M1-4) Module 1

INFORMATION
–
Fox provided or learned about something or someone.
Ways of Gathering News Report
–
is an oral or written report of the past present or future event in local, national
or international environment
News report structure: INVERTED PYRAMID The Lead
–
The most important information about an event. (Who? What? Where? When? Why How)
The Body
–
The crucial information expanding the topic argument, controversy story, evidence,
background details.
The Tail
–
Extra information interesting, related items journalist assessment
Informative Talk
–
is one that intends to educate the audience about a given topic. The main of an
informative talk/speech is to provide enlightenment regarding a specific topic the
know knows nothing about.
Panel Discussion
–
specific format used in a meeting, conference or convention.
–
It is a live or virtual discussion about a specific topic among a selected group of
panelists who share differing perspective in front of a large audience.
–
The panel, typically 3-4 experts or practitioners in the field, shares facts,
offers opinions and responds to audience questions
moderator
panelist/discussant audience
Module 2
Greek Mythology Myths
–
traditional stories of gods, kings, and heroes
–
show the relations between gods and people. It was a form of early science to
Greeks, because it helped explain the unexplainable.
Background of Greek Mythology
–
fully developed by about 700 B.C.
–
HOMER and HESIOD are generally considered the earliest greek poet, whose work has
survived
THE CREATION (Greek Mythology)

THE FOUNDATION OF GREEK MYTHOLOGY

Textual Aids
–
it is also called TEXT FEATURES. These are visual elements of a page that stand out
from the main text.
–
They are tools and materials that provide support and facilitate understanding of
the text.
TEXT AIDS/FEATURES
–
it can be found in textbooks, magazine, articles, newspapers, reports, webpages,
and other forms of nonfiction texts.
Examples (Textual Aids): Titles and Subtitles Charts
Graphs
Diagrams
Maps
Tables
Titles and Subtitles
Title –
The title in the text usually prepare the student to understand the text.
Subtitle
–
Subtitles usually immediately follow the title and organize the information into
section.
Charts and Graphs Chart
–
Graph –
it represents information that can be in the form of a diagram, table or a graph.
A chart use to show the mathematical relationship between varied data sets by
plotting horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis).
Example of Graphs: Line Graphs
–
graphically displaced data that changes continuously overtime. Each line graph
consist of points that connect data to show a trend (continuous change). Line
graphs have an X-axis and a Y-axis. (most cases time is distributed on horizontal
axis/x-axis)
Bar Graph
–
It’s represent categorical data with rectangular bars. Also, its among the most
popular types of graphs and charts in economics, statistics, marketing and
visualization and digital customer experience. they are commonly used to compare
several categories of data.

Examples (Textual Aids): Diagram

–
A drawing that shows the different parts of something and how they work together.
Examples of Diagram:

Maps –
A representation usually on a flat surface of the hole or a part of an area.
Examples of Maps:
Graphic Organizer
–
Instructional/learning unit that is used before direct instruction, or before a new
topic. –
Like cognitive roadmaps that allows students to see where they have been, and where
they are going.
Tables
–
an arrangement of information or data typically in rows and columns or possibly in
a more complex structure.
–
(Key) Column is a arranges data vertically from top to bottom, while row arranges
data horizontally from left right.

Module 3
ARACHNE

UNITY OF PLOT, SETTING AND CHARACTERIZATION to achieve AUTHOR’S PURPOSE

Characterization
Character
–
person/people in a novel, play or movie.
Characterization
–
the way the writers develop characters in a story
Direct vs Indirect Characterization
Setting
–
The TIME and PLACE (or when and where) of the story.
Types of Setting Backdrop Setting
–
it is timeless and can happen at any point in history or anywhere. The focus is on
the lesson or message being delivered.
Integral Setting
–
Integral means to be a part of or important to. The setting is fully described in
both time and place.
Plot

AUTHOR’S PURPOSE (5 Types)

The Author’s reasoning for writing this selection? to persuade ?
to inform me ?
to entertain me ?
Persuade
–
to convince you to change your thinking, spend money support a cause or offer a
solution to a problem.
ex:
Advertisements/commercials political speeches
Church sermons or literature Opinion editorials
Movie or book reviews
Inform
–
To give you information or describe something. Authors use fox and reasons to get
the point across.
ex:
Text books
News articles
Informational brochures
Encyclopedias
Schedules, charts and instructions Entertain
–
The interest that either or appealed emotions such as pleasure, sadness, anger or
humor ex:
Fiction books, and other stories Plays and movies
Comic strips
Video games
Sports articles or programs Compare and Contrast
–
Examines the way two or more things are alike or different. Can have a secondary
purpose to either inform or persuade.
ex:
Comparison essays
Political analysis
Consumer or product reports Express
–
ex:
Poetry Songs Blogs
To share a writer’s feelings or express opinions.
Love letters
Journals and diaries
Letters to the editor
ELEMENTS OF A MOVIE Characters
–
film characters are the individuals that drive the story forward and connect with
the audience
–
emotionally.
Types of Characters: Protagonist
Antagonist
Plot
–
it’s a sequence of events that unfold in a film and drive the story forward. –
It includes the exposition, rising, action, climax, falling, action, and
resolution.
PLOT POINT:
–
an incident that moves a story in a different direction, impact character
development, and closes a door behind a character.
Conflict
–
Struggle between opposing forces that creates tension and drives the plot. –
It can be internal (within character) or external (between characters or with the
environment).
Resolution
–
where conflicts are resolved and loose ends are tied up. –
Satisfying resolution leaves the audience with a sense of satisfaction
Structure
–
Overall organization and arrangement of a films narrative. –
Common film structures include linear and nonlinear narratives.
Scenes
–
Individual units within a film that depict specific events or action
Dialogue
–
The spoken or written words exchange between characters in a film –
It reveals information, develops characters and advances the plot
Visuals
–
Encompass all the visual elements in a film, including cinematography, production,
design, and special effects
–
They create films aesthetic, and contribute to its overall mood and tone

Module 4
Compare and Contrast Compare
–
we compare when we look for the similarities between persons, objects, characters,
ideas and places.
Contrast
–
We contrast when we look for the differences between two persons, objects,
characters, ideas and places.

Compare
in the same way
As well as
Both
Each off
Just as
Similarly
Like
Too
The same
Also
Contrast
although
Whereas
But
However
Conversely
On the other hand
In contrast
While
Yet
Unlike
LOGICAL FALLACIES
–
logical fallacies are errors in reasoning, flawed arguments that often lead to
false conclusions. –
They can be intentional or unintentional
Slippery Slope Fallacy
–
A logical fallacy that occurs when a conclusion is drawn based on insufficient or
limited evidence.
ex:
I saw a one dog that was aggressive, so all dogs must be aggressive. Missing the
point
–
A logical fallacy that happens when an argument or statement fails to address the
actual issue being discussed.
ex:
We need to invest in renewable energy because it creates jobs. (the focus should be
on the environmental benefits, not job creation)
Weak Analogy
–
Logical fallacy that occurs when a comparison is made between two things that are
not truly
–
similar.
ex:
–
(The Comparison between guns and pencils is not valid as they have vastly
different purposes and potential harm.)
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
–
assumes that because one event happened before another, it must mean that the first
event caused the second.
ex:
I wore my lucky socks and won the game, so the socks must have brought me good
luck. Appeal to authority fallacy
–
It is relies on the credibility or status of an individual to support an argument.
–
Also its assumes that someone’s expertise in one area automatically makes them an
authority and another unrelated area.
ex:
The world-renowned scientist say is that climate change is a hoax, so it must be
true. Appeal to Ignorance
–
Occurs when someone argues that something must be through simply because it hasn’t
been proven false or vice versa.
ex:
Nobody has been able to prove that those are real, therefore they must not exist.
Ad Hominem Fallacy
–
It attacks the person making the argument, rather than addressing the argument
itself. ex:
You can trust his opinion on climate change, because he’s not a scientist. Appeal
to Emotion Fallacy
–
Manipulates emotions to win an argument, rather than relying on logical reasoning.
–
The fallacy uses fear, pitty or sympathy to sway opinions without providing valid
evidence or reasoning.
ex:
If we don’t pass this law, innocent children will suffer and die. False Dillema
Fallacy
–
It’s a curious when someone presents only two possible options, ignoring or
excluding other alternatives, and claims that one must choose between them.
ex:
You’re either with us or against us Bandwagon Fallacy
–
It argues that something must be true or a good because many people believe or
support it. –
Also, the fallacy ignores the need of objective evidence, and rely solely on
popularity. ex:
Everyone is buying the latest smartphone, so it must be the best one on the market
Card Stacking
–
Fallacy that involves selectively presenting information in order to support a
particular point of view.
ex:
Political campaigns where candidates highlight their accomplishments, while done
playing or ignoring their failures or mistakes.
Name-calling
–
Alfalasi that involves using the derogatory or negative language to attack or
discredit an opponent or their argument, rather than addressing the actual content
of the argument.
Testimonials
–
Fallacy that involves using the endorsement or support of a famous or respected
individual to promote a product idea or argument.
–
Testimonials can be seen in advertising where celebrities or influencers are used
to endorse products, often without any personal knowledge or expert ties on the
subject matter.
Conclusion
–
Logical fallacies are common errors and reasoning that can lead to flawed arguments
and false conclusions.
– Recognizing and understanding logical fallacies is crucial for critical,
thinking, and evaluating the validity of arguments.