INTERIOR DESIGNING

INTERIOR DESIGNING

Interior deigning is the orderly arrangement of lines, forms, colour, texture etc. to create beauty in an
interior. A good deigns show an orderly arrangement of the material used and in addition, creates
beauty in their finish product.
Interior decoration can be in a highly personal form of a self expression – the sum of the ones
interest as an individual or group – as well as practical stamen created by combining various element
of art using certain design principle.

BASIC TYPE OF DESIGN THERE ARE TWO TYPE STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE

1. STRUCTURAL DESIGN-

It denote the structure or construction of object

.this is comprised of the size ,form ,colour and
texture of object , be it the object itself ,or the
drawing of the object work out on a paper.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS –FOR A GOOD STRUCTURAL DESIGN ARE AS FOLLOW-

 It should be simple
 It should be well proportioned
 In addition to being beautiful, it should be suited to its purpose
 It should be suited to the material form from which it is made
2. DECORATIVE DESIGN
This is the surface enrichment of structural design. Any lines colour or material that have been
applied to structural deigns for the purpose of adding a richer quality to it constitute its decorative
design

BASIC REQUIREMENTS –FOR A GOOD DECORATIVE DESIGN ARE AS FOLLOW-

 Decoration should be used in moderation
 Decoration should be placed in a structural point and it should strength the shape of the
object.
 There should be enough background space to give it an effect of simplicity.
 The background should be suited to the pattern they are placed against it.

Structural design is far more important than the decorative one since it is essential to every object
while decoration is the luxury of a design. A good design is the result of every certain element of art
being used according to principle of design.

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Principles Elements Objectives

Proportion Line Beauty
Balance Form Expressiveness
Emphasis Texture Functionalism
Rhythm Colour
Repetition Pattern
Harmony Light
Space

Principles of design-
Proportion-The principle of proportion underlies all other principles. It states that the relation
between areas, between parts of the same thing or different things of the same group should be
satisfying.
Proportion also deals with relationship in size, shape, colour, light, texture and pattern. The
appearance of the exterior of a house is due to its proportions. First the total mass, which depends on
the height in relation to the length, then the proportions of roof, walls and foundation, and finally the
relationship of doors, windows, and other elements that must be organized into an unified whole.
The shape of the rooms and of every article of home furnishing should be judged by their
proportions.

Balance
Balance is fundamental is interior decoration. In an interior, balance must be attained in color,
texture, light, as well as weight, pattern and furniture arrangement.
Balance is the result of equalization of attractions on either side of the central point.
There are two types of balances –
Formal balance and Informal balance
Formal balance – Formal balance results when objects of equal weight are placed on either sides and
are at equal distance from the center. When the objects are identical, the balance is symmetrical and
formal.
Informal balance – Informal or asymmetrical balance results when a large object balances a smaller
one away from the center. There are many variations of informal balance.
Informal balance is more creative than formal balance as there are no rules to guide one, whereas
formal balance is less difficult, less subtle and more passive than informal balance.
The type of balance created in interiors helps in determining the mood and effects created. Therefore
it is not desirable to create a formal balance in a simple or small room or informal interior.
Formal architecture and stately homes require formality in furniture arrangements and display of
accessories.
Balance is the most important principle employed in furniture arrangements.
Emphasis
Every interior or room should, if possible have a dominating colour, idea or form. A center of
interest – this principle is known as Emphasis.
 In order to place emphasis on any special feature, others must be subordinated or simplified.
Emphasis can be created at any desired point in a room by using art components in a dramatic way.
A large room may well have secondary points of
interest also. Some decorators distribute the emphasis so
that observers will give attention to the accessories, the
furniture, the floor and the walls – in this order. Sometimes
this order is deliberately reversed to withdraw attention
from things, which should be minimized. For example non-
descript furniture can be eclipsed by beautiful accessories –
carpets or patterned curtains. Although the floor is not the
place to focus attention, some carpets and rugs, especially
Oriental carpets are so conspicuous, that they cannot be
obscured. If a patterned and decorative carpet is used, the
only solution is to subordinate everything else in the room.
If possible every room should have a center of
interest, which is the most important point in the room and
should be worthy of the attention given to it.
Emphasis may be placed on: -
 An attractive set of furniture
 Colour
 An Unusual form in a room
 Some Paintings or accessories
 Good Texture
 Pattern – e.g. curtains, carpets, walls, upholstery, etc.
 A window or windows with a beautiful view

Rhythm
Rhythm is
organized movement in
continuity. It occurs in
regular, repeated
movements and also in
variable transitional
movements.
Regular measured
rhythm is the easi8est and
the oldest way of creating
harmony and it is an important element in architecture and interior design. It is a system of regular
accenting that is found in a row of duplicate columns or in a striped fabric.

Variable rhythm is found in irregular

intervals of dissimilar parts. This rhythm may
carry the eye along smoothly flowing lines or it
may force the attention abruptly here and there
in order to convey the desired emotional effect.
This type of rhythm is employed to attract the
eye throughout a painting until it is seen as a
whole. Such rhythm unites all the articles in a
group of furniture and also connects each group
with adjoining groups.
Repetition Repetition is closely related to rhythm,
for its use may result in rhythm. Repetition is necessary
in producing beauty and it is the simplest way of
achieving order. A theme or certain colours should be
repeated in a room or interior for the purpose of making
a composition. Lines, shapes used in any room should
be harmonious and repeated for the sake of unity.

The repeating wood slats on the wall of this pizza

shop by Baynes & Co Designers creates a playful
rhythm and draws your eye through the space.
Minor Principles-
Alteration - means repeating two lines or forms alternately
Parallelism - refers to the use of parallel lines or form
Symmetry - results from two vertical halves
Contrast - means opposition of things and qualities.

Elements of design-
Line
Most designs are
composed of many lines and
there is often a predominance of one type that contributes to the character of the design. Lines
compel our eyes to follow them
Four type of line are listed below can be seen which have their own influence maybe made
between main line or proportion between the body take in different action.

VERTICAL LINE - Straight lines when vertical suggests steadfastness, sturdiness strength and
forcefulness, and is likely to be dignified, masculine, disciplined and formal. In interior decoration
vertical lines tend to suggest apparent height of the room. in hotel the vertical lie n are doorway,
pillar coloum draperies and furniture give the necessary strength t an d height to rooms. In rooms
with low ceilings, vertical lines should be used to make the room look taller.
HORIZONTAL - (sideways) lines suggest response and relaxation. When a human being lies down
he or she is perceived as resting or sleeping .therefore horizontal line naturally suggest rest ,repose ,
or steadiness .These line give solidity and down to earth felling. They suggest tranquility, serenity
and relaxation. It increases the width of a room and gives a feel of informality. It can be provided
with furniture like table, benches, sofas, etc.
DIAGONAL LINES- suggest action as they keep the eye moving. This action can be cut down
making the diagonal lines meet and stopping the action.
CURVED LINES- Curved line expresses many different moods or ideas. Circular or voluptuous
curves express a feeling of gaiety. Softer ‘S’ shaped curve may express gracefulness and refinement.
In relaxation the body takes the curved position. Hence curved line indicates the flexibility and
grace. But too many curved lines can produce restlessness. In hotels, curved lines may form a
transition between the abrupt joining of vertical and horizontal lines, such as those formed by tied
back curtains, arches and the graceful curves of furniture.
Note -Line combinations in the structural features of a room, furniture designs, accessories and
patterns must be carefully considered to achieve the desired effect. A composition with too much of
any one type of line may become uninteresting or unpleasant, but emphasis on one type helps to
promote the theme.
Form
Lines are so much part of form that it is difficult to consider them separately. The term line is
applied to two-dimensional areas or shapes, but when it acquires three-dimensional volumes or
masses it becomes form. Shape and form are terms that are used interchangeably, but shape can be
understood in terms of pattern while form in terms of mass.

There are basically three categories of form:

Rectilinear – square or rectangle
Angular – triangle or pyramid
Curved – circle, sphere, cone or cylinder
 Form is one of the most important elements in interior designing. Most interiors illustrate a
combination of forms. Repetition of same forms can become uninteresting. Even utilitarian articles
can be beautiful in form.
The two essentials of good form are –
1. The form of an object should suit it’s function
2. The form of an object should be strongly influenced by the material with which it is made.
Harmony of form is essential in assembling of furnishings. The dominance of one kind of form or
shape unifies a room. Different or diverse forms and lines in a room lead to disharmony. Even
accessories should confirm to the dominant line of the room.

Texture
The word texture refers to the visual and
tactile quality of the surface of any object.
The pliability or rigidity of objects also has
textural significance as it affects the quality
of the surface.
Texture is an element of art that is valuable in
giving character and beauty to objects,
textiles, interiors, buildings, etc., as it plays a
prominent part in all the visual arts.

One of the first decisions to be made in

furnishing a room or a house is the selection
of the furniture wood, the polish that must be
used on the furniture, and the style for all
other textures must be in harmony with the
furniture. For e.g. mahogany and rose wood
suggest elegance and require delicate texture
like silk, satin, velvet, combined with deep
piled rugs. The accessories should be delicate
and fine like crystal and silver. Obviously
mahogany and wax polished c.p teak
furniture cannot be combined. Coarser wood
requires textures like rough silk, cotton with
copper or brass hardware, ceramics, wrought iron, etc.
Even in a single article texture problems are present (if more than one type of material is
used), as only agreeable textures should be combined. For e.g. a metal chair looks good if
upholstered with leather as both of them are sleek.
Refinement in appreciation of texture suggests that a relationship exists between colour and
texture. Coarse textures and dainty colours are not harmonious, whereas fine textures and pastel
colours are consistent.
It is important while decorating a room to ensure that the texture employed do not clash with
one another. The texture of a single article should never be considered separately, but as a
contribution to the total effect to the room.
Color
Color both affects and is affected by its
surroundings and the colors in it, and is also
affected by the color of light that falls on it. This
is easy to detect when observing an interior space
with a lot of daylight over the period of a day. In
an east facing space with a lot of natural light the
color exhibited in the morning with an abundance
of natural, direct daylight will be much different
from that at midday when only indirect daylight
exists.
Considerations also need to be paid to the space
and objects that color will be applied to.
 Bright, warm colors tend to make
objects appear closer and larger.
 Darker colors tend to make objects
look heavier and smaller.
 Lighter colors seem to expand the
boundaries of a space, while
darker colors seem make a space
feel closed in.

These are very important tools that help to shape

the feeling, appearance and atmosphere of a
room. Painting a ceiling a dark color will appear
to lower the height, and applying a vibrant color
to a wall preceded by light colored walls will
create the illusion of a wider room.
PATTERN- This refers to any sort of
surface enrichment and applies to both two
and three dimensional object. A large
room can support more pattern than the
small one. Generally pattern should cover
just about a quarter of the total surface
area. If wall and carpet are plain then
draperies and upholstery may be patterned.
Pattern should not compete with the major
focal point in the room, and too much
pattern will make the room seem busy.

How to use pattern: -

 Most often a pattern accent is at it’s best against a neutral background
 Usually bold patterns calls for a large massive area, but this guideline also needs to be
viewed in terms of it’s exceptions.
 Using the same pattern on many pieces is a good way to achieve harmony.
 Mixing prints should be done with skill and a feeling for colour and design. Two patters of
the same colour may be effectively combined if they are of related styles and design scales.
The same pattern in another related colour may combine well.
 Geometric patterns may be combined with floral, if they use the same colours; the dominant
colour could then be used in solid areas of the room.
 Pattern use may be naturalistic, stylized, geometric, or abstract.

LIGHT-
When light strike an object, it may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass .light has functional and
aesthetic effect. Light may be dull or sharp, bright or diffused.

The effects of light on interior are –

 Bright light emphasis on us and has the tendency to foster either hard work or energies play.
 Subdued light make us feel relaxed, but it is too subdued, may put us to sleep.
 Too brilliant light often causes us to look away in physical and emotional distress.
 A bright, focused light can make one feel in the spotlight.
 Flickering light, as a form of fire place nearly always draws people to it.
 Strong contrasted of bright and dark seen dramatic, but if they are too extreme can be tiring.
 Warm color light seems cheerful and welcoming
 Cool colored light is often more restful
SPACE –

The element called space can be used to increase the size of the room visually and to give the room a
quite feeling of rest and beauty. This is one of the most important elements of interior deigning. the
organization of a space is the work or architect and interior decorator .unless a is thoughtfully,
planned nothing else well seemed to be quite right .almost any space Is sensitively handed can be
made effective livable and dramatic, a sense of beauty of a space make us want large undecorated
wall, and floor can be bounded by other element without disturbing effect. The appreciation of good
spacing is the reason we may use the minimum amount of furniture and concentrate them in a group
so that we can have empty, silent space in the room. Today the trend is to become freer and less
obstructed.
Indoor space can be opened up by means of few partition and large opening between room .indoor
spaces can also connected with the limitless outdoor spaces by mean of glass walls , large opening
and porches.
The feeling of spaciousness can be achieved by using light colours, use minimum contrast,
use floor-to-ceiling glass, use illusionist devices like mirrors, scenic wall papers, use lighting that
emphasize the ceiling, curtains with valance lighting, use furniture with legs, etc.
OBJECTIVES OF INTERIOR DESIGNING
The objective of an interior deigning is to decorate to achieve beauty, expressiveness, and
functionalism.
BEAUTY-
Whenever one says something is “aesthetic”, one
usually implies that a beautiful place has been
crated. Involved in this accomplishments the
organization, selection and the arrangement of
material into appealing form, art is an organization
of energies and mean to gain the kind of response
termed beauty .beauty is not the only objective in a
planning and furnishing accommodating area .in
addition area should express the idea and most
important of all that should be functional effective.

EXPRESSIVENESS-
An important way to approach the subject of
selecting decorating and furnishing an area is to
express some definitive idea or theme in it .These
theme could be natural sophisticated ,formality
,royalty ,coolness , freshness and antiquity and so
on.

FUNCTIONALISM-An accommodation product should, most importantly, work its space and
furniture should serve the purpose for which they are intended, for instance , social spaces in the
guest room are for group interaction ,so seating
should be comfortable ,storage convenient, lighting
ample and air conditioning ,optimal, and
appropriate functional and work spaces organized
for efficiency. All areas should give the maximum
of service .comport and pleasure for minimum of
care .every phase of planning and furnishing
should be based on function.
Public area too divided according to function, such as places to lounge, socialize, exercise and
garden furniture here is arranged in functional group for study, reading conversation, writing eating
and enjoys music.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE DESIGNING ARE;

1. There should be optimum use of space available.

2. It should be easy to maintain, that is, it should with stand the abuse it receives during operation
3. It should be convenient for guest
4. It should be practical in cost and within the budget constraint as far as possible

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ACCESSORIES SELECTION AND ARRANGEMENT

 Should be placed at important positions.

 Needs to be related to furniture and furniture grouping
 Everything should not be placed in a straight line.
 There should be space between individual items.
 Shapes and heights can be varied to create interest.
 If they are figured or decorated, place against plain background.
Accessories maybe –
 Books and magazines
 Clocks
 Lamps
 Mirrors
 Pictures
 Plants
 Sculpture
 Wall hangings
 Flower arrangements.

PICTURE
They add meaning and lend personality & individuality to a room.
Factors involved in choosing a picture –
o Does the wall space need a picture to complete it’s composition?
o What shape will fill the needs of the wall – single or group?
o Shape of the wall shape.
 o Subject matter of the picture
o Style and medium.
o Background of the room.
o Frames.
Choosing the right picture frame – guidelines -
o Consider the frame as an actual part of the picture.
o The frame should complement the theme and technique of the picture.
o Do not choose a wide massive frame for a delicate floral print.
o A large dark frame will overpower a picture that is painted in delicate tones.
o The frame material should blend with the furniture if the place.
Picture placement – suggested guidelines –
 Picture placement should be planned and arranged in an orderly fashion.
 Hang pictures at eye level, i.e., five to six feet from the floor, in rooms. In
public areas hang higher depending on the area.
 Hang pictures where they will be enjoyed.
 When hanging a picture over a sofa, it should be low enough to be a part of a
grouping, but high enough not to touch the head of the person.
 Vertical placed pictures enhance vertical wall spaces.
 Avoid hanging pictures in stair-step fashion.
 A large picture maybe hung alone.
 If required, a pair of smaller pictures maybe used instead of a large one.
 A horizontal row of pictures maybe used over any long, low furniture
grouping.
 Pictures hung as composite group are effective. Pictures hung in groups
should be similar in character.
 A painting should hang alone only when it is large and important enough to
hold interest.