CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 02 - FUELS AND ENERGY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: UNIT 01 - THE FUEL AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 1
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5

No. 1: In your own words, define what is a fuel and how do they generate energy.

Imagine you have a toy car that needs energy to move. Just like we humans need food for energy, machines
and vehicles need something called "fuel" to get energy. Fuel is like food for them.

Fuels contain molecules that are made up of atoms, and these atoms are held together by chemical bonds.
When a fuel undergoes a process called combustion, it reacts with oxygen from the air. This reaction breaks
the chemical bonds in the fuel molecules and forms new bonds with oxygen atoms.

During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel molecules combine with oxygen to form new
molecules, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This process releases a large amount of energy in
the form of heat and light. It's like when you light a candle or a firecracker, and it gives off heat and light too.
That's because the fuel inside them is burning and releasing energy.

Fuels are made up of special elements, like carbon and hydrogen, that easily react with the oxygen in the air.
When these elements combine with oxygen through a process called combustion, they produce a lot of energy
that can be harnessed to power engines, generate electricity, or provide heat for various purposes.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 02 - FUELS AND ENERGY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: UNIT 01 - THE FUEL AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 2
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5

No. 2: Cite the different classifications of fuels. Explain the reason why they have different energy
values.

The different classifications of fuels are:

1. Solid fuels are substances that exist in a solid state at room temperature and are used as a source of
energy. Examples of solid fuels include coal, wood, and charcoal. Solid fuels have varying energy
values based on factors such as composition, density, and moisture content. For instance, coal can
have different energy values depending on its type, with higher-quality coals generally having higher
calorific values. The energy content of solid fuels is influenced by the amount of carbon present in the
fuel, as carbon is the primary combustible component.

2. Liquid fuels refer to substances that exist in a liquid state at room temperature and serve as a source
of energy. Examples of liquid fuels include liquid petroleum fuels and non petroleum liquid fuels. Liquid
fuels generally have higher energy values compared to solid fuels due to their higher
carbon-to-hydrogen ratio. This means that liquid fuels contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms per
unit of weight, which results in a greater release of energy when they undergo combustion.

3. Gaseous fuels refer to substances that exist in a gaseous state at room temperature and atmospheric
pressure and are used as an energy source. Examples of gaseous fuels include natural gas, hydrogen
gas, and acetylene. Gaseous fuels generally have the highest energy values among the three
classifications. This is because gasses have a high degree of molecular freedom, allowing them to mix
and react more readily with oxygen during combustion. Gaseous fuels also tend to have higher
hydrogen content, which contributes to their higher energy values.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 02 - FUELS AND ENERGY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: UNIT 01 - THE FUEL AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 3
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5

No. 3: Define what octane number is and discuss its relationship with engine knocking.

Engine knocking, also referred to as detonation, occurs when the fuel-air mixture in an internal combustion
engine ignites spontaneously before the spark plug fires. This premature ignition leads to a knocking or
pinging sound and can cause detrimental effects on the engine.

Octane, a hydrocarbon compound found in gasoline, plays a key role in determining a fuel's resistance to
knocking. Higher-octane fuels exhibit greater resistance to knocking. This is because higher-octane fuels can
withstand higher pressures and temperatures before spontaneous combustion occurs, ensuring smoother and
more efficient engine operation. Thus, engine knocking can be mitigated by utilizing fuels with higher octane
ratings, enabling higher compression ratios and reducing the risk of damage.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 02 - FUELS AND ENERGY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: UNIT 01 - THE FUEL AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 4
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5

No. 4: Discuss the relationship of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics to energy
production from fuels.

● The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted
from one form to another. This law is fundamental to understanding energy production from fuels as it
emphasizes the conservation of energy. In the context of energy generation, the First Law of
Thermodynamics helps us analyze the energy balance in various processes.

When we extract energy from fuels, such as fossil fuels or renewable sources, we convert their
chemical energy into other forms, such as heat or mechanical work. According to the First Law, the
total energy input must equal the total energy output, accounting for any losses due to inefficiencies or
waste heat. For example, in a combustion process where we burn a fuel, the First Law tells us that the
energy released from the fuel's chemical bonds is equal to the sum of the heat released and the work
performed.

● While the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which introduces the concept of entropy. Entropy is a
measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. The Second Law states that in any natural
process, the total entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time.

In the context of energy production from fuels, the Second Law plays a crucial role in understanding
the limitations on energy conversion efficiency. It tells us that no energy conversion process can be
100% efficient because some energy is always lost as waste heat. This loss of energy is related to the
increase in entropy.

The concept of entropy helps us analyze the efficiency of energy conversion processes, such as heat
engines and refrigerators. For example, the Carnot cycle, which is an idealized reversible heat engine,
establishes an upper limit on the efficiency of heat engines based on the temperature difference
between the hot and cold reservoirs. The Second Law shows us that achieving this ideal efficiency is
impossible in practice due to the presence of irreversible processes.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 02 - FUELS AND ENERGY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: UNIT 01 - THE FUEL AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 5
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 5

No. 5: Look for any food label and calculate the total energy that it can provide.

A pack of Cheetos Puffs has 10 grams of fat, 16 grams of carbohydrates and 2 grams of protein. To calculate
the total energy it can provide:

9 𝑐𝑎𝑙 4 𝑐𝑎𝑙 4 𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = (10𝑔 × 𝑔
) (16𝑔 × 𝑔
) (2𝑔 × 𝑔
) = 162 𝑐𝑎𝑙
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 01 - CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 02 - THE APPLICATION OF STOICHIOMETRY IN COMBUSTION REACTIONS
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 1
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 3

No. 1: Distinguish which among the following chemical reactions is (are) combustion reaction(s):

a) 2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2𝑂

This reaction is a combustion reaction because hydrogen gas (fuel) and oxygen gas are present as
reactants to produce water vapor as the only product, along with the release of energy in the form of heat and
light.

b) 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂

This reaction is not a combustion reaction. Combustion reactions are chemical reactions that involve the
rapid combination of a fuel with oxygen gas (𝑂2) to produce either carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2) and/or water (𝐻2𝑂),
along with the release of heat and light.

c) 2𝐶12𝐻26 + 37𝑂2 → 24 𝐶𝑂2 + 26 𝐻2𝑂

This reaction is a combustion reaction because the hydrocarbon compound (fuel) reacts with oxygen gas to
produce carbon dioxide and water as the only products, along with the release of energy.

d) 𝐶3𝐻6𝑂 + 4𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2𝑂

This reaction is also a combustion reaction. The organic compound 𝐶3𝐻6𝑂 reacts with oxygen gas to
produce carbon dioxide and water as the products, along with the release of energy.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 01 - CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 02 - THE APPLICATION OF STOICHIOMETRY IN COMBUSTION REACTIONS
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 2
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 3

No. 2: During combustion, if nitrogen is present in the original fuel, it is converted to N2, not to a
nitrogen-oxygen compound. Write the balanced combustion equation of the fuel dinitroethylene,
whose formula is C2H2N2O4.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 01 - CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 02 - THE APPLICATION OF STOICHIOMETRY IN COMBUSTION REACTIONS
NAME: JOHN RAVE M. GONZALES DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/17/2023
ID NO.: 2023-03411-MN-0 PAGE NO: 3
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: BSIE 1 - 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 3

No. 3: 100 grams of water was produced from the complete combustion of naphthalene (C10H8).
Calculate for the initial volume of the fuel in liters. Assume that it is stored in a container under a
pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25C.

The balanced chemical equation: 𝐶10𝐻8 + 12𝑂2 → 10𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2𝑂

According to the equation above: n (𝐶10𝐻8) = n (𝐻2𝑂) / 4

Moles of 𝐻2𝑂 = Mass of 𝐻2𝑂 / Molar mass of 𝐻2𝑂

The molar mass of 𝐻2𝑂 is 18.015 g mol-1.
n (𝐻2𝑂) = 100 g / 18.015 g mol-1 = 5.55 mol

n (𝐶10𝐻8) = n (𝐻2𝑂) / 4 = 5.55 mol / 4 = 1.3875 mol

n (𝐶10𝐻8) = 1.3875 mol

The Ideal gas equation can be used:

PV = nRT
P = 1 atm
V=?
n = 1.3875 mol
R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1
T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

Thus,
V(fuel) = nRT/P
V(fuel) = (1.3875 mol × 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1 × 298.15 K) / (1 atm) = 33.922 L = 33.9 L
V(fuel) = 33.9 L

The initial volume of the fuel is 33.9 liters.