ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Starting with the name of God, most Gracious, most Compassionate”

We four students , , of civil Engineering of 3rd year in NED University of Engineering and
Technology are an Open Ended Lab "CASE SUDY 1".

We whole heartedly express our sincere gratitude to ENGR. SHARUKH who assigned this task
to us.

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1. INTRODUCTION
The success of any construction project hinges on the quality of its foundational
materials, particularly the aggregates used in the construction process. As construction
engineers tasked with evaluating and selecting suitable aggregates for a major urban
arterial project, adherence to standardized testing procedures is paramount. In alignment
with the guidelines established by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
and AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials),
this report documents a comprehensive analysis of two aggregate samples. The
evaluation encompasses a battery of tests, including Impact Value, Crushing Value, L.A.
Abrasion, Specific Gravity, Absorption, Flakiness, and Elongation. Each test is
conducted meticulously, and the results are analyzed to determine the suitability of the
aggregates for use in the construction of a critical urban infrastructure project. This
rigorous assessment aims to ensure that the selected aggregates meet the required
standards, thereby contributing to the structural integrity and longevity of the
forthcoming arterial development.

Problem statement
As a construction engineering you need to compare the aggregates crushing plants for the suitability
of material to be used in the construction. The construction site is a major urban arterial. You need to
follow the standard procedure as per ASTM and AASHTO.

Procedure: Two samples will be given to students they need to perform different aggregate test
and analysis the result as per standard procedure.

Test required: Impact value, Crushing Value, L.A. Abrasion, Specific Gravity, Absorption,
Flakiness and Elongation

2. SOURCE OF MATERIAL

3. AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST.

INTRODUCTION:

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Toughness is the property of a material to resist impact. Due to traffic loads, the road stones are
subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of stones breaking into smaller
pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. A test
designed to evaluate the toughness of stones i.e., the resistance of the fracture under repeated impacts
may be called an impact test for road stones.

Object:
To determine the toughness of road stone materials by Impact test.

Apparatus:
Cylinder, Impact testing machine, cylindrical measures, tamping rod, sieves, balances, tamping rod
having diameter 5/8" (1.6cm) and length 1.5'-2' (45-60mm), balance etc.

Procedure:
1. Preparation of test sample
 1Wash the test sample and oven dried at221 to 230 F (105-110 C) at least for 4 hours or to
substantially constant weight separated into individual size fraction (1/2" passing and
retained). The weight of the sample shall be recorded to nearest 1 g.
 2Allow the sample to cool at room temperature.
 Fill the cylinder by aggregate in three layers of approximately equal depth by tamping each
before 25 times by tamping rod.
 Level off the top layer by tamping rod as a straight edge.
 Find the weight of the test sample

2. Transfer of sample and test

 Place the cylinder with aggregate beneath the machine.
 Raise the hammer of the machine until its lower face is 38 cm above the upper surface of
aggregate in cup.

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  Allow the hammer to fall freely on aggregate and apply 15 such blows, each delivered at an
interval of not less than one second.
 Remove the aggregate from cup. Sieve it through #8 (2.36mm) sieve. Find the weight of
passing material A.

SAMPLE 1
Observations:
Weight of sample B = 365 gm
Weight of passing Material A = 55 gm

Calculation:
A
Impact Value I = ×100
B
365
¿ ×100
55
¿ 6.63 %

SAMPLE 2
Observations:
Weight of sample B = gm
Weight of passing Material A = gm

Calculation:
A
Impact Value I = ×100
B

¿ ❑ ×100
❑
¿%

Precautions
Limits

4. LOS ANGLES ABRASION VALUE TEST.

INTRODUCTION:

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Due to the movement of traffic, the road stones used in the surfacing course are subjected to wearing
action at the top. Resistance to wear or hardness is hence an essential property for road aggregates,
especially when used in wearing course. Thus, road stones should be hard enough to resist the
abrasion due to the traffic. When fast moving traffic fitted with pneumatic tyres move on the road, the
soil particles present between the wheel and road surface causes abrasion on the road stone. Steel
tyres of animal drawn vehicles, which rub against the stones, can cause considerable abrasion of the
stones on the road surface. Hence in order to test the suitability of road stones to resist the abrading
action due to traffic.

Object:
To determine the aggregates abrasion test by Los Angles Abrasion method.

Apparatus:

Procedure:
 Wash the test sample and oven dried at 221 to 230°F (105 to 110° C) to substantially constant
weight, separated into individual size fractions. The weight of the sample prior to test, shall
be recorded to the nearest 1 gm.
 Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles testing machine and rotate the
machine at a speed of 30 to 33 rpm for 500 revolutions.
 After the prescribed revolution discharge the material from the machine and make a
preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser then the 1.70mm (No12) Sieve the
finer portion on a 1.70mm sieve.
 Wash the material coarser than the 1.70mm sieve oven dry at 221 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) to
substantially constant weight and weigh to the nearest 1gm.

SAMPLE 1
Observations:
Weight of sample before test, A = 5000 gm
Weight of sample retained on #12 sieve after test, B = 3755 gm

Calculation:
A−B
% Abrasion= ×100
A
5000−3755
¿ ×100
5000
¿ 24.9 %

SAMPLE 2
Observations:

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Weight of sample before test, A = 5000 gm
Weight of sample retained on #12 sieve after test, B = 3650 gm

Calculation:
A−B
% Abrasion= ×100
A
5000−3650
¿ ×100
5000
¿ 27 %

Precautions
Limits
5. AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALVE TEST
INTRODUCTION:
The principal mechanical properties required in stones are (i) satisfactory resistance to crushing under
the roller during construction and (ii) adequate resistance to surface abrasion under traffic.
Aggregates used in road construction, should be strong enough to resist crushing under traffic wheel
loads. If the aggregates are weak, the stability of the pavement structure is likely to be adversely
affected. The strength of coarse aggregates is assessed by aggregates crushing test. The aggregate
crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under a gradually applied
compressive load. To achieve a high quality of pavement, aggregate possessing low aggregate
crushing value should be preferred.

Object:
To determine the aggregate crushing value by compressive testing machine.

Apparatus:
Cylinder, 12" (25.2 cm) internal diameter with square base plate and plunger having piston of (15cm),
Cylindrical measure having internal diameter 5" (11.5cm) and height of 8.5" (18cm), having diameter,
tamping rod having diameter 5/8" (1.6cm) and length 1.5'-2' (45-60mm), balance, compression
machine, etc.

picture
Procedure:
1. Preparation of test sample
 Wash the test sample and oven dried at 221-230 F (105-110 C) at least for 4 hours or to
substantially constant weight separated into individual size fractions (1/2" passing and 3/8"
retained). The weight of the sample prior to test shall be recorded to the nearest 1g.

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  Allow the samples to cool at room temperature
 Fill the cylinder by aggregate in three layers of approximately equal depth by tamping each
layer 25 times by tamping rod
 Level off the top layer by tamping rod as a straight edge.
 Find the weight of the test sample

2. Transfer of sample and test

 Place the cylinder, 12" (25.2cm) internal diameter on a square plate
 Fill approximately 1/3rd of cylinder with the weighted sample tamping 25 times with tamping
rod, in a similar way fill the other two layers.
 The cylinder should be so filled that a 10cm compacted sample is obtained.
 Now level the surface place the plunger on the top of the cylinder.
 Place the cylinder on the compression testing machine.
 Apply the load at a uniform rate of 4 tons per minute until the load reaches to 40 tons.
Remove the aggregate from the cylinder sieve it through no.8 (2.36 mm) sieve
 Collect the passing material and weigh it.
 Repeat the test on second sample of the same weight.

SAMPLE 1
Observations:
Weight of sample W1 = 2700 gm
Weight of fines passing #8 W2 = 590 gm

Calculation:
W2
CrushingValue I = ×100
W1
590
¿ ×100
2700
¿ 21.85 %

SAMPLE 2
Observations:
Weight of sample W1 = 2700 gm
Weight of fines passing #8 W2 = 605.9 gm

Calculation:
W2
CrushingValue I = ×100
W1
605.9
¿ ×100
2700

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¿ 22.44 %

Precautions
Limits

6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST.

INTRODUCTION:
The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the
material. The specific gravity test helps in the identification of stone.

Object:
To determine the specific gravity of aggregates.

Apparatus:
Pycnometer or specific gravity flask

Weighing balance

Funnel

Procedure:
1. Sample Preparation:
 Obtain a representative sample of the aggregate according to the specified size.

2. Specific Gravity of Solids:

 Fill the pycnometer or specific gravity flask with water to a known volume and record its
weight.
 Pour a known weight of dry aggregate into the water in the pycnometer, and record the new
weight.

3. Specific Gravity of Aggregate Particles:

 Empty the pycnometer, fill it with water to the same initial volume, and record the weight.
 Immerse the aggregate-filled pycnometer in water, and record the weight.

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7. WATER ABSORPTION TEST:
INTRODUCTION:
Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregate. Aggregates having more water absorption are
more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable
based on strength, impact and hardness tests.

Object:
To determine the water absorption content.

Apparatus:
Wire basket or perforated container

Drying oven

Weighing balance

Container for soaking aggregates

Towels or absorbent material

Procedure:
1. Sample Preparation:
 Obtain a representative sample of the aggregate according to the specified size.
 If the aggregate is larger than 3/4 inch, reduce the sample to an appropriate size using a
sample splitter or a sample quartering device.

2. Weighing and Initial Drying:

 Weigh the wet aggregate sample to the nearest 0.1% of the total weight.
 Place the sample in a drying oven at a temperature of 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C) until it reaches a
constant weight (no further reduction in weight with time).

3. Soaking:
 Allow the dried sample to cool to room temperature.
 Immerse the sample in water and allow it to soak for a specified period (usually 24 hours).

4. Final Drying:
 After soaking, remove the aggregate from water, allow excess water to drain, and blot the
surface with towels or absorbent material.
 Weigh the saturated surface-dry (SSD) aggregate.

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