EXPERIMErNT-11 Page No.

Date '20

Aim To COronnernt an etcercises of

hyberdisalentaggin9
bagging) through modtls|charts.
OBSERVATON
L. EMASCULATION
5 sdntiealien eoheps or scasers metfhod of emasutation,
G) TRS method fs employed in the crops having qlowes a
ugtienty og Bhe Hht cottons
G) This instrument ud in ths merhod inude pocket lens,
forceps , needle Sc'ssors sealpa hair brush etc.
i) In this process, anthers are removed fom flower s
betore maturation.
v)The ant'ers are cutut witt hdp sterithed foreps or
scissors

adeniieale hot or cold wale ond alehl emasclaie

u) I5is method ot ehnasculaleris employed the crops having
Snall sused ciee faady| sorghunn.
(i) Tn his method , the peniles , (laster of qlower ore
dipgad in hot water uoeUs°c] o 1-\0 min. to
Rel t e anthers
(i) In tte gomeay enmasculile is done ith cold ater
or alchel

Teacher's Signature
 (A) BEMOVAL OF ANTHER AF TER
S\NGLE HAIN DET OF HOBBY
OPENNG OF FLO WER

EMASCULATION B HOT WATER

 Page No
Date 120

adenlificalien bagg"g ,tagging labeMing

After emasculation, the flowers are covered with small
boqs to present pollinatfon ith undes'sed pollen qran
) Ihese bays are punctured or made perforated so, as
to prouid afratfon to the flowers.
are made up oy poly thene poper a muslin
cloth or rachment pape.
EAfter dustinq of desired polkeD graihs on ttu ernasculaien
qooers, the bags are rebagaed
) Paper fs tagged inthe plant melch diiplaus the date
e enaculahon, crossing 4 briy aecount
blan
 Page No
EXPERIMENT- 1a Date 20

To study populathfon densiry and requency 4 diyt.

plane species of a given area.
AEQUREMENT
Metre Scak ,shing or cord , nüly þaps penal ee

PROCEDURER
(9) Determinationof thes e of qyavdent 8
Prepare oal shaped structure Pn the id 1m xim by
vsing 3 noils tyig a strng them. Now measure
string with them.
\O Cm ne side of the arrm and then the other.
Prepare lOX0 Ba, cm area Osing another pfece of sring
Count the no. of species occur ing in thig area. Increase
this areo. Repeat the ame procedure t l 1x1 sq m
rea Covered
Record Observation 8
Usingthe ve record doto,prepare a qraph. No. of
the above
Species axe plotted on y ascis 4size quardent. on - axis.
At one point of qrapn curve starts flattening or shoS
miimum
only a qradal increase. This point denotes
area of the quardont &uutakle tocthe study of an
area Under on sideration

(9 Detenninton of populakton densithy reaenay?

Take a apadrant o suitabe size, laytt randomu at
no, of laces. Count the nO eoch plant speues prent
In the quarant. ts in quadrant úü
the no. of plants
larae the audhan can be diided int 8malleat
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Date 20

units of ae h
4 the sum total ot gubunits wilI
qive the o. of individuals a speces in the ayadrant

Populaion Density Total no. of fndividua h ael ayadYants

Total no of aadrants studiad

Freawen y
Total no. & avoôr ants f whfeh 'speea occured X 100

Total no of apadranfs studd

0BSERVATION ANO RESULT

Ghd populatfon density %percentage greawency -
PRECAUTNDNG -
1. The measuYement of avadronts should be acurate.
a Ihe thring or cord used should not be very thick.
3. One indidu of a species shoud be count ed ony
once în he atant
 NAIL

BsPECESNO.I

NAIL

S NO PLANT NO. oF T NO.F SPECIES QUADRANT PORULATION F AEQUE

ImOIVIOvAL INOIVIOAL OCCURES STUOIES DENSIY
SeECIES
IN AL CAJ
QUADRAN

5322
324o
3-2
5
60°la
3 5
 Page No
EXPERIMENT- 13 Date 20

TO Study the pollen germination and growth o þoll en

tube in apollinated growth in por tul acalgrass or any
other sutable glowerJ
REQULREMEN TS8
Fresh polinated y s protulara vgew or anyother
suitable 4lower, ql ass sd , covers\p ,needle , forcops ,
bn, dropper , saanin, glycane , blothing paper etc.
0BSERVATLON
kags y qminatng pollens are observed in
Deent
t'e ehama 4 style region o the carpel Sorme
poll en are fn ther ntial stage of qerminathon
tuae
Oth ers have quite leng pollen tue contaunng

PRE CAUTLONS9

Ony pollinated cCarpel should be selected for tthe

escperiment.
Teacfng should be done gntty.
3. Excess of qycerfne oater shou\d be removed by
bloing papers.
 > Poll ep
qrain

Pollen (Male aamete

tube

(A) pol en germinaton

Mole gamet

becondar
nule,

ce
An h pod

3ynergou

of polen tube in torp l Cls)

4rowth
 Page No.
EXPERIMENT-I4 Date 20

To shudy symbiotic assocfathon in root nodles egumirous

plant - cUSuta on host an d ifchens through model chart.
REQUIREMENTS
in
Mod.e shiuman | h t shouwing Aymbfo tie ossociahon
xoot nodulss og aqumims alant [þea blant], seta on
host a a iehens

THEORY
In nature aninals 9 plants e mferobes donot ond cannot
animals
ine fo association but fnteract in Vorious ways

each other
a. when two duterent specíes interact uoth
nterspecfc nter acton and are fn close assocratfon with
each other 'n such au0ay tha act ast one specles Ps
benetted while for otfher pec'ea the relationsh ip rnay he
or neural such asociatfon s calld
þositve,negatue
Aynbíote relationship.

3, There are three bos>e types of snbfotic elation Ship

Mutualism both are benesibed.
Commenallsm [one sp eeres is benefitted whil e other îs
neither benefited nor harmed)
Parosithin Lone specfes Ps beneftted and other fs hor med)

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 Page tio
120

0BSERVATION

( Rhizobfurn fn root noduled sasmimous þlomt Lpea plant).

Rh2obfurn bacteria are present in root nodutus oy sgurninau)
()
þlart.

relatönship , mutua'sm where both

) It forns a sunbiohc
Vae benefited from eoch other.
atmosþher e nitrogen fnto organ ic form
(t) These bocterfa fin
his organic yorm as/ nutrient for its
Plant oise
growth deelopment
ood shelter from root nodul o
() Rnizobn here qets
dequmfhous plont

Teacher's Signature
 Pea plant

Leguninow
plant

Rhizobiun

Ahizob'urn in root noduls o equrnons plant

Cper plant]
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Date 120

oJmtta on hot
OusCa wommeml aled vddeA or arn erbel and ne
s tm ectop arasite on other plants.

(1Y) kuseuta as no fully en þa.u ded Qorm of leaves[a°de

ie leaves are present has no chloro Py2.

() ula commony qound qrDuwng bn hedge þlants

) It \asts ts chlorophy in couse oy evoon.It
Leaves fn
Àerin es its nudiem om the host plant which it
parasites

(C Lhens
associaton
O Lichens ore composite yepresenthng a BymbiothC
[mutuafsm bctseen

()The Component is Known as thycobient & gungal

Component s Known al mycebiånt

absorb
lgae prepore good aoung provide ahelter and
mineral, nutrents &or ite Þartne

(iy hey qrou) on landg ,rocks tteetrunks and wa

house,fKe drug veqetokfon.

Teacher's Signature
Cectoporasite)

Wseuta erm

Hbusturia

host þlant ste n

eusM nhost

Llchens
 ASHOKA
Date
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Flash caAA mode shoung exonples hamalagouc

and and onslogou organs.

Hormalagou oxgansi
In Clants
Thocns Df houganu•llea e tendis of aucuhis.

Hoslgau orgnns have similar ravfain and ha?e

uche aut perfarm siy,xnt nctan în Atarent
Draanism
(HO|Hornalognus oraans chaw diverqent evatans

(O|They develop fn related ataanim

staaen f the developm ent are sonsiar
|)Exomhle &Thorns oE bougatvila and tandri af cucurbita
Thorn Cucurbta

Bauganvílen

illea g Tendrs cuwhs

augait
CThorns o b In þlant
Homdlagou ogon
 (m)Tney ()Exarmple b3Taey i
OHamdlogbus
OlAnalogaus PlantoIn
Slaeet
Land Aninas In
Sx perform
Same
AnalnaouknctíanA Analogaus
organs Momalagnui Forelinhs
develop perfurm
veopment
Auweel areindevelop potatatos 3
organs Eore
potato
rAans inorgans oraons cf
in lirmbsef ze
re
ditirent
lated
vertebrat
nrelakd Ahasarenerent and sho hove
e f
potato (onrg pototo3 aan orgoniAiverqentkuntionssinilar es)
dilherentoraaniim.
entaaluron in dog
oxaLn
bask bia, evdutn. in
aiterent ee Dete
sheucture whase basí
AsHOKL
Zucture
brganiin
but
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whoe

Hunans Bitd

[Forelimbs of vertebratesJ
|ornoleg ous orgons fn Anim ad

potatoel

Aralogou orgons in plants

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n Animals a
Lings Df bitds and buttealy
hut
are diberent Rn basic hucture
penton Same qunchon
eoiution
) Analoqous organs shau conNeKgent
(i)l They develo p h untotated argonfn.

(f) Stoges en duelopment ae aieserent

()Example & ain gs of hirdhat ep butier fey

E\fepers of penqu íne and dolohini

fram aterent ormÉn

Ol Renquín and dalphin ae cunlwedConvrqen
Hherefore they aYe example of t evotion
nt
(ommon t c t r e
Iif)Bh of these organism amer qed

are Sinnlar and hence

hese are exomple af anasgaus organs.

 (a)
oing
f
bird
Exornplef
Analgou
analogs
orgon
flpperof
organ Dolphin buterfy
wingof
in ()
in Anrmald
Animal
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AShokA.
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Dalphins are eolved rom the mammala at waR

Jand penquins are evolved omthe birds that ley

ue o an octopuk and a mamma

OTn morhhotogBcaly theSe tuoo ocgans may look cimilar

t each other

H) The dilherence in foeusing lignron the retina hy sctops

\ens fr mammali ous igi by changing he

shape of lenc uchg ciiary musclea.
the thest
lenes arther and closer to táeîr yetna

Both organs perform related uncton that fs

lon \qht on retna e ar
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Retina

neves Retina

Spot

op hc nerve

nérve
e g cephol opod
Eyes of verltoraes
Ex armpre of anoogou orgor animal