第 8章

Q8-1 As a metal is heated：

当金属加热时：
A. energy is added to the structure 能量被添加到结构中
B. the atoms move further apart 原子运动到了更远的地方
C. the atoms vibrate more vigorously 原子更加激烈的运动
D. the metal expands 母材膨胀
E. all of the above 以上所有
Q8-2 The state of matter which exhibits the least amount of energy is：
以上哪种形式储存的能量最少：
A. solid 固体
B. liquid 液体
C. gas 气体
D. quasi-liquid 类似液体
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-3 A problem occurring in weldments caused by the non-uniform heating produced by the
welding operation is：
在焊接操作中不均匀的加热容易造成焊件的缺陷为：
A. porosity 气孔
B. incomplete fusion 未熔合
C. distortion 变形
D. slag inclusions 夹杂
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-4 Which of the following is not a method used to eliminate or reduce residual stresses?
以下哪种方法不被用作消除或者减小残余应力：
A. vibratory stress relief 震动消除压力
B. external restraint 外部约束
C. thermal stress relief 加热消除应力
D. peening 锤击
E. annealing 退火
Q8-5 The type of alloying in which the alloy atoms are located in the spaces between the atoms
of the parent metal is referred to as：
下面的哪种类型的合金原子存在于基材的原子与原子的空隙之中？
A. atomic alloying 原子合金
B. substitutional alloying 置换合金
C. space alloying 空隙合金
D. interstitial alloying 间隙合金
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-6 Rapid quenching of steel from the austenitic range results in a hard ， brittle structure
known as；
钢的快速淬火会使奥氏体变成又硬又脆的组织是：
A. pearlite 珠光体
B. carbide 碳化物
C. cementite 渗碳体
 D. ironite
E. martensite 马氏体
Q8-7 Very slow cooling of steel may result in the production of a soft ，ductile microstructure
which has a lamellar appearance when viewed under high magnification ． This structure is
referred to as：
钢很慢冷却时会产生软的易延展的微观结构，通过高倍放大镜下可以看到其呈层状。这种
组织是：
A. martensite 马氏体
B. pearlite 珠光体
C. bainite 贝氏体
D. ferrite 铁素体
E. cementite 渗碳体
Q8-8 When rapid cooling produces a martensitic structure ， what sub-critical heat treatment
may be applied to improve the ductility of the steel?
当快速冷时将产生马氏体，哪种亚临界热处理可以改变钢的延展性？
A. quenching 淬火
B. tempering 回火
C. annealing 退火
D. normalizing 正火
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-9 It is determined that a welding procedure is creating an excessive heat input．Which of the
changes listed below would result in a reduction of the heat input?
当被认定焊接工艺会造成较大热输入的时候，下列哪个方法可以减小热输入？
A. decrease current 减少焊接电流
B. decrease voltage 减少焊接电压
C. increase travel speed 增大前进速度
D. change from weave to stringer bead technique 将摆动技术改为窄焊道技术
E. all of the above 以上都是
Q8-10 The use of preheat will tend to：
采用预热将会：
A. result in a wider heat-affected zone 可以造成更宽的热影响区
B. produce lower heat-affected zone hardness 减小热影响区的硬度
C. slow down the cooling rate 降低冷却速度
D. reduce the tendency to produce martensite in the heat—affected zone 减小热影响区产
生马氏体的趋势。
E. all of the above 以上都是
Q8-11 Which of the following changes will warrant an addition or increase in the required
preheat?
以下哪种改变有理由需要增加预热？
A. decreased carbon equivalent 减少碳当量
B. increased carbon equivalent 增加碳当量
C. increased base metaI thickness 增加母材厚度
D. a and C above 以上 a 和 b
E. b and C above 以上 b 和 c
Q8-12 What heat treatment is characterized by holding the part at the austenitizing temperature
for some time and then slow cooling in the furnace?
将零件在奥氏体的温度状态保持一段时间，然后在炉子里边慢慢冷却，这是下面哪一种热
处理方式？
A. normalizing 正火
B. quenching 淬火
C. anneallng 退火
D. tempering 回火
E. stress relief 应力释放
Q8-13 What heat treatment is characterized by holding the part at the austenitizing temperature
for some time and then cooling in still air?
将零件在奥氏体的温度状态保持一段时间，然后在静止的空气里冷却，这是下面哪一种热
处理方式？
A. normalizing 正火
B. quenching 淬火
C. annealing 退火
D. tempering 回火
E. stress relief 应力释放
Q8-14 Steel heated above the lower transformation temperature(A1)will change metallurgical
structure．This temperature is：
将钢加热而高于较低的转变温度（A1）的时候可以改变母材的冶金结构。这个温度是多少：
A. 1333°F 1333 华氏度
B. 933°F 933 华氏度
C. 1560°F 1560 华氏度
D. 3600°C 3600 摄氏度
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-15 Atoms in the solid （frozen) state：
原子在固体（凝固）状态
A. have a specific“home”position 有一个特殊的‘家’的位置
B. have no distinct structure 没有清楚的结构
C. are essentially fixed in a definite structured position 基本上固定在一定的结构位置
D. a and c above a 与 c
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-16 What is the heat input for a molten weld pool at 5 ipm travel speed ，25 volts，and 100
amperes? (Refer to page 10—8 for Formula)
请计算相应的热输入：焊接速度为 5 英寸/分钟，电压为 25 伏，电流为 100 安培（请参照
练习题后面所附的计算公式）
A. 300 J/in
B. 300 000 J/in
C. 30 000 J/in
D. 3.633j/in
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-17 One way that atoms are added to a pure metal to form an alloy is：
原子加入到纯金属中形成合金的一种途径是：
 A. peening 锤击
B. substitutionallv 置换
C. automatically 自动
D. solidification 凝固
E. sensitizing 光敏处理
Q8-18 The process where carbon is added to the surface of a steel to harden it is：
以下哪一种方法可以将碳元素加入到钢铁表面，以增加硬度：
A. decarburization 脱碳
B. pack carburizing 固体渗碳
C. precipitation hardening 淀积硬化
D. quenching 淬火
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-19 Steel exists in which of the following crystal structures?
钢是下面哪一种晶体结构？
A. HCP
B. FCC
C. BCC
D. all of the above 以上都是
E. BCT
Q8-20 Which of the following usually follows quenching?
以下哪道工序通常跟在淬火之后进行?
A. tempering 回火
B. stress relieving 应力释放
C. normalizing 正火
D. annealing 退火
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-21 Which of the following can be accomplished using either thermal or mechanical
techniques?
以下哪一种能够或者用加热，或者机械的技术予以完成？
A. annealing 退火
B. tempering 回火
C. quenching 淬火
D. stress relieving 应力释放
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-22 Which of the following results in the softest condition for carbon steel?
以下哪一种加工可以导致碳钢成最软的状态？
A. annealing 退火
B. quenclalng 淬火
C. stress relmvlng 应力释放
D. tempering 回火
E. normalizing 正火
8-23 For a steel having a chemical composition of ： 0.16 ％ carbon ， 0.84 ％
manganese ， 0.09 ％ nickel ， 0.25 ％ chromium ， 0.052 ％ copper ， and 0.40 ％
molybdenum，what is its Carbon Equivalent?
一个钢的化学成分如下：碳 0.16％，锰 0.84％，镍 0.09％，铬 0.25％，铜 0.052％，钼
0.40％，请计算其碳当量？
%Mn %Cr %Cu %M o
CE=%C + + + +
6 15 5 4
A. 0.23
B. 0.34
C. 0.37
D. 0.41
E. 0.46
Q8-24 Stainless steels are defined as having at least what percent chromium?
按定义，不锈钢的最少含铬量为多少？
A. 7％
B. 12％
C. 15％
D. 20％
E. 30%
Q8-25 Sensitization，or carbide precipitation，of austenitic stainless steels can be reduced by
which of the following methods?
通过以下哪种方法，可以减少奥氏体不锈钢的敏化或碳化物沉淀？
A. solution annealing，water quenching 固溶退火，水中淬火
B. using stabilized grades containing titanium or niobium(columbium)应用含钛或者铌之类
的稳定元素
C. using the low carbon grades of stainless steels 应用低碳不锈钢
D. all of the above 以上全都是
E. using high carbon stainless steels 应用高碳不锈钢
Q8-26 Metals must be molten for diffusion to occur．
金属必须熔化才能扩散
A. true 对
B. false 错
Q8-27 Hydrogen can diffuse into a solid metal at room temperature．
氢在室温下可以扩散到固态金属中
A. true 对
B. false 错
Q8-28 Metals can diffuse into each other when both are in the solid form．
当两个金属都呈固态情况下可以相互扩散。
A. true 对
B. false 错
Q8-29 The process whereby nitrogen diffuses into the surface of carbon steel is：
哪种方法可以使氮扩散到碳钢的表面：
A. sensitization 敏化
B. nitrogen removal 脱氮
C. carburizing 渗碳
D. nitriding 渗氮
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-30 Welding metallurgy is concerned with the changes in the metals during welding．
焊接金属学是关于金属在焊接过程中的变化的学科。
A. true 对
B. false 错

答案在下一页
Q8-1 As a metal is heated：
当金属加热时：
A. energy is added to the structure 能量被添加到结构中
B. the atoms move further apart 原子运动到了更远的地方
C. the atoms vibrate more vigorously 原子更加激烈的运动
D. the metal expands 母材膨胀
E. all of the above 以上所有
Q8-2 The state of matter which exhibits the least amount of energy is：
以上哪种形式储存的能量最少：
A. solid 固体
B. liquid 液体
C. gas 气体
D. quasi-liquid 类似液体
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-3 A problem occurring in weldments caused by the non-uniform heating produced by the
welding operation is：
在焊接操作中不均匀的加热容易造成焊件的缺陷为：
A. porosity 气孔
B. incomplete fusion 未熔合
C. distortion 变形
D. slag inclusions 夹杂
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-4 Which of the following is not a method used to eliminate or reduce residual stresses?
以下哪种方法不被用作消除或者减小残余应力：
A. vibratory stress relief 震动消除压力
B. external restraint 外部约束
C. thermal stress relief 加热消除应力
D. peening 锤击
E. annealing 退火
Q8-5 The type of alloying in which the alloy atoms are located in the spaces between the atoms
of the parent metal is referred to as：
下面的哪种类型的合金原子存在于基材的原子与原子的空隙之中？
A. atomic alloying 原子合金
B. substitutional alloying 置换合金
C. space alloying 空隙合金
D. interstitial alloying 间隙合金
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-6 Rapid quenching of steel from the austenitic range results in a hard ， brittle structure
known as；
钢的快速淬火会使奥氏体变成又硬又脆的组织是：
A. pearlite 珠光体
B. carbide 碳化物
C. cementite 渗碳体
D. ironite
 E. martensite 马氏体

马氏体
Q8-7 Very slow cooling of steel may result in the production of a soft ，ductile microstructure
which has a lamellar appearance when viewed under high magnification ． This structure is
referred to as：
钢很慢冷却时会产生软的易延展的微观结构，通过高倍放大镜下可以看到其呈层状。这种
组织是：
A. martensite 马氏体
B. pearlite 珠光体
C. bainite 贝氏体
D. ferrite 铁素体
E. cementite 渗碳体

珠光体
Q8-8 When rapid cooling produces a martensitic structure ， what sub-critical heat treatment
may be applied to improve the ductility of the steel?
当快速冷时将产生马氏体，哪种亚临界热处理可以改变钢的延展性？
A. quenching 淬火
B. tempering 回火
C. annealing 退火
D. normalizing 正火
 E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-9 It is determined that a welding procedure is creating an excessive heat input．Which of the
changes listed below would result in a reduction of the heat input?
当被认定焊接工艺会造成较大热输入的时候，下列哪个方法可以减小热输入？
A. decrease current 减少焊接电流
B. decrease voltage 减少焊接电压
C. increase travel speed 增大前进速度
D. change from weave to stringer bead technique 将摆动技术改为窄焊道技术
E. all of the above 以上都是
Q8-10 The use of preheat will tend to：
采用预热将会：
A. result in a wider heat-affected zone 可以造成更宽的热影响区
B. produce lower heat-affected zone hardness 减小热影响区的硬度
C. slow down the cooling rate 降低冷却速度
D. reduce the tendency to produce martensite in the heat—affected zone 减小热影响区产
生马氏体的趋势。
E. all of the above 以上都是
Q8-11 Which of the following changes will warrant an addition or increase in the required
preheat?
以下哪种改变有理由需要增加预热？
A. decreased carbon equivalent 减少碳当量
B. increased carbon equivalent 增加碳当量
C. increased base metaI thickness 增加母材厚度
D. a and C above 以上 a 和 b
E. b and C above 以上 b 和 c
Q8-12 What heat treatment is characterized by holding the part at the austenitizing temperature
for some time and then slow cooling in the furnace?
将零件在奥氏体的温度状态保持一段时间，然后在炉子里边慢慢冷却，这是下面哪一种热
处理方式？
A. normalizing 正火
B. quenching 淬火
C. anneallng 退火
D. tempering 回火
E. stress relief 应力释放
Q8-13 What heat treatment is characterized by holding the part at the austenitizing temperature
for some time and then cooling in still air?
将零件在奥氏体的温度状态保持一段时间，然后在静止的空气里冷却，这是下面哪一种热
处理方式？
A. normalizing 正火
B. quenching 淬火
C. annealing 退火
D. tempering 回火
E. stress relief 应力释放
Q8-14 Steel heated above the lower transformation temperature(A1)will change metallurgical
structure．This temperature is：
将钢加热而高于较低的转变温度（A1）的时候可以改变母材的冶金结构。这个温度是多少：
A. 1333°F 1333 华氏度
B. 933°F 933 华氏度
C. 1560°F 1560 华氏度
D. 3600°C 3600 摄氏度
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-15 Atoms in the solid （frozen) state：
原子在固体（凝固）状态
A. have a specific“home”position 有一个特殊的‘家’的位置
B. have no distinct structure 没有清楚的结构
C. are essentially fixed in a definite structured position 基本上固定在一定的结构位置
D. a and c above a 与 c
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-16 What is the heat input for a molten weld pool at 5 ipm travel speed ，25 volts，and 100
amperes? (Refer to page 10—8 for Formula)
请计算相应的热输入：焊接速度为 5 英寸/分钟，电压为 25 伏，电流为 100 安培（请参照
练习题后面所附的计算公式）
A. 300 J/in
B. 300 000 J/in
C. 30 000 J/in
D. 3.633j/in
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-17 One way that atoms are added to a pure metal to form an alloy is：
原子加入到纯金属中形成合金的一种途径是：
A. peening 锤击
B. substitutionallv 置换
C. automatically 自动
D. solidification 凝固
E. sensitizing 光敏处理
Q8-18 The process where carbon is added to the surface of a steel to harden it is：
以下哪一种方法可以将碳元素加入到钢铁表面，以增加硬度：
A. decarburization 脱碳
B. pack carburizing 固体渗碳
C. precipitation hardening 淀积硬化
D. quenching 淬火
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-19 Steel exists in which of the following crystal structures?
钢是下面哪一种晶体结构？
A. HCP
B. FCC
C. BCC
D. all of the above 以上都是
 E. BCT
Q8-20 Which of the following usually follows quenching?
以下哪道工序通常跟在淬火之后进行?
A. tempering 回火
B. stress relieving 应力释放
C. normalizing 正火
D. annealing 退火
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-21 Which of the following can be accomplished using either thermal or mechanical
techniques?
以下哪一种能够或者用加热，或者机械的技术予以完成？
A. annealing 退火
B. tempering 回火
C. quenching 淬火
D. stress relieving 应力释放
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-22 Which of the following results in the softest condition for carbon steel?
以下哪一种加工可以导致碳钢成最软的状态？
A. annealing 退火
B. quenclalng 淬火
C. stress relmvlng 应力释放
D. tempering 回火
E. normalizing 正火
8-23 For a steel having a chemical composition of ： 0.16 ％ carbon ， 0.84 ％
manganese ， 0.09 ％ nickel ， 0.25 ％ chromium ， 0.052 ％ copper ， and 0.40 ％
molybdenum，what is its Carbon Equivalent?
一个钢的化学成分如下：碳 0.16％，锰 0.84％，镍 0.09％，铬 0.25％，铜 0.052％，钼
0.40％，请计算其碳当量？
%Mn %Cr %Cu %M o
CE=%C + + + +
6 15 5 4
A. 0.23
B. 0.34
C. 0.37
D. 0.41
E. 0.46
Q8-24 Stainless steels are defined as having at least what percent chromium?
按定义，不锈钢的最少含铬量为多少？
A. 7％
B. 12％
C. 15％
D. 20％
E. 30%
Q8-25 Sensitization，or carbide precipitation，of austenitic stainless steels can be reduced by
which of the following methods?
通过以下哪种方法，可以减少奥氏体不锈钢的敏化或碳化物沉淀？
A. solution annealing，water quenching 固溶退火，水中淬火
B. using stabilized grades containing titanium or niobium(columbium)应用含钛或者铌之类
的稳定元素
C. using the low carbon grades of stainless steels 应用低碳不锈钢
D. all of the above 以上全都是
E. using high carbon stainless steels 应用高碳不锈钢
Q8-26 Metals must be molten for diffusion to occur．
金属必须熔化才能扩散
C. true 对
D. false 错
Q8-27 Hydrogen can diffuse into a solid metal at room temperature．
氢在室温下可以扩散到固态金属中
C. true 对
D. false 错
Q8-28 Metals can diffuse into each other when both are in the solid form．
当两个金属都呈固态情况下可以相互扩散。
A. true 对
B. false 错
Q8-29 The process whereby nitrogen diffuses into the surface of carbon steel is：
哪种方法可以使氮扩散到碳钢的表面：
A. sensitization 敏化
B. nitrogen removal 脱氮
C. carburizing 渗碳
D. nitriding 渗氮
E. none of the above 以上都不是
Q8-30 Welding metallurgy is concerned with the changes in the metals during welding．
焊接金属学是关于金属在焊接过程中的变化的学科。
A. true 对
B. false 错