. But Ue new Founced batangiy,*not being." Tialeoworh odin hatPigalewa ip eeonoaty wae dependent, and al son 2 oweland road system period ecard the wor both ms longs sel a Holngha, hich, ofcourse, he. cally interrupted ty the desruson of bridges across watervays tat were ‘eld have progounced the sane since [aan had no found. Unfort once the riers of Filipino cate channels forthe movementof people, Ftly, his orthograptic ody gave bith in 1976, withthe aeekaeologeal 4 goods, ad dens not obstacles te ‘The Word "Bavergay™ Borangey, or blangg, wat one of the frst ative words dhe SpaniardsInitio A Togalog barangay wat group of people ule over by one da. Twa tw hin they owed slloganee, not to a nudkcpal, prone iba, of ‘tonal government, caough datus oe. joined their barangay in come thon communities reckoning precedence ml alng aliances 0 thermelte, Ths we te even de Mui sultanate inthe south Settan rote is das ir hey in tor role hee own commits. At Manila became the sat of colonial goveroment, ve word spread nth i Tagalog resning lo other parts ofthe achipaago where meant a bt in the loca angtages. 4 "The Spaninnd eine! both the term and the nation as 2 conven fen means of collecting trate through barangay heads. Wt sbould be roted, however, tat she word continsed wy mean he people, not the place Up tothe end ofthe Spank gine, baptnmal egies idenived onelte parents not bythe place of readence Dut as belonging to the insrangay of Dow So-anao, some member ofthe local geney. OF cous, tember of the se tarsagay wally Tied inthe me place, but not neces hey somtimes ren ferent bars and eecasoned juialie ‘oval disputes between tribute collector. Recent the tex. has been ‘evived bythe Philippine goverminent wo replace tne colonial ter bona, Alespite the irony of the te words orga meaning-a poi! wait losal oa local bos, ‘The Word “Pilipino When Spanish expediionary commander Ray Léger de Villalobos ‘cached he Philippines it 1982, he named the lands of este and Samar ‘lpia alter the young prince who would become King Philip rom J Sahih the lter colony mould be called Lar isar Mine The Spaniards {alled dhe aadves of the archipelago dnd, compounding Chrstopher Colombus's well nova enor of thinking he had reached the Orient=a Inthe Indeyin the Cane, But when it was neceaary co datas | the indice of the Philippine fom thowe ofthe Amerins, hey wee alle Filipinos, So Pei Clisin's L604 Rac hae chapter “The food and texts of courtesy aod ge nantes of she Filipinos” (Chino 1608, 38). find Juna Pracino de San Antonio devotes a chapter this 1738 Cries to ‘The letters hayguagen, and palitenes ofthe Philipines” Sua Antonio ras, 140) wile Hane Anti anges in 1780 cha "the anclent wealth | ‘of the Philipinos fs much lke thar shied the Igosots tare at present” {Antolin 198, 279). la shore the people of the Pippin were called | Intbiiee Flpinos when they were practicing their ova cultare—or, to put it an (itera, lore tay Beate nd Tp te nncteesth centr, Spaniards bor in he colony began toe caled Piper ins to tigi therm Spends Born n Spa, ~{Galgeton whch willy contracted to Pips when specking of Spaniards Philippine orn Spar howere, enacted eg cele “lion by pnt relented peter ofthe tS de Mas (185, 138) nh 1542 popton eatinates nore tevwly divide Spnirds and Pipes int the flowy eerie Tipnon Gado apace pn aad Expat gps “to pina” vat pat how Franco Sarr signet helt centy tore wien he Shaeed a portraiof Pip for Pedro Marlo Vlude +174 Guess Gonna (Hope), and nate ince were il wing the ern inte Serteentry.AxJow Re! (87, LL) wi of he Php comanuny ib ads, “Creoles Mesos ad Maly, we ply ca oursehes pe ton" Fly, it he grow of mona constousnes,Fipino pos ean to project the ern anchronisieally input centres at they idenied al Spas shop born in the Philipines os natn Fine, However spe thow Hao wuld bare Been to heat We eles ‘efared oa ch "When the Acerca seized the Spanish colony a pif the Span Anrican Wr, hy called itis Fipioy ad today chen of the Republic of the Pllipines ae megoed i nrasoa Iw 8 Fpinos Common parse, however, has tndad to excide people hore ancetrs were eee acer ite the Spanish ely, Prem {oogh they ote nana eectone an travel sro oa Pipe Pouports Caio Romulo wasonce bused egy by Bago elles Tera tat igcou mere ox Fin ad nay Meine roe te term aa colonalmponon bya freq power thelr ances ree. "Novdloes the confson end ete Ls 1055, Ayses News Keith incorpo ‘aed pope perp tera ei he Pate “in the nineteenth ‘estan, y Spanish etc the nti own inthe Man wat knowns ah ‘nao’ and ot cabled Fiping” (Reith 085,74). Bot no mich exit iawn (0 serio hoy, thongh nonhistrians have neni ‘ered to mck s etieion® Despite this omen checkered career, the erm Bip wil be med inthitroc to refer tow sncemorsof te preent ine etzens who ‘eden the archipelago in the cent century and wha spoke Pity Fine laguInduction The Filipino People Accoing to the late: historical sndy of Philippine populations there | vere between ane and 0 milion inhabitant sh the archipelago a he Une of Spanish sévents The Spaniards recognied dhem as one race of ‘di stre black har, nd dark s—thoogh those dark eng co ie eae sayuonange Coron) in Tagalog were ceptions rather than he ‘hor. india oars sometimes Tofereed fo Fkpiaos ina parleslar ‘land a bing tale, igher Brive, ot more muscular than others. but ese were subjective commen which reflected ale jadgments and dhe ft hat Spaniarsthemmelves vane greatly complexion and stare. AS | neatly Tagalog dictonary sy of Ue word kaon "There are some they el ths. ke Father Domingo de Nie and Faber Fray Antonio they call atin a syonoags [amen lack)” Blancas de San fse 1610 tno). Others, hey ditinguinhed Filipinos by thelr langue, che “Vsnyan by thelr toon nd highlanders a primitive. And they di not ince tose thy ealled nqrasor mae leks or "ie blacks "thats Negritos under the cubic oF ist al NNegites obwiouty belonged to Neos onored and exemednztong them, since the grees chiefs are The est wonsorkers Tron ioe had acaally been produced in the Philippines in ancient mes Tron slg has been recovered in considerable quantities tom ar coogi sic, incl Vinay grave, a lag i normally a waste rivecofiron sheng ad efinng. But to extract meta om de oe Py pnlive methods very eifical, and so le the wansportation othe | pte Thusitisgenerlly more economical tade local fore: products fala ext ow if rae, a twa atleast ye tirteenth | Ens. Bornean refineries were then producing Vl large quate i “Stabeng (Gora) and Song triers were delivering big Chinese cx E roas and pig fon dice. By the txteenth cent, Iron wat alas being > prec a Sulawes, but wae sill are an valuable that when the Sana av del Por round in Sang i 1526, the natives burned her to Tecer the nail, Inthe Viana, those Chinoie cnldrons remained the F tajorsomce: dy were detertely broken up to sappy loeal Forges. "The bellows ofthe forge (hava) Were to Upright iuders yep) hit pistons lel) eaged wth chihes eaters sets ta collapeeon te return stroke, They ete alteratey raised andlomered bythe blelsrih's apprentice fatsp) {9 produce a ready deaf. Bods endets had a bamboo eles near the tom which le to a common sone rezepine (dng which concen | ssted Used aft into a cata fire, The atv (andasan) was apiece of Tonsetina hea wooden block, od Use ulh's took were a wo ade = sone maul fa) astone arterial) pai of tgs (hu, and an Zrortment of ordinary bois for eutng the redo: meta "The most mportan toa manufactured, repaced, o¢Fetempered by the ‘chemin was the bolo, Doon or dap ware doar one, fea 8 Fer one for mondesting bts or nth, ane witha curved Blade for ‘wedg or culating and fzow ne wih a short Wade a Tong handle Ibe presed under the arm or against the ground Wh te fatto Jee ho tans ce for srpping rata. Te bate haa tang fr hating to ‘wooden handle, ad yas held firm with einoussapandaing oFratanhosea for their ncocrupibiity, ith ue pegs xt at tem to cary tae F fone beans and wooden wal ere fier into channels chieed nt sls Ujhove and below. Plate, bonis, spoons, abd ladles, urns called ton, {Din and chest ofa sees wore hewn fom single blocks of wood, ad Gate decocated with Zine caring, Rong lemer of the haope tee ht m ner wed a Sandpaper or Wood taps ad the tough al ofthe Ha cinta, The ted of dh ax fy) was alo hated in the handle Shipstboot we ingers ide apd could berated quarter een Be More specialized tools included those in the fist below. WEST BBE, nanruwafgebr ine atlas dotnet arts : sates pe src ' e ee : op Se re a: oe ee : Sl et ing et | aves The frst were oceapie ty das the scoot ty oy people i a Poa cinder necheas fe cco te pect : le ee ypowsand dominated by step roof, both Sextus appropriate 4 mopleal : eee ee rye carpenter’ tots which ner became comunon were app legs «fn adiion, there was a varity of ht lay ad 2 marmeemactths anemia a atthe tna ae Chesca ne eae ie = ff feene “of nghong if supporting, the ridgepole, Jako if only reaching floor level). o pce oe iat aoe eee | ee lire eee ee | vee sng cy ening ented nea] LACE pen cate le vst stm a cn ect in re los nl fonpanng ched ieee Wy pee ie Lt ne ere ala ant apm one | Recent n mn a Rs Erb unaslngAseete eepny ea rane cag lap down tne mide wid wedges. atsved the Moor joi (wtangan) and the sl fatan into which doe a aan ae ep ie rite ppc saya oe) Saeco So nce ove ee eee ee a eee eri saga ten erieaniaemn panteteeaa eh een ne Se temhmbemntananar oe cannes oes ae [ae een gem a te ee let ces lee ly he sn eons were given place wih reain so sticky these broke off be “soough to periit Iiquids to ran Gough —and noi enough heap SBanny loose Large wooden honses stood on hardwood pons (a va Feepeel hone members of i wile the data was seeping. The root ieFLOOR PLAN. CROSS SECTION Tig 4. sisoenth cent Vian “aay? (A's epresentaton tyactieet Rosario Hacarnacion-Tan, tinder the superdion of W. H.Seod) gum) ease{amp ea bso or pal Ja singles lashed to parle tips of ea tc, ing wo the vegepote (ong, fou Bong the ind ls conerng)—or, aetaly to three ridjepotes i the cave ofl snuldings ne above te ots with one prosding beyond ends oF Tonse tke hoe oe sayon (ee Viner tls of Vanya wehitectare ace revealed by dei special “Magn for exle, ws hoe neds or sire, bing, one rng of area leap, andng. Pu Bugle was 9 sngle bamboo sed 3 fader wit sin of branches left on: and salir, wos apitbamboua Tear oc one dogs emul asthe decorated facades pngmeas aechce guglas door or wanda age Coot 1 pass theo hi auomwssa window just for looking out, allan wes kindof eran a for laundering: samndr, living spaces along the sides of the house; andi & ‘sib, «sonal 00m for siaes (sioy). Pusr was a ind of macramné don {TRAIN Sendeed a sec Sadig re "Rng tne agen hans ine commit 20 mete Fa Metoni deli, wrkince and soso bai SRM tne commenter fre and egos aa, tind Fe eS pater teow arin oc Wooden partons cael rb tole thigh fle provided separate chamber for mand hia Tuy Sadar daughter, coneublte, ame howe Saves. Paral flooring i wh K a ee mate kno or ste Ser grandeur OSE 5 BAe Mic duauwcoutuets wile enough oeteren elg?® ei nea i tra frm of compton srountng 01 me t "ET au. om he fer hand red in congo it of ep mt ready tbe moned ere) fer yes tobe ea shiftungsvidden—andl 0 di “ous Lamers fein such hota seasonally. hey didnot and on hai he comalned ie tinbersinstead ofthe sturdy croxbeamscalled batang in'bodh houses and sis, they bad ursquared pols called easba Mock the and may nies i spent i 2 vay of ied vss temporal Milter convenient to ther tabor—forexaziple, the ar, Wb MMitug woof to sere Rr ether shade, alter, or sunning (See Hi. 5. Travelers, Ermer, hunted fahor even ecanen bearing hei a Ieee night, put up so mary of dhem that dy could usually be foun ready sending song wellcwcled roads or ve fords “Tree hunses were Gceypied only in tise of war, bait eter teces 5 oF more meters above the ground or on all post I they were thtended oniy oe mae wars, dey were reached simpy by vine wiih ‘od be pula ips ut i we amily oad he, hey were al Fig. 5 Vigan houses (doom Alneaa's Fustarie de tas istas ¢ indios de Bixeyes)see dvelicgs ih pafor day up reaches SAPSNESMT inter op w te ue fet (Se 8) They al it rn ers ptaton dso dose date anon o8 the re inca mete ken ew oy goverment bldngs fod church Bot Building yn preted inertia Serer rel thon ares une tan ed ee rl ig tle tow Ce at bem en “Tit ntatesulne te facta meets Re ne oe nig rm blo ee nS el tiated ane roy earn eet be iis een he pe Se leche mene soi eae eat al etek hemo Sr ab jetta ecm net oo fst som nil nga i eet egy pe tne tte ae er eae eta sree, a a ee igre eyes Hat 2 we cag re ek Sins Tatas ond Commeree open boats were dayaor pay itera a half ccamutsbl), Bt by (be end of the century they were belng called empan from Chinese Span Chee board"), a era eightoent-centy Esropeatss wont ‘tend any Chinese vessel, even huge seagoing [unk All Toren vessels vith high ecboard were called adyng—that i, Malay jong, Bat the most ‘oountrel onthe outrigger spporisto en many an ex hank of pallens (hee ig, 6, They dopayed al stats of rine plroage fore a ft a 8 sn of victory. calle seat onthe pro, tong om He ster, All these ysels were dengned foreoatal eau ofreefrand rock, and ‘tern passages with treacherous curven They theretare dew Ble Inge of centerline rudders, and thee exile bulls cold absorb under tale blows tha movie! ave eye inthe ade of ore ig eae. They ad one of more tipod masts that cared mating sit woren of palm ‘here—hough rial the Maul alleoas would ater be sling ult Pllppine canvas owen on backsrap looms Their als were wie than ‘igh nd bad a yard both tp and bottom, ape of Ig ail the Spaniards ‘ale Law after a wearing people (lutow mean ostng) in Mindanao sd Sulu, Paes, acter or 180 centimeters ong Pug swith eat ‘ape lade, were carved oa ole plece af wed. Oat ey, howeves, had blade shaped Ikea dinner plate The krakoa could out fet of ‘hem om side, anit speed was provexbia. As Faber Combes (1057, 70) sl "The cre nd weraque wth ch hey bil dem mks thelr apa {i ie irda wile sae ke lend in comparnon.” Paty “Te Viajan poster's craft wok dik, aa it was practice hy female poltersuxing nota potter's hel bat the paddle and ane wetnique, The Tones gathered he clay here fi), Rested st (agen, and hen Imnde a husp for each potshaped Like hala coconut husk She placed this ‘rer ne hand holding inside it amoth round stone the aol se. ‘She then thinned and enlarged the hump of ely fo pot shape by giving Iclight blows on the ove with a paddle (el or dap). (For the sapping sound, patpat or pid, she was alco calle marearalpak or ‘enrip) Sng the sak pot on aboard or basin for ear ota, she Freed and smoothed! he ip with x wet clots (gyi, nd then let thePig. 6. Chase Piippine horas {Aatnt'sreconaaeton by Raul Cis, der the mpervsion Wo. Sco frou Phitpine Sed ol 30, 3d quar)Gia posto dyin tes, Kasten ied (tg without Kis ie "gree wa sey eo make ay elcking soon | Sah She mown ii eavhoy ln the pot take dhe sme bund Teldng trace te ov ong oe, however, ight be mente ith Seba) “Tuc common cooking pot wt ac ham o ang fa0ok ‘gg wo one wah an epecly wide omy aed Bdge ‘leh toring The Benge vier or was Shape ike the pore eter or evga ekg png Dlg large te wi Bec had a worn’ coumerpert ye mmc name. This a iit Stina, Sg fry ewet ae “Conpicouy abot fom lees compiled by dhe Spaiac names Bf tie ek cefuics which sppeared i ancem Filipe aver tose deorsed ean uses debate ie goles, bow ‘Elgon tee or four ey ant pss sed upon perforted nd itcaerig des names Gataneeesurat. These were cided (Srsmonflor fneray items wich imate eld aceempece ithe | ‘Site poreening nesdiced row Chins aad Tsland bythe fen of Shaws By te sateen centay, een dinner pas vere ail {Mate—hether pag ls Iege ov, apy, Soll ones oF Tide ones ke sce dhe. ne yori, slong wth gold wey and bronze gongs, consi that hetloom neath eich Wayans eed Mand" “prope Cha eo te dainguised fs ensany”SSocben (GT, 4) Shc erin Jewel plates peta” Tho, whea the people of Senge eveced nde Spanish stack a 159, they arid th sic gong nd gold ented thes hee (Vo ba Tet hem sgupe send home, bt ad to ae them off rod il Samar inneadl The Vane cle lege poesia ems 12 or 16 Ineretjon Th ning red ae at pie was ney swe fan wa ese fo aly py 8 Be, High be eae tarps nary dere wa loa ong It of ses fo ec pe of prc hime Gapuy hin janet seve Te Sy eo gl twee ning An and Foong ware forge ones ining were the i Tene Racecar) the Forts eed naraonot theyest ced snopng berate were decors al ver ke Lng Ihen tao all ocr. Tfnlason were Gogo jar called fom ch ake” (la) dot ih ceo heeds they wer also el decngn ctv they wee woth 2 Ds, 9 ld lc. Teplk wos Frade ent Commerce ge Mack ar; fe, amma Back one; and hal Ming be and white bj. "Pts ha een more mane accorting other ze, shape, and enor, pata the big deep ones were called brows fromm honk, to ewsh the fingers om side tose; and some were valued at more than 2 ues Sats, sql al both ju and plates were deplayed in 2 Kind of wickersork leslers onthe house beam. Coldcworking f F Goldin mentioned in ctl Spal accounts more often than any other ‘oe nbstane, erence nad only of ther interest ni bt Ue ae tha [They found itewenytere they went They seem never t have ee a Vigan | yidhout gold on his person, and a that lof them could tll where ay ol came fom jut byloking at Bc the Spanish weve apse at the Jow incensiy of Visyan mining operations the Vasyans only went gett J. as needed. "Tey would rather keep it below the grou! tha ln Cah ‘bones, Joan Martier (1067, 43) sl, "becausedne te have ware, they [can scl icin te house bt notin the grown" The "wats" of come inched Spanish wipute collecing and Iootng, and moved Hliginos tal or even ceae Ioel production Most of thie mining wat placer mining gold pauang fa exeams or } serbeds Placers were called dulangu rom doa the wonden pan ed cts, pom, sensing ane wooden tong ory, ga, There wer sere that could be worked inmost Mandy asd Bab was ‘sd o have one in Kabularan where as wach ax ma (2-4 gran) 9 day ould be recovered Katto kaa to mine by acta! exemaio, whee “he mine was called Balen, apd sted was a vih yein—ikethowe found or 6 nctets deep in Masbate, Marbate atracted miner from neighbor ‘lands and supplied the famous inerant goldsmiths of Hike, aud Spanish sy 1807 gave G ouices per hundcedweight of 1-tara ual, Many depeats went tawarked for lack of tools a technique, and some Jn Busan Surigao were lease bythe month ised wo mutes who ‘ime ad went by sa, Tse Visa called gol Jalen an ine gold Aimalaan, presumably hom fade red or roy, olor they often produced atiflaly wih prog, cre Though they had wuchstones (stan ta et tq most men onldeaimateieontenton ght and dhe carried it ele sd weights [sound with them in 2 special pouch to make spot purchases. (So thei Minjarsauniaacasia Cceouano weighed ot the 20 peso in ld wich they pid Magellan fo Slorarton) The weighs vere rrlone kinds after ean ase ote eon eed Seas emer o andar Southeast Aa Sight ime“ tay there (026 ms) an the tel ai ‘idan ic wos Begin Vp Vans, Lomee, eed irc arent Ko of ting according to te ql of Hs gO cons toe _lbogre wor 12 Sn rea tag works 10 oF Ta lepton 2 “Geis aspect workable met, expecialy when pe a se alan took advange a x popertes a mumbo of a SO imps they exes mole am mee nto shape, beat on Totearilaaronntinane cit sryin stones or wrapped 22S Elunershesthing, or drs ot nw hn esto be sed n gre swore tno tik ropes Or they eer ay anes together Teeter wo the quae centmet tecigoe in which ane lpno gold have never been surpass : "fac ea cam of ntesing eh polo ith de decent, nd cura cm of eobing gave have proved repesenae simple foromminaton in mder teseunsand olson Many eof ‘lig bem and Ince cumplenig-—ike howe baked neclee aE Sandi continued link and rods wd wie. Sh jeu a oniuty mot ong to be replaced once Ht dinppeared— seth te ls fo proine inthe Bt fe genenon 3 cli! ocapatin, Aa Ain enue, onemho tows how te then sy rd i” “Rina sree Vigan 134 apd at at tine noted hatte umber ofl jowes hatin eine quali ei glared Stacie He bee vat ccouted of che he ng race of Plppine gold and etter of Mosca ser Ne rr ed danas the ply ance Vig pl eye octaensane hth arf desea ea wok ee Scams em nine al ie ner goon neigh god oo sae tleatip thn mhaeteng ae hie the rag hee euigigemertehc a csauy fm col becrpece ta people paren ‘Syed uecize# (Alei 1668312. a Alcina would not be the last person to see a contest besacen the leaf ct Visyan cltuse nd ti perfection oftheir gokéwork. Asmore and mor egant goldvork would later be wneseed, the opinion came to bef ‘rae nd Gece expressed that helo level of pre Hispanic Philippine technology woud fave prevented Filipinos from procieing sch sophia jomeey. But the lose is dubious at best: many nomadic barbarians fine jewelry. On the other hind, eneler Rion Vilegah leading authority on Philippine gold, argues persasvely that my mot and wxhuigues of Philippine golework walch hae aii or siaaries elsewhere re here eonhined sol developes in ways nat oun ote the ac hpclago, Ul ‘och examples are found elsewhere; therefore, the east ato 2ecount forthe vast hordes of unigue golavork that have bees: uneoveved i ovine that was crafe yFipins of Philippine gol inthe Palippines, Weaving The Viney word ford, blanket, oF skirt was hau which was woven om aacsuap loom by women cr male vansesutes The Dacstap oom “rato called Decase the warp threads Were supported, natin apermaent Framework, bot in one contnnowelonp trond loom bar Wel the ‘rears ap by asap behind ber back, and another one suspended rom hse Beam oe tree branch as eonvenient. These two aes were adition "fly about 4 meters spar, and so produced a textile twee tha length and ‘meter vide: the standard meanirewarone frag half of hat came fom tho Soom, alt,” ‘The frontoom bara called cen and twat coated wih ely blac, ‘na to hep the theade fun slipping. Cir were the conde fering the “Sreaan loa leather or wooden bachsp (ahulo). The back loam bar Was siliayar Rcingon the waspwas he reed or comb (langtan), made of Wo ‘parallel ratan os (anghp) about thre fingers apart, groowed wold the eth a by wrapping thread around Wandin between them, the eed ‘leks ne opened by removing dhe readin crder wo iasetcomblbe, ‘fer the upper set of warp theeads. Beyond the red, these warp threads umed slteately cer and under a Batsboo sero (ky) forming 3 thed to pass the wet threads through. Thealternate shed, for pasing them nthe opposite rection, was formed by pulling up hese fone ‘edale ck ron) wh a Uiead wrapped loose) around i ek up ‘ery other warp thread. Ad beyond te cach warp trea! was wrapped once arin a cre rod called sontad—technicly a cll rod ep them tant and evenly spaced, The weaving procet required hardwood atten (hia) sped Tike = ull words ong as de fabvic was wide, Tae weaver wouldingertt astraewisnas Trade nd Come the ahd, ur ton eet wide the opening rn he hte ough in footage oie he edn bet te we tut ug ag, Tn she ono ba wae a thi ane the sae dem eke ba oe bon ends hai he we the ‘typed lenght, Ando begin temporary lee oe (ug el rein rou fhe weer opie a edge Fr bert we ead seen sera ew center cathe owen. Tis eames Sat Sient or wean pin or epee, bt proce dein “Fadtnsttoghon neclewere eee ad fe bvder sph itt the catoidery ove or more pated ods ik vere ing woe ogg fuer ic oes afew seas time ‘Shee ne weer oot ould ot reach the Buk oom bus whet ses behind ne ome she a eepere the warp borin. She ‘Ex'heby wrapping ec and rth round aries of upsehc eke ‘Metading sana et sod to ep dhe treads in order when nen semester foom hare he trae (han asta onerg een and saan de the Kp ofthe at oaks. and SR oe Shes ap Conan or ns Once he Dye head wes weds wea nore ethan srt colored oe ene nttned hx sng by psig ps (ny inp cloth nclading ipod ik threads or even eas Mae one iam) And she cold ir her wo gol. When cet waa covered in erat spe tcl y Ey bp rong up de warp on th Bont om t—hedes bate, sed ich epetin Seen tec sr and pagal dor es ara 3 cary Of bere, bueh ara, o lat. Se etal vey cont SP Tre moneloganc tele, considered amonopoiyf Vase wesvers wa “Wang waa noel prc of howsehepig, and women supe a eee a ner en Patblor oa day dremel gREMLat an enemy, yes woven of shes Hers handecected for tha stared man, a epic ecw, ts he psine a even ros ac an icthn tear, and then Saye by nding epochs aaa she raced wih ges psy to ens ine wel pater in mtr clr om Bel ae ee as tc action snd sacs wore > feat deep Yo. cade gaurhin dong whose Sore cs hows et Fa ae ee nc eed Mindoro sacs yds, tein the Bsksceay fl over thei shoulders to dap the breeze thiteenth cea. The esac hotseteldig ves were reqired wp ‘which thew sauce supped them ite ta paid workers ‘tiny "were employe as donate weavers ‘The Spears quichy d© | eed Mtcacom buts forsale or exprto Meno, anda yen ee {gues nyt glen se for Acapulco with 2200 pes won fel a 3800 kno ea © Geauy Biber was the nest and produced a Upht fabric called candela: wa for hea clot sn ft male aca ke horeche snd leo Tjonag thread for hale. Tying these bers together wh Eine knot 10 proce dread was the frst ee gis eared to perform, More than J doven vate of abaca were grown, bul wid abc fess inching bur leave ere also woven into sloth, ‘Giton ves gapas—or Buon oF sgh! when spun into thread with a F ivatfandapinle(dnghalon.Kupangasnc an, composed of en bk, rh of which was ten hea a aol wat te theta gaan» be ingest the textile and Souder piece or bnket on wa a oat The sda mesa wat guts, 3 meters Cloth straight om the loom (abe), both eocon and ioc, was ordinal soaked it Kime, sometnes wih ye added, ad then Uigsie to soften Dyess mere red utaw hrvziwood mace more tere with niao wood: tagun. Indigo: dudan 2 yellow gingelibe Yoot “Jolin! of tllron and an impermanent dye ofbiack so alle tna i oder hemo Domestic Trade Fhe dayster Magellan made his fx Philippine lading on Homonon find olf the soutbeo tip of Samar, some fishermen appeared fora | erty Sutnan wo wate ish, coconut and track Sula sone Tess haan nine wat wit unin fee's elect common suas qencey when to ren sacs dott the Space ofVinyn eal comes xchat oath, Moree calle mehague Tae cleaned Gers weet late bnae to Spaniel cokmane ‘te vistas ‘hades and Comece neshant oF the powers theme sno clear Bckanith, however, sce rir roe rom ost ow th 4 spree eying _Ecsna iiey repsing an tempting wl ig ew ia the Vyan tcp, heavy ams exe weed wh tet ale san pasa reckoned oe crate alan are 9 Hn, pl war eight ast le svar in» pat af balances eal _frogh tobe caredon the penn, ee asia med ofenrhenge: F pareve id or tbe moat they cul bo and stag wa the ae Ss gone of untuk ice. Expense te lke bts, aver Pung dog were priced in gold bi (384 gra, o, comer, ik | Sanndt ems themes raked in ttilfor example, pang, B pein gongs (aan) o hia te talve own ported cg je oF Gaeladon were made ith us wooden coer fa) er th Fone being of eiferet sie. But ere are no repr of pe urope F oomoge even hough cheagiaretled Chines cwarn wie creation f'n stds to the oh (acu de Lares bong sme hak a the Lape expeaion inte ean the een century) Cabs would = sotncep copper, ser, gl col fom Magetin 152, bu twenty rn, gy a gh ce ft A Leh on 8 evs and in 186, Lavon and Somes nerchaner no cep nth | [Scie The hi cbange ico thePstguee pesca cs {bogey e atta he Vj word ose aa slg san Fata pro—hatn Forgucn eo idee Vasa snaps Spann crn sera a eal oa er an sep fo exampi, dui (0.5 ea an eth of too oF sap Fea, | penton an tc loa (2c coin), ei al non “To porecte the igor and ope of Vigan sade, els aly neesary Es cc fu speciale vocabulary. In che predispanic Vip, in the rest of che world, wee not mut ‘reluae ete, Indeed, Loarca (1582, 140) Used the betrayal of Teercoure ars marcas for war they go © ade in other towne frends and they offend or maltreat hewn here and commit te Bia thera under cover of tondship ‘Staple food cropa were Reme of diy trade, due o both need and preference, When Sebastsn de Puerto wat captured on the Surigyo coat [Epae: his maser tok his along to wll rie i Ou In 1563 Legal ‘nie! lange boats oading ice and tubasin Cabal (Leyte) al awe Inter, encountered boatload of ce sn yum of Boho whic hal comes {fom Sagd (Leyte), When he cored in Loy, boats come songs fnaes fit, was, and goatseat=wvhieh Legal suspected wat does “hogaing fou hours ever a ile” (Anon, 156,476). He Visayan iad prodel a sunpluy of tice, 40 #88 uaded for long dita whe Cennanes tied to save te Spaniards out, Musi merchants supplied then with ce fou Laon Panay Wild rootwere lo raed: At told, sipped snd eal for coring, bythe "ax iandie.” Coconuts we most ah crop: tey were grown in plantations, shipped by boatoads Seprocesed soi and tbs tapers tented the wees or were hired 10 tcf ‘hem, Wan and homey were traded by men wih profesional skill nsf locaton the nes, even following de ght of ees thro dhe fres {ul and nts, garden vegetables ad nedicinal herb, wells packaged Toes lice palm mae lala), were exchanged ia foal mark's, ‘St dexhed fhe seawater eae mich an enema ter of trad te ssa medium of exchange, One gontang was a cake 5 40 6 centines hue, wordt aqanta fice (Str. Thts uz hagandong of thas ‘i cenimetersaa the length for which a weaver was paid sich pee fale ‘Nexto foods the most common domentc ade goods were dead cloth and clothing. Snag, weaving, and sewing were al women’s work Sometimes for hire ad so was the morkeGng of thei products. The Taborious ok of sipping, ceasing, bleaching, and dyeing abacs was a ‘one by women, nsilly waking in groups, except fr especialy wu} ‘ities which were eared by sen. Ct threat wa sod the sei {hupeng). and sloth by the “blanket” Gompod, Cleaned ance fibers {lanc), however, were sold by de ken or burl which could be encor ie ‘our niles aime ‘nolan Tose mechani on rot fie Torentt tome orto ‘Mer hug Ty dal in expen Lnaty god ho Beat as testa cess oa ee deninges Gen) Alda th] cold i eblorpts Radnor ce a tegientiotcadyarrmmipeccttonmoggee Sit, Atamminmer TT _—___-—-EE eshte prods, but wheter they were disninaed wo ater islands Wf ag bert lendike an Comment eee nes Leg cpmed a prey Aad Mea Porguce mer, Set ane F sto Bors esas eng bang ene of Bs = mene ter rasta os a mtieyocroely ge tego ‘ni i ne cen nope ig . | Pen eer enacted . te feta eh beter Sue Mecmetecron ere eeloree cement ty Se a la es a cer ee sane ae - neccrer eerie retin erent ood fea PE aumaaetsnerte ea } oe rea ue age Fs texinory appease corabraty ie fat hanes cal g eee eB ae nace an eee taney Sean toy Soo Be ese ses el aes oka hae st ‘painter treme inet nn dt apn reve, Se lnm ingame Tro jan oy Spent sn cal yg ip sn ei ete ad eee eee ee spina! toon tal nine Amegoman users or wietop me Ree cern ee oe een rere owe F sneunedagatareachedihe Pilipinas atiendofharcpale Gar ete ee ee as ee P tesineta Yorapnce hake cca fone ensonee F lavas ne who oid peak Spanish ard teat let ” peepee Ernest guts te uneendrceny Vegas ft Linas undertond 4 Maleyopehing mercant fro Casa 1 a hance thames nore (Champa) " Tis inpesie eine ofan neratonal commer thich tended cay ome sto he ace y the lot Descent cay te Vian coda tein omc yrs from Fascame to Ce nM eC to ince oreo, Su, and Luan and Joy Sangean Dan Bay. Se eer cb aan buy ha Chines gone nce delivered 1 Man act Bane ange sag Fa nn ee a perean fiona’ ten in pc acon of Mr, oan ee Chins ea ti fn nheedin oa at, Sed llr prefrinacange fr and aves Tat man ee gc su: oe fe lyre Mn ching Garam agri Sei ay Cis wea aa, stl bonding ta eed Crs wor: Dt ee en Lae mowed Cap i hy ana (On 0 thot Yr acl racing news eld wth mariage alan lar Fenn en ee Menge Rats andwenn yore ed by Rah Roam of Baan pony ating Magan Som oan eat Calne community invaniae-ben rencaco Zanca| nasa Ce Fae cn cane an i Cee geet The pens kof Chines eae ode war cn, atc, rae ro ungased cocky, por othe pon tae wa a