CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 1

SoLuTI
Name (please print) ______________________________Student Number________________

NSID__________________ Signature_____________________________________

Check correct section: Inci (Section 02; T,Th) Paige (Section 04; MWF)

University of Saskatchewan
Department of Chemistry
Chemistry 115

Midterm Exam (Term II 2018-19)

March 1, 2019 Time: 120 minutes

READ THIS FIRST!

1. This is a closed-book examination. A data-sheet is attached to the back of this paper; you
may detach this and keep it.

2. This exam has 10 pages, including the data sheet. Check that you have a complete copy.

3. BEFORE YOU START THIS EXAM, fill out the top of this paper, and write your name
(legibly!) and course section and code your NSID on the opscan sheet in HB pencil.
Place the opscan sheet on this paper and hand in both together.

4. The exam comprises 40 multiple-choice questions, each worth 2.5 marks. Marks are awarded
for correct answers only. Total marks: 100.

5. If you change your mind, indicate this clearly on this paper, thoroughly erase the original
response on the opscan sheet and replace with your revised answer. Multiple answers will be
treated as no answer. In the event of a discrepancy, the response on the opscan sheet will
count.

6. Only course approved calculators are allowed. Phones, wireless devices, laptop
computers and digital dictionaries are not allowed.
CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (WORTH 2.5 MARKS EACH)

1. An element, A, has 2 naturally occurring isotopes. Isotope-1 has a mass of 40.00 amu, and isotope-2
has a mass of 44.00 amu. If isotope-1 is 4 times more abundant than the isotope-2, what is the mass of
element A?
A
p Mi t pz m z Aug mass of
A. 40.80 amu
B. 41.00 amu pitPz 100 A P 4Pz Lipa pz 1 Pi I P2
02
C. 41.40 amu 5pz I p I
D. 42.00 amu 0.8740amu x 2 weaner A P2
E. 42.80 amu
i A ko 80anna
2. I. 1 mole C2H6
II. 18.0 g C2H6
III. 6.022 1023 molecules of C2H6

Which of the following is correct about the number of atoms in C2H6?

1role Catto atomsCmleales

Nan 6.022xrobataste Ird
A. I > II = III I 6.022 1023 dat
B. I = II = III
I m aters Nan46.022401
C. III > II > I
D. II > III > I
qz.to
y f
j x.ooggyg o 5aaml
x o5994J
E. I = III > II It 6.022 023molecules g61 10atoms

3. The Haber process to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen given by:
N2 (g)+3H2 3 (g)
If the percent yield is 85.1%, how much ammonia can be produced from 6.00 mol N2 and 12.0 mol
H2?
G Oo I N z 6
fffl.vnx2mlNhz 12.0meNts
A. 1.74 102 g
x one th xzenns
B. 1.16 102 g
C. 2.04 102 g j.ee si fIhfrftEEiEFI ossg
D. 1.36 102 g
85 1
E. 2.34 102 g
TILEal
yield
t too Mnnf115.967g
Actual 89 46 theoretical
ELI ng
4. What volume of 11.6 M HCl solution needs to be diluted to produce 250 mL of 2.10 M HCl
I 16
104
solution?
V C 11.6M
A. 45.3 mL
B. 10.3 mL 02 2501 C z 2 to M
C. 1.38 103 mL
D. 59.6 mL C V Czvz V C2 2 10M 250mL
E. 100 mL 45.3mL
11.6M
5. For the reaction between barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) and nitric acid (HNO3), identify the
spectator ions.

A. H3O+, and OH- Balon zHt2HN03Gg Ba 0372Cq 2h20 l

B. Ba2+ and NO3-
C. Ba2+ and OH- Ba 2 Z
D. NO3- and OH- O 8 8
E. Ba2+ and H3O+ H 4 4
N b 6 spectatorions Ba't Nos

Ionceq.at Ba Cag t2OHcay7x2Htcaz t2N05cq

Battag Cay 2h20A

wetionic 2h20 l
egr 20h1 cag 2 titcag
OH Cag t Ht Cay H2O l
CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 3

6. The industrial production of ammonia (NH3) follows the reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2 3(g)

According to this reaction, the relationship between rate of production of ammonia and the rate of
consumption of hydrogen is:
Kate
A. =
AWI
ly SENSEI
I Dished
z St
B.

z stiff SHI
C. 3 SE

E.

E.

7. A reaction proceeds according to the following equation: NO2 2 (g)

At an early stage of the reaction, [NO] = 0.0021 M and 5.0 minutes later, [NO] = 0.0066 M. What is the
average rate of the reaction during this time period, expressed in units of M·s-1? N

A. 7.5 10-6 M·s-1. zn LAITn k t A o LA REAcm Rate kCAT

A s I
B. 1.5 10-5 M·s-1. Averagerate Rate
2 Raft Mµ
C. 3.0 10-5 M·s-1. z two
2Ctf Ei
D. 6.0 10-5 M·s-1.
o0066m o 0021M LAY 1
E. None of the above is correct. 60 3 0
2454
8. Consider the following reaction and initial rates data below.
7 5 xco bus
2A + 2D
m
Experiment
1
[A]
1M
[B]
2M
Initial rate
2 M·s-1 Role kLAT B
3
2
3
1M
2M
4M
2M
4 M·s-1
16 M·s-1
Rate k A LB

The rate law for the reaction is: B canst E e p 1,3

DRa EIPptz kz 8
A. [A][B] Sca t.IE E 2
B.
C.
[A]
[A] [B]
AR DC 82125 ln3I
D. [B]
E A const Erexp 1,2 4
2 BRB E.frz 2 2
E. [A] [B]
ACB Effy 42
9. Which of the following statements is true for a catalyst? DR Lsc5 22125 Lm
A. The catalyzed reaction has a higher activation energy.
re hot new
collisions on
B. The catalyst provides an alternate pathway for a reaction. Adding a catalystmtg
C. The catalyst does not affect the rate constant. to him new
intermediates
E example
X rate. occur
forward bae
sameamount Er
D. The catalyst only increases the forward reaction
X Ea decreased
E. The catalyzed reaction is always same with the uncatalyzed reaction. by
ward rears
x
newcousins
example
 CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 4

10. Nitrogen monoxide can be removed from gas fired power plant emissions by reaction with methane
as follows:
CH4(g) + 4 NO(g) 2 N2(g) + CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
The concentration of NO was 0.150 M at t = 2.00 s and 0.0500 M at t = 6.00 s. What is the rate of
formation of N2?
O 150M t
A. 0.0250 M/s sl of NO i o 0500 M o o 250 MS
B. 0.0500 M/s ee ti 6 oos z OOS
C. 0.0625 M/s
D. 0.0125 M/s
E. 0.0100 M/s
Raf t.sc t'zKE
o 0250msD to 0125Ms
bh 2
4stuff Z
11. Consider the Arrhenius equation:

Which of the following statements is not correct?

i
A. A is a frequency factor and is determined experimentally. ko.ec
B. A reaction with a small activation energy proceeds faster. Fa
small Eager
C. Frequency factor does not depend on temperature. Dependson freqofcousins
small large
rate k LAI
D. Chemical reaction rates depend on temperature. X E
noggfg
Rate aka d
E. The rate constant increases exponentially when the activation energy decreases. EYRE e pEE4pr
e
12. The value of rate constant for the reaction between chlorine dioxide and ozone was measured. It has
a rate constant 62.8 M-1s-1 at 198 K and 954.4 M-1s-1 at 300 K. What is the value of the activation
energy?
h
k 62.8 ti's Te 198k Ea

f
A. 13.2 kJ/mol
B. 7.67 kJ/mol k 954hem 5 Tz 300k Yz
C. 0.130 kJ/mol
l ftp.t Eazf'T H
en asjg.gnn.IE x8i3'43mol
D. 26.9 kJ/mol
E. 49.1 kJ/mol EIF m
E
13. Consider the following mechanism for NO formation:
Took
Ea I 32 104Fml 0 5
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) (overall reaction)
13.2 KSnd t
Mechanism:
O2(g) 2 O(g) fast
O(g) + N2(g) NO(g) + N(g) slow
N(g) + O(g) NO(g) fast
checki Nzcg 02cg 2N
What is the rate law for the overall 0cg
reaction?
LOTZ
Rates Rate Hf Oz kB
A. [N] [O] Steps
kt
stepycrate brain step Rte
2
B. [N2][O ]
y intermediate
substitute
C.
D.
]
][O ] SE to I
needto Kr Ks
seep A
E. [N] [O]
i Rate kke LOD
Na
2 Nz
14. The decomposition of N2O5 to NO2 and O2 follows the reaction:
Korean Oz
2 N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
The rate constant is 3.40 10-4 s-1 at 298 K for this reaction. What is the percent of N2O5 left after the
first 600 s?
Rate k 1AM
A. 25.2 % A
Reg Ms M LAYa LMS Mt
B. 45.6 %
C. 63.3 %
order
first
At
D. 77.8 %
E. 81.5 % b LATE ht LEAJo k 3.40 10 4 s t t 6005 No I
htt hlA xoxo 45111600 t 17
EXAM et cage et 05
0.815 x 100 81.1 Nz
 CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 5

15. The following table contains reaction rate data for the reaction: 3A + 2D

Experiment [A] (M) [B] (M) Initial rate (M/s)

1 0.10 0.20 0.32
2 0.10 0.60 2.88 Rate KLAY LBT
3 0.40 0.20 1.28
4 0.30 0.30 ? Bconst Eep l 3
What is the initial rate in experiment 4? Dca Exp3 Ohe 4
51 T.pt
A. 1.28 M/s

i i
f
B. 2.16 M/s
C. 7.20 M/s
D. 1.44 M/s me 2
E. 4.32 M/s brain cash74445
a tE Y 800m25
16. Consider the suggested mechanism for the decomposition of NO2:
2
Mechanism: Ate.pe k A B
80.04316.3041030
NO2(g) N(g) + O2(g) slow
NO2(g) + N(g) N2O2(g) fast 2.26ms
N2O2(g) 2 NO(g) fast
Which of the following statements is not correct?

Simons 2NozCg 02cg 2nF

A. Rate = k[NO ] 2 Rateof rate limitingstep consumed in nextstep
B. N is an intermediate specie N firmedin onestep
C. 2 NO2(g) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) is the overall reaction seesumabove
catalyst is regenerated at
D. N2O2 is a catalyst No Rxnintermediate
A theendof a ran
E. The order of reaction is 1 seeA crow

17. Radon decomposes in a second order reaction with a half-life of 4.20 days. How long will it take for
the amount of remaining radon to be 7.20% of its initial value?
f life t try 4.20days
A. 16.8 days Seaod the
kLAB A oof last 7.20 t
B. 37.8 days Rearrange E h k L tyzlAIo t
C. 7.20 days thLAH e f
1 1 4.20days x 100
D. 54.1 days
law
E. 4.32 days Secondorderrate t
e
trt o IAI T20 100
54.1ydup
18. Which statement regarding the reaction described by the energy profile below is not correct?

intermediates

z
feat Ear
R

It p

A. This reaction has 2 elementary steps.

Tx
B. First step is the rate determining step.
C. No intermediates is formed in this reaction.
D. This is an exothermic reaction.
E. Second step is faster than the first step.
 CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 6

19. The correct units for the frequency factor, A, of a second order reaction are:

A. M/s
B. s-1
Seconforderate Rate KLAY k Raffy
M
C. M-1s-2
D. M-1s-1 Arrhenius k A A k Rate
far
witness
E. M-2s-1
side
H'if
ri's
t
yy
20. Which of the following plots indicates that a reaction is zero order?

A. B.

Zero order rate Ao

A e ht
m x t C
y LAJo
f
C. D. H

E. None of the above

21. The reaction below has Kp = 1.9 103 at 298 K. What is the value of Kc for the reaction at the same
temperature?
In
2 NO (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 NOCl (g)
Kp Kc Rt
A. 7.7 101
B. 4.6 104 Kc k p l 9 103 23
C. 1.2 106 0.0806Latmmol k4298k
D. 4.7 106
E. None of the above is correct. 4.6 104 nounits
22. For a system that is at chemical equilibrium, which of the following statements is correct:

A. The reactant concentration is exactly equal to the product concentration. Concentrations can bedifferentbut
B. The reaction quotient, Qc > Kc Atequilib Qc Kc X Donotchanceat eqiub
C. x
The value of Kc for the reverse reaction will be equal to 1/Kc Kc B ackwards
D. windyftp.B efpub
Perturbing the system by adding a reactant will result in a decrease in product concentration.
E. Both C and D are correct.
X shifts toright
23. Consider the following reaction at equilibrium at 298 K. Which of the following changes will shift products
the equilibrium to the right (favour formation of products)? increase

N2O4 (g) 2 NO2 (g) H ° = + 58 kJ

leat
Endothermic heatis areactant
A. Adding NO2 (g)
B. Decreasing the volume of the container fewermoleson leftside
ofeqn
C. Removing N2O4 (g)
c
D. Increasing the temperature.
E. None of the above.
x
 CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 7

24. Solid PCl5 decomposes to form liquid PCl3 and gaseous Cl2. The Kc and Kp expressions for this
reaction are:
PClsCs PcbEl Az g BALANCED

K Lch Kp Paz
A. Kc = [Cl2] and Kp = PCl2
B. Kc = [PCl3][Cl2]/[PCl5] and Kp = PPCl3PCl2 / PPCl5
C. Kc = [PCl3][Cl2] and Kp = PPCl3PCl2
saidlipidsamplesdonot appear
D. Kc = [PCl3] and Kp = PPCl3PCl2 in01 Kc
Kp
E. None of the above.

25. The following reaction has Kc = 1.00 at 298 K: H2O (g) + Cl2O (g) 2 HOCl (g)

If the system is found to have [HOCl] = 0.042 M, [Cl2O] = 0.040 M, and [H2O] = 0.490 M, which of the
following statements is correct.

A. The system will shift to the left and form more reactants. Qc CHOU Qc Kc
B. The system will shift to the right and form more products.x
Rengoes
C. The system is at chemical equilibrium.
tho LAZO in never
direction
D. The chemical equilibrium constant will change to Kc = 9.00 10-2.
x 6.042M
E. None of the statements above are correct.
X kcCkp CoN5 0.490M O 040M
26.
unlesstempchanges
Which of the following statements is true according to Le Châtelier’s principle?
2.1

A. Increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction will decrease the product concentration. AxBECthed
9
B. Increasing the volume of the container shifts the reaction to the side with fewer moles of gas.sidewithmore
XC. Adding a catalyst shifts the reaction to the right (favours formation of products). numberof moles
XD. Both A and C are true. 2 off
XE. None of the above are true. noctwGEinequilib
x
For Questions 27 and 28:

The chemical reaction: H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g) has Kp = 100.

The three species are mixed in a 5.000 L flask and have the following partial pressures:
PHI = 5.000 10-1 atm, PH2 = 1.000 10-2 atm, PI2 = 5.000 10-3 atm.
HIT 5 000710 72
27. Which of the following statements for this system is correct: Qp
1.0001525.00015
A. Qp = Kp and the system is at chemical equilibrium. Pne pizz
X 000
B. Qp > Kp and the system will shift to the left (form more reactant) to reach equilibrium.
C. Qp < Kp and the system will shift to the right (form more product) to reach equilibrium.
I
D. Qp > Kp and the system will shift to the right (form more product) to reach equilibrium.
E. None of the above is correct. x Qp Kp
X Phi 55
of
5atm R Hz t Iz z 2kt
28. The equilibrium partial pressures are equal to:
p z 4.05
4.2915atm I 0.01 0.005
A. PHI = 4.29 10-1 atm, PH2 = 4.55
pm
10 atm, PI2 = 4.05 10-2 atm.
-2 can
c tx gone
2x ten
B. PHI = 5.00 10-1 atm, PH2 = 1.00 Eo.atxo.oostxo.es
-2 -2
10 atm, PI2 = 5.00 10 atm.
C. PHI = 4.65 10-1 atm, PH2 = 4.55 10-2 atm, PI2 = 4.05 10-2 atm.
s
D. PHI = 5.00 10-1 atm, PH2 = 1.00
E. None of the above are correct.
10-2 atm, PI2 = 2.50 10-1 atm.
krpfp.IE Co.co Xo.o5tx
so
29. Consider the following reaction: 2 HBr (g) + O2 (g) 2 HOBr (g) Kc = 113.0 Kp 102
out Sally
write
If the equilibrium concentrations are [HBr] = 0.125 M and [O2] = 0.255 M, what is the equilibrium
concentration of [HOBr]?
5 2
I
A. 0.450 M Z kp o.sco.s zxt zx 005T io
B. 1.897 M Kc Hort 113.0 o.O co.oo5 x x co x
C. 0.671 M o.us Ix 1 4 2 soo
Hbr 21oz T
D. 0.552 M co o.oix y
ooosxtx2
E. None of the above. 100 2
0.25 2 4 2 0.005 1.5
0 400 47 2 6.527 0.005 ou
CHOBr 113.0 4 32 62 o aeaxzt3jx

T5xo.s
co9ITY.zs57LH0BrJ_nz.ox oEeskc x s
z
3.5
E Ej
0 671 M xs 3se o.tOo355atm
144 192 can't
negate
haeregain
CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 8

30. Consider the following reaction: Xe (g) + 2 F2 (g) XeF4 (g)

A reaction mixture initially contains 2.45 atm Xe and 4.38 atm F2. If the equilibrium pressure of Xe is
0.45 atm, the value for Kp is equal to:

A. 11.7
R xexZfzZXeF4Xe
us 4.38 45atnI2
O eqnilib_o at
045 2 s X
B. 15.9 c x 27 7 2.45aim 045
C. 30.8 E 2.45 x 4.38 2x X 2 oo tm
D. 61.6 2.00
kp pxef4
E. 120.4
382D2 u zz.ooDz 3078
ftp.J q.su EEs
31. Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?
Elsag
A. Weak acids dissociate partially in solution to produce a weak base.
B. Kb values for strong bases are usually not reported because they are extremely small.
C. If you have two weak acids, the one with the larger pKa is the stronger acid.
D. For weak bases, the following relationship is correct: pH = 14 + pOH
E. None of the above is correct.

32. The pH of a 0.100 M solution of the acid HOCl (Ka = 3.5 10-8) is approximately equal to:

A. 1.0
B. 3.6
C. 4.2
D. 7.5
E. None of the above.

33. Which of the following acid solutions would you expect to have the largest percent ionization?

0.05 M CH3COOH (Ka = 1.8 10-5)

0.05 M HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 10-4)
1.00 M CH3COOH (Ka = 1.8 10-5)
1.00 M HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 10-4)

A. 0.05 M CH3COOH
B. 0.05 M HCOOH
C. 1.00 M CH3COOH
D. 1.00 M HCOOH
E. All will have the same percent ionization.

34. The pH of a 1.00 M solution of methylamine (Kb = 4.38 10-4) is approximately equal to:

A. 1.7
B. 7.0
C. 9.1
D. 10.6
E. None of the above is correct.

35. Which of the following solutions would you expect to have the largest pOH?

0.100 M of Ca(OH)2
0.200 M of NH3 (Kb = 1.76 10-5)
0.100 M of NH3 (Kb = 1.76 10-5)
0.200 M of HONH2 (Kb = 1.1 10-8)
0.100 M of HONH2 (Kb = 1.1 10-8)

A. 0.100 M of Ca(OH)2
B. 0.200 M of NH3
C. 0.100 M of NH3
D. 0.200 M of HONH2
E. 0.100 M of HONH2
CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 9

36. If the autoionization constant Kw = 1 10-13 at 60 °C, which of the following statements is correct:

A. The autoionization of water is an endothermic process

B. The equilibrium concentration of [H+] is greater than [OH-] at 60 °C
C. At equilibrium, the rate of ionization of water is much greater than the rate at which it forms
D. Both A. and B. are correct.
E. None of the statements above are correct.

37. The diprotic acid H2A has acid dissociation constants Ka1 and Ka2. If 100 millimoles of this acid is
dissolved in 1 L of water, which of the following statements is correct:

A. The first proton dissociates with 100% efficiency.

B. At equilibrium, [H2A] << [HA-]
C. At equilibrium, [H2A] << [A2-]
D. Both B. and C. are correct.
E. None of the above are correct.

38. Which, if any, of the following would you expect to be the weakest acid? Hint: The metal is the
central atom and is bonded to four oxygen atoms.

H3PO4, H3AsO4, H3SbO4, H3BiO4

A. H3PO4
B. H3AsO4
C. H3SbO4
D. H3BiO4
E. All should have equal strength.

39. Consider the following 0.10 M aqueous solutions: KOH, KF, NH4Cl, HCl, KCl

Arranging the solutions in order from most acidic to most basic gives:

A. HCl, NH4Cl, KCl, KF, KOH

B. KOH, NH4Cl, KCl, KF, HCl
C. HCl, KF, NH4Cl, KCl, KOH
D. HCl, NH4Cl, KF, KCl, KOH
E. HCl, KF, KCl, NH4Cl, KOH

40. When an aqueous solution is made separately, which set of salt solutions will ALL have a pH that is
greater than 7?

A. K2CO3, KNO2, KClO4

B. K2CO3, KNO2, NaCH3COO, NaCl
C. NaCH3COO, KClO4, KNO2
D. NH4NO3, NaCl, Na3PO4, KBr
E. K2CO3, KNO2, NaCH3COO, Na3PO4

THE END
 CHEMISTRY 115 MIDTERM EXAM (Winter 2019) Page 10

1 Periodic Table of the Elements 18

1 2
H 2 13 14 15 16 17
He
1.00794 4.00260
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.01218 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9898 24.3050 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.9381 55.847 58.9332 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.904 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
(223) 226.025 227.028 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (272) (287) (289) (293)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.115 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.038 231.036 238.029 237.048 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)

Useful Data
Physical Constants

Constant Symbol Value

Atomic mass unit u 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
Avogadro number NA 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
R 8.314 J mol–1 K–1
Gas Constant
0.08206 L atm mol–1 K–1
1 atm = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg
Standard Temperature and Pressure: = 101.325 kPa.
0 oC = 273.15 K
x = -b ± b 2 - 4ac
Roots of a Quadratic equation
2a

Some Equations
k = Ae-Ea/RT

ln k = - Ea/R(1/T) + ln A ln (k2/k1) = (Ea/R)(1/T1 1/T2)

n
[A]t = -kt + [A]0 ln{[A]t/[A]0} = – kt 1/[A]t = 1/[A]0 + kt Kp = Kc(RT)