Aminu Muhammad tukur

EXPERIMENT ONE
TITTLE: Flaskiness index determination
AIM: To determine the Flakiness index of course aggregate
OBJECTIVE:

INTRODUCTION :
Aggregates are available in various size and shape , i.e.rounded ,cubical ,and
angular flaky or elongated .It is proved that the flaky and elongated particles
have less strength ,less bond ,less interlocking and durability compared with
cubical, angular or rounded particles of the same size aggregate. You can say
that aggregates are flaky when aggregates are tooth in compared to the average
size (meandimension).A flaky particle has thickness (least dimension) less than
0.6 times the mean size of the fraction to which the particle belongs. An
elongated particle has length which is more than 1.8 times the mean sieve size
of the sieve fraction to which the particle belongs. The content of elongated or
flaky particles in excess of 10 to 15 percent of the weight of coarse aggregate is
generally considered undesirable. The flakiness index is defined as the
percentage by weight of aggregate particles whose least dimension is less than
0.6 times their mean size .
APPARATUS:
1.flaskiness index apparatus
2.weighing balance
3.pan
4.A shallow tray.

PROCEDURE:

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS:
RESULTS AND CALCULATION:

DISSUCCION OF RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT TWO
TITLE: Elongation test
AIM: To determine the enlongment index of an aggregates sample
OBJECTIVE:
INTRODUCTION: The elongation index of an aggregate is defined as the
percentage by weight of particles whosegreatest dimension (length) is 1.8 times
their mean dimension . This test is applicable to aggregates larger than 6.3 mm.
Elongation gauge is used for this test. This test is also specified in . However
there are no recognized limits for the elongation index.Presence of elongated
aggregates in a mix disturbs the packing of particles and creates more space.
Elongated particles have high ratio of surface area to volume which reduces the
workability of concrete. If elongated particles are used for pavement base
course construction, they may break down easily under heavy loads which will
cause damage to the pavement. So, it is necessary to know the elongation index
of given aggregate mix.
EXPERIMENT APPARATUS:
 Aggregate sample
 Digital balance
 Elongation gauge or length gauge
 Test sieves of sizes – 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm,
16mm, 10mm and 6.3mm.
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
Take the aggregate sample which contains minimum 200 pieces of any fraction.
Sieve the sample through mentioned sieves i.e., from 63mm to 6.3mm sieves.
The aggregate retained on 63mm and passed through 6.3mm should not be
considered.
The aggregate passed through 63mm and retained on 6.3mm and its above
sieves is taken along with sieves. Now we have specified size range for every
particle.
Now weigh aggregate retained on different sieve and note down the total weight
as “W1”
The aggregate particles from each of the size range is taken and passed through
corresponding gauge of length gauge or elongation gauge with its longest side.

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS:
Elongation index of aggregate in % is calculated as follows:
Where, W = weight of particles retained in length gauge (grams).
W = weight of total sample taken for test (grams).
Result and calculation:

DISSUCCION OF RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

CONCLUSION:
For pavements either bituminous or Non-bituminous, Elongation index of
coarse aggregate should not be more than 15%. Report the Elongation index in
percentage rounded off to the nearest whole number.

EXPERIMENT THREE
TITLE: DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING
VALUE (ACV)
AIM: To determine the aggregated crushing value of a sample of
coarse aggregate.
OBJECTIVE:The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of
resistance to crushing under gradually applied crushing load
INTRODUCTION:
One of the model in which pavement material can fail is by crushing under
compressive stress. A test is standardized and used to determine the crushing
strength of aggregates. The aggregate crushing value provides a relative
measure of resistance to crushing under gradually applied crushing load.
The test consists of subjecting the specimen of aggregate in standard mould to a
compression test under standard load conditions (See Fig-1). Dry aggregates
passing through 12.5 mm sieves and retained 10 mm sieves are filled in a
cylindrical measure of 11.5 mm diameter and 18 cm height in three layers. Each
layer is tamped 25 times with at standard tamping rod. The test sample is
weighed and placed in the test cylinder in three layers each layer being tamped
again. The specimen is subjected to a compressive load of 40 tonnes gradually
applied at the rate of 4 tonnes per minute. Then crushed aggregates are then
sieved through 2.36 mm sieve and weight of passing material ( W2 ) is
expressed as percentage of the weight of the total sample ( W1 ) which is the
aggregate crushing value.
Aggregate crushing value = (W1/W2)*100
A value less than 10 signifies an exceptionally
strong aggregate while above 35 would normally be regarded as weak
aggregates .

APPARATUS:
1. A 152mm dia open- ended steel cylinder with plunger and
base plate.
2. A tamping rod
3. weighing balance
4. A set of B.S test sieves of sizes: 12.7mm, 9.5mm and 2.0mm.

PROCEDURE:
1. Sieve the aggregate sample to pass through sieve size 7mm and retained on
the B.S sieve 9.5mm.
2. Prepare sufficient aggregate for tests (about 5 kg) and ensure that it is in
clean and surface dry condition (according to standard requirement, it should be
oven –dried, 100 – 110oC).
3. Place the cylinder on the base plate and fill with the aggregate in three equal
layers giving 25 blows to each layer.
4. Level off the top of the aggregate with the tamping rod and weigh (weigh A).
Insert the plunger so that it just rests horizontally on the surface of the
aggregate.
5. Test sample in the compression machine loading at 40 KN/min to a load of
400 KN (10 minutes).
Remove the material from the cylinder and sieve of a 2.40mmB.S test sieve.
Determine the weight of the fines passing the 2 sieve (weight
B) and express this as a percentage the total weight of
aggregate used as shown in the calculation below.
PRESENTATION OF RESULT:

RESULT AND CALCULATIONS: Aggregate crushing value = B x 100

DISSCUSION OF RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT FOUR
TITLE: DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

AIM: To determine the impact of a sample of coarse aggregate.

OBBJECTIVE:
The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to impact of
aggregates
INTRODUCTION: The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the
resistance to impact of aggregates. Aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and
retained on 10 mm sieve is filled in a cylindrical steel cup of internal dia 10.2
mm and depth 5 cm which is attached to a metal base of impact testing
machine. The material is filled in 3 layers where each layer is tamped for 25
numbers of blows (see Fig-3). Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 Kg is
arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0 cm by vertical guides and the test
specimen is subjected to 15 numbers of blows. The crushed aggregate is
allowed to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve. And the impact value is measured as
percentage of aggregates passing sieve ( W2 ) to the total weight of the sample (
W1 ).
Aggregate impact value = (W1/W2)*100
Aggregates to be used for wearing course, the impact value shouldn’t exceed 30
percent . For bituminous macadam the maximum permissible value is 35
percent. For Water bound macadam base courses the maximum permissible
value defined by IRC is 40 percent
APPARATUS:
1. An aggregate impact testing machine complete
2. A set of B.S test sieves.
3. A weighing balance

INTRODUCTION: The impact value is expressed as percentage of fines

passing the 2.40mm sieve (to the nearest who le number) to total weight
of the sample. The permissible AIV is 45% for ordinary
oncrete used for wearing surfaces
.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a sample of the coarse aggregate which passes the12.7mm sieve and
is retained on the 9.52mm sieve.
2. Prepare sufficient aggregate for two tests and ensure that it is in a clean and
surface dry condition.
3. Fill the 76.2mm dia cylinder in three equal layers giving 25 strokes of the
22.9cm metal tamping rod to each layer.
4. Level off the top of the aggregate to the nearest gram and use the same
weight of material for each test (weight A).
5. Place the whole of the sample in the cup, fix firmly in position
on the base on the impact machine, and apply 25 blows of the tamping rod.
6. Subject the sample to 15 blows by allowing the hammer of the machine to
fall freely.
7. Sieve the crushed aggregate on a 2.40mm sieve and determine the percentage
passing by weight (weight B).
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS S: Aggregate impact value = B x 100
RESULTS AND CALCULATION : Report the mean of the two tests.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS :
PRECAUTIONS.

EXPERIMENT FIVE
TITLE : Specific gravity
AIM:To calculate the specific gravity of a course aggregate sample by
determine the ratio of the weightof a given volume of aggregates to the weight
of an equal volume of water
Water absorption test determine the water holding capacity of the coarse and
fine aggregate
OBJECTIVE:
1.To measure the strength or quality of the material.
2. To determine the water absorption of aggregates.
INTRODUCTION:Specific gravity of aggregate is defined as the ratio of the
weight of aggregate to the weight of equal volume of water. It shows the
strength of aggregate. Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally
weaker than those with having high specific gravity.The specific gravity and on
aggregates measures a strength or quality of the aggregate. This property helps
in a general identification of aggregates.
The specific gravity is a mportant properties that are required for the design of
concrete and bituminous mixes. The specific gravity of a solid is the ratio of its
mass to that of an equal volume of distilled water at a specified temperature.
Because the aggregates may contain water-permeable voids, so two measures of
specific gravity of aggregates are used:
Apparent specific gravity and
Bulk specific gravity.
Apparent Specific Gravity , G , is computed on the basis of the net volume of
aggregates i.e the volume excluding water-permeable voids. Thus
G = [(M /V )]/W
Where,
M is the dry mass of the aggregate,
V is the net volume of the aggregates excluding the volume of the absorbed
matter,
W is the density of water.
Bulk Specific Gravity , G , is computed on the basis of the total volume of
aggregates including water permeable voids. Thus
G = [(M /V )]/W
Where,
V is the total volume of the aggregates including the volume of absorbed water.
EXPERIMENT APPARATUS:
1.Weighing balance
2.A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature at 100-110° C.
3. A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of
convenient size with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
3.A container for filling water and suspending the basket
4.An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket
5.A shallow tray and two absorbent clothes, each not less than 75x45cm.
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE;
1.About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines,
drained and placed in wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a
temperature between 22- 32º C and a cover of at least 5cm of water above the
top of basket.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample
by lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and
allowing it to drop at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and
aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24 hour
afterwards.
3. The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water at a
temperature of 22°– 32°C. The weight while suspended in water is noted = W g.
4. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent
clothes. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times
and weighed in water=
W g.
5. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no
further moisture could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are
transferred to the second dry cloth spread in single layer and allowed to dry for
at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry. The surface
dried aggregate is then weighed = W g
6. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a
temperature of 110° C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an
air tight container and weighted= W g .
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS:
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W g
Weight of basket suspended in water =W g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = W g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = W – W g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = W –( W –W )g
Formula
Specific gravity = W / ( W – ( W –
W ))
Apparent specific gravity = W / ( W – ( W – W ))
Water Absorption = (( W – W ) / W ) X 100
Result and calculation

Dissuccion of result
The size of the aggregate and whether it has been artificially heated should be
indicated.
** Though high specific gravity is considered as an indication of high strength,
it is not possible to judge the suitability of a sample aggregate without finding
the mechanical properties such as aggregate crushing, impact and abrasion
values.