Sndex

Staff Member's
Title Page No. Date
No. Signature

1 |To study he pollen genminathion on a slide

2 To study pant populaion density by quadat. s/&/2.

method

3 To study plant papulation fnequency by 9 |5/s/22.

4 quadnat method

To psepane temponany acetoanmine sained L3

amount of onlon soot tip to study vanious
Stoges of mitosis

5 iSolate DNA Pom available plant. mabenial 26/8/22 veb

Such as spingch leaves, qpeen pea Seeds,
popaya,etc.

6 To study the Aosens adapted to pollination

by diffenent agencies (caind , insect and biad)
26
ala<22.|
To study he pollen gennination and gaowth oY
pollen tube in a pollinated pishil (in Pre
btulaca qnass on ans othen Suitable foaen)

To shudy anà identify the stages of gamete. 38 a6/a/22

development in mouse (mammal) ie,TS af
testhis and LS of ovany thsough pemanent slidel
 Onde

Page No. Date Staff Member's

No. Title Signature

To studs meiosis_ in onion bud cells

onion bud hacugh 45
cels thacugh 164/22
penmanent slide

T Study TS of bastala bhstula thaough.

benmanent slide

11 To study Mendelian inhenitance using seeds of 52

diffenent cealoun/Size of any plant

12 1o Shuds the paepned pedignee chants of geethe 61 30/g/22 h

lgenetic taaits Such os Jolling oê tongue,
blood qaoups.,coidoa's peak ,colounblindness,
letc.

13 To comment on the exencise of hubaidizaticn

(emasculation,togging ond kagjing)ihaough
models/ chants
44 Study smeiehe comMon fie- Disease
Causing sagasi onganism.

16 T study synbictic associoion in aoot nodules 92 44/10/22

of lequminous plant,Cuscota ef on host, lichens

16 To study cxampies ofcondshunslogus and analga 99

ongans using Rash
Biology Jourrnal

EXPERIMENT-01

Aim:

To study he pollen geninaion on slide.

Requinements:

Fnesh seosonal Aocwens , side , Covenslip , miooscope, ucnase , boalc acid , mognes\um
sulphate , potossium nitsote, beokens.

hoceduae:

L. Bhepoe a nutaient solution by dissolving 1og SuCNOSe, dog bonic acid , 80 ma

magnesium slprote and 20mg potassiurn nibote in 100n of coaten.
gnain
2.Take a Feo dnops of this solution on o cleon slide ond dust a Feco pollen
aom the stomen of a matne Rocwe on stigma.

it negulany
3.Obsenve the slide in the micoscope of 5 minutes and then obseve+
Pon obout hal? an houo.
 Obsenvation:

In nutaient medium ,the polen gaain geminates. The tube. cels enlages and
Comes out df pollen goain haough one of he gaen pones to foam a pollern
tube. The tube nucleus descerds to the tip of pollen tube. The genenative cell
also passes into it..TT soon divides into two male gametes. Each male gomeke
is lenticulan to sphenicalL in outline.

Pnecauions:

1. Kowens should be faeshly plucked.

2. Use clean slide to obseve the pollen gnains.

 -Itine

Ger
Pose -ollen te

Tube nucleus

Exine

-Pollen tube

Yae gometes

Ginatiorn c pollen qmoins

 Journal

Plont Species| Numben of individuats pen Total no. of Totol no. of Populoion
No. quondhont individuals quadhants density
ih all quodor sthudied N/B
studied (

1. 2 3 L 13 5 26
2 3 10 5 2
3 5 26 5-2
L
18 5 3-6
5 5 4 19 5 3-8
P 2 43 13 5
Biology . Journal
5

EXPERIMENT- 02

Alm:

To study plont populahion density by quodsot method.

Requinements:

Geterm Cotton /nylon haead (ive meters), 4nails and a hammen

Pocedune:

1. In the selected site of studg , make a tm x im quadaat coith the help oY nails
and thaeads. Hommern he nails iamly and make Sle hat the vegetahon is
not damaged cahile laying the quaánat

2. List he names oP the plont species seen in the quadnat (1f he nome is not
knocon mank these as species A 0n 8 etc, and the Same species if seen in
othen quadnats assign the some alphabet.).

3.Count the number of individuals of each speies pasernt in the quadbat and
Jecosd the dato as shocon in the table.

H. Similoaly make nlne moae qundnats aandomly in he site of shudy and necasd
he ames and numben of individuals of each Species.
 Biology Journal

Densits Total no. of individuols in all quadnats Studied

bpulation
Total no. of Quodnats studied

Bhecautions:

1. The measlnement oF quadnats should be acuDate.

2 The staing os cond used should not be veny thick.

3.One individuol of a species should be counted cnly once in the quadnat.

Biolou dournal

EXPERIMENT- 03

Aim:

To shudy plant populahion Faeguency by

guadat method.

RE Requinements:

Coton Nglon thaead of 6 metes , Hnails and a hammen

hocedue:

L. In the selected site of shudy, make a imk im quadnat aith he help of nails
and thaead. Harinen hat he nails Aamly and make Sne that the
vegetotionis not damaged while laylng the quadnat.
a.t list the names of plant species seen in the quadat (if thak the name is
not knowN mark these species as species AonB etc. and if the same
species is seen in then quodnats assign he same dphabet

3. Sinilanly lay nine mose quodnats sandomly in he site of study and necosnd
the names of individuals o each species.

aCalculate he pencentnge Faequercy of occunence using he fosmula given

 8 Bology Journal

no Plant Speres No. of individuals per Totol ho. of Totol no. ofl
quodaont quodnonts ydnt p
in all quadro studied
Jots studied
B) X100

3
1

2 b 3 2 1 L

3 C 6 6 100
L 80
S 5

2 3 20
 Biology Journal

Poncentoge Bhquency = Totol no. of qundnats in ohich SPecles octuned ,.

Total no. o qundngbs Shudied

ecautions:

1.The measUnement of guadnats 8hould be accunate.

2. The staing oa cond used should not be veny thick.

3., One individual of ospecies Should be counted only once in the quadrat.
 13
Biology Journal

EXPERIMMENT- 04

Aim:

To pnepae temposany ocetocanmine stained amount of onion nOot ip to Shudy

vanious stages of mitosis.

Requinemens:

Onion bulbs, conical Aasks,/gloss botles, Cosked vial/tube , petsidishes , scissos,

fonceps , needles , methyl alchot alcohol , acetic acid , hydochlonic acid ,aceloean
acetoconine, disklled.aaten, spioits lomps,micnoscope, slides,coveslips ,
blothing popen, etc.

Pocedne:

4.Take a medium sized of bulb of onion and aúm oFP he old aocts &fnom
is base bå mass of a shanp blade.

2. Mlace he onion on a conical Rask glass bote Ril oF coaten. keep it fo1 a
Coeek to goco the soots.

3. Gut.6rnm of the ips of sots and put them into a vial containing amiztce
of 4:9 acetic acid and methanol .Keep foa one houn .This pocess is calsd
betaueen H:00 am
Auction. Gadting of noat ips shoud be done. in the manning betoeen
anion bolb

Roots

Botte

woter crio

Method of
 14
Biology Journal

to R:00 0m.

Remove 2 on 8 noots Hps and bydnoluse them by aoanning to 60°c in ty

hydnochloaic ocid fon t6 minutes.
Rernove the noot tips ond auash them tha thosoughly in caten.

6. Place a dhop of acetocaamine on a ide slide.fut on ha

hydnolysed aoat
tp in a dhop ef and place a coveslip on the acot.

3. Genty squash he oot by tapping he.coenslip_ coith he blunt end a²

a pencil'om needle. until he cells sepanate and
spaead out into a venu thit
Loyen .oke sune hat thene Qne no aia bubbles unden the
covenslip.

Obsenvations:

AInkenphase:
-T IS non- dividing phase of he cell cycle
divislons.
betooeen tuo Succesalve cell
b Chomgin fbaes appean in the Poam of a netcoonk cothin the
© Nuclean evelope and aueec Auelea nucleus.
nucleolug ane dishnct.
2. Por Prophase:
Choomain matenial shonteng and condenses into thaead like
chaomosomes. giuctune calleo
b Each chaomosormes consists of too chaomatids ,
jolned at a polnt alled centbaornd
 Biology Journal
15] 15

ObsenvationS:
oder low power of he micaoscope , sectongul n cells with pink nucleus
Seen Scotened. Under high pooen oP the mt noscope fo llousing etages
become isinct

Matusotion
zOne

zone of Eophase
elong ati on Metaphase
Anophase
Meismetic Telophase
Z One Trtenphase

Difenent stoges of mitosis in onion soot ttp

 stageTelophose onopras lote
ne Nuclean
Pibaes
-spindle
plote cell Cchsomatid)
chaomosomes
nucl-Doughten
ei auoll cell
-Douahier
cels
onapose tanly ctageMetophage
--+- -chiorm0Somes
Hbaes
nes-spindle -epindie
paophase. Lote
cooll cell kem
-Chaomosome
rucieolus-Disoppeaning
membsonc -Nucleo
paophase Eanly sTrttage ephase
membaane
cell
fibaes
omes 3) -Chomathin
Nucleolus
coll cell -
e Nuclean memboone
Nuclean
luNucleo
S
rnal Bology 16
Biology Journal 17

) Nuclean membaane and nucleolus ahes Stont disintegnation and disoppe

ot the end of psophase.
at

3. Metaphoase :
) Abipolan spirdle develops in the cells. ChaormoSomes become thick and too
chaomatids of each chaomosome become cle.
b) ChTlomoSomes become arnanged at the equatos of he spindle.
Each chnomosome gets atHacked to he spindle Abnes at its entno mene.

a. Anaphase:
The too sisten chaomatids of ech chaomasomefsepanate Bom hem centaomene
and more toamds the opposite poles.
) The daughten chaomosomes (sepanated chomatids) appean y,I, Land I shapes,
depending upon the position of centaomene.

6.Telophase:
uncoils to orm
) The spindle disappeans and he daughte chaomaso meg
choomatio Abne at the too poles.
b Nuclean membane and nucleolus sneappeons and two daug hten nuclei ppean
ot opposte poles.
Cytokinesis occwS by cel plote fonmahon betcoEen the-d too daughter cells.
)

Peautions:

contact aoith asaten

A.he bse of the onion bulb ghoud be in coataaced
cohile gooing he soots.
 Biology Journal

Root ps should be ixed in the moning betoeen 8 to t0 &m.

The side should be cwanmed gentty much above

he Rame oF the gpiait
Lanp.
Bology Journal 21

EXPERIMENT- 05

Am:

To isolate DNA Eoom ovoilable plant matenial guch as spinach leaves ,geen pea
seeds , papya.

Requinemets:

Plaont matenial mostan and pesHe, beakens6, test tube, liquid detengents, non- iodised
Sodium chloside, disilled coaten, meot tendeizeng o papain solution /juice of
papaya , pirneapple juice , 96% ethanol, spol, etc.

Baepanation of Soluions:

Detengent galt solution is poeponed by adding tomt liquid detengent and tog of
distilled coate..
non - iodised sodium chloaide to oml oF

tendenizen Cenzyme) to
’ Meat tendeizen solution is paepaned by adding Sq o
muslin
96ml of disilled coaten &(Juice of papaya / pineapple) Hltened thaough
meat tendi bendonizen,
cloth can also be used asasubsitute o

is paeponed by dissolved 59 of ron- iodised Bodium chlonide

5% Nacl solufion
in A00ml of dishilled cuaten.
20
22 Biology ournal

Chilling of ethanol must be done by keeping 95% ethanol in plasic

bottle in the Pneezen overnight.

ocedune:

L.Take 5a of the plant issue and gaind it in he mosaton by adding 40n

|debengent salt solution and Rlten it thaough muslin cloth.

2.Tike doml of Altouote., add g-4nl tendeizen papaya juice and stoil the
test tube by holding he tube betuoeen tuo hands to mix the cantents.

s.Aun toml chilled ethanol canefully douon he slide of the test tube to
Poam alayen on the top of the context., let it stand undishobed fon
about 3 minutes.

4. Using the alass aod stis gently haough intenface of the too layens t
collct the psecipitate of DNA acid place it in a test tube cith 5
Nad. on dishilled coaten

5.The quantity of DNA paesent in he given material can be estimated

haough specbaaphutometen.

Obsenvation:

The addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA to

paecipitate. Ihe
Biology Journal 25

DNH AbsNeS appean as cohite paecioitate oP veny Ane hneads on hegoss

spool.

Phecaution8:

4.The plant matenial shoud be coashed thaa thosOughly coith dishlled coaten to
Demove any dust and died by blotting befoae coeighing
2. All the glasscoanes musk be thovoughy ceaned and dnied.

3. The chemicals ond enzymes used Pon the expeiment must be of Standaad
quality cohich Should be monufachued by standsad phcnmaceuticols.
26
Biology Journal

EXPERIMENT-06

Aim:

To shudy the Aowens adapted by diPenent agencies.

Requisements:

Faesh Rosens of maize on any othen ceneals /gass, Galvia /ocimum and
Bnassica (mustand) Foneceps , hand lens,slide , needle,ete.

Pnocedue:

Ploce the given Fowen on a slide and obseve it wth he help oP hand
Lens. Note doon the adaptations of he Rowens meant o polinathon by the
extenndl ogencies.
’ Maize Posens (AnaemophiloS 0n Wind pollinated Roxoes)

he maize Aooens shouss he Follocing adapBation fon pollination by

coind.
4. The maize plant is monoecius and bens unisexual Aoaens. The male Rawe
ane bosn in tenmindl infeaescence cohile the Pemnale Rooes ane boon in
euillaay inPloaescence.
Roloqu Journal
27

male Mowen

pollen grains
Tossel

Lob
Elongata shyles
-pollen qains of another plant
stiga
Anernopbily in Maiz e

Rentheny sigma
vens atile
anther

-ovay

Featheaing stignvo and yensatile oYanyin

a Haen of gass
 BioBogy Journai
28

cosed stigra
fentile athen lo

steile anthen lobe

Jshedding of poller
Q5ain on the bock
the inse ct
Biology Journal 29

2. Flowens ne Small and inxonscipious.

The Plowens ne colounless, odounless and nectanless.

H.Fiouwens ane pnoduced above the Pe liage on placed in honging poçiton.

6.Both the sigma and anthen6 ane exeted (i-e. hangs outside penianth).

6.. Anthens ne versaile and pollen gnains one. lght , gmall and dusty.

. The pollen qaains ne pooduced in vey lanqe nambes.

boanched toto eaten ar cotch wind boTn pollen

s. SHama is hoisy Featheny on boonched
gnains.

’Salvia Flowens (Entornophilous os insect pollinated flocens)

The Rowes of galvia shoa Pollocoing adaptaions fn pollination by insects.

1The AocoerS ne gnooy and bnightly coloured fon atbactiog pollingting insects.
tAgpieiors
2.The Acoens ne bon in vetticellasten inosescence to become
Conspicuous.

aFlowens Secnete. necton to feed visiing insects. Nectan gands ane placed in
Such a position thoat an insect must touch both the anthens and sigmas,
 30
Biology Journal

4. The Rows have londing plotfoam foa the insects.

tuan pip#
6. The RoweNS ane pnotandnons with bilipped coolla and have
0 leven mechanism.

lobe to
6. Each stamen has long connective ohich beans a Pentile anther
staike agairst its back at the uppen end and steile plate like anthe
lcbe at the lowen end.The hoo stenile anther plates block iato the
path of insect.

7.,As he insect moves inawand a young Rowen in seonch o nectan,its

heod pushes, the anthe plate ike anthen lobe and Posnces anthen lbbet
to staike against its back

3.Ih olde Rowens the shyle boings the stiqma în such a position that it
bushes againt the book of insect and collect gnains baought by he
nsects Poom a youg goung Rlowen.
’ Bigonia /Cauistemon (Bote ish) Rowens (Anithophilous oa Bind polinobed
PAousens)

The Aocwens of Bigonia ghoco Rollouwing odaptahon3 an polinchion

by biads

4. The Rouers ane

Sualigboigthly colouned- ned, osange,yellow oabrt
2. The Aonal paats e
Commonly \eathery
 31
Biology Journal

e-Matune stigna

-aithening anther

sigma neceiving
pollen gains fsom
the back of insect.

folinotion of Solvi
321
32 Biology Journal

-Hurmning bisd

RAllinaion in Bigonia
9.Tn Some eeas cases, he eenah
conolla one leathny
4 The Rowen secete abundant aoateny
nectan on have edible pats.
6 The nectan is secneted -in Such aburdance that dops of it cnn be
bnought
doon by Shaking boonches.

6.The Aowens me
qenenaly odounless on cothout RaagmencE: fnagp1ance.
34
Hology Journat

EXPERIMENT- 01

Aim:

To Study the pollen gernination and gsocoth of pollen tube

polinated pistil (in foahulaca/gnass osn any othen suitable fotaen).

Requigemenbs:
Fnesh pollinated Aouwes of Postulaca /gas on any dthen Suitable Rowen,
gloss slide , Covenslip , needles, fonceps, baush, dnopper, 8aanin,qycenint,
petaidish, aten ,bloting popen, micncscope, et.

Rnocedune:
2.Toke out the pollinated conpel Bom the Aooen of Potulaca/ gnass on
any othen suitable Aowen and place it on a glass slide in a dnop of
oater. Gentts tease it coith the help of needles o pick up the canpel
Poom the Aouwen and cut a longttudinal secton of it. Place the
section
On a gasS slide in a dnop o coaten.

2. foun a daop of safsanin on he teased canpel on

its section and oash t
coith oate.

3.Put a daop gycenine and coven he teased eanpel an lts section with
 Biology Journal

Poller qain
-Pollen tube

Stigro

Male gometes

Pollen gnoins
-follen tube

-Style
Antipodal cels

Secondany Auc'eus

Synengids
 Covenslip. Remove the extaa guceine oith blotting popen. cbseve he
paepaain unden he high potwen of to o michcsCope and daaco he diaanams
of difenent stages of polen genmination.

Obsenvation :

gezminating pollens cme absenved he sigma-an stigma

|DIferent stoges oF initial stage
copel. Some pollens gne in thein
ond Style segions oP he containing tabe nucleus
have quite long pollen tobe
of genminaion cBhes
and too male nucdei.

becoutions:
be selectd fos the expeniment.
anpels should be
1. Only polinated
tubes aNe not neptuned.
should be Sothot the pollen
9. Tensing
nermoved by P bothng paper
gycenine /awaten should be
3.Excess of gyerine
 EXPERIMENT- 08

Aim:

To Gtudy and identify the stoges o gamete development in mouse (mamng

ie TS of Testis and Ls- of ovony thaough penmanent glide

Requinements:

amanent slide of TS of testis and L-8- of ovany, micnoscope.

Ahoceduei

|ix the pemanent slide unden the micNoScope. Finst obseve it unden the do
Powen and then unden high pocoer.

Obsenvaion:

TS- of Testis
1 The testis of a mouse (mammal) is covened buy a thick Abaous tissue called
tunica albuqinea.

oThe testis consists oY numenous SeminiPenous tubules embedded in the

intenstitial tissue.
 Turito albuzinea
Blood vessel
geminifenous tuoule
Sertolicells

Itagtiial cells
Connective is3ue
-Germinal, cpithelium
spenmatugori
spunatotes
Spemaid
-Sperrmatozo0
Gponotoz0a

Spenrnaid
-senday penmabcyte
9itoli cells
paimany
spenrsto cute

-pomatagonicn
 tgo nest

secordans Policle
paimany folicle
Biood vessel
Tentiony folicle
Costex

-Mesovaium
viscenal penitonium
Goafian Pollicle

-Conpus alblicons

Conpus luteum

Rupture folicle

medulla

A cechon of ovany ot mouse

Biology Journal
41

3. VniouS types oY genminal cells ane pnesent Rnom outside tbands Lumen in
the Polloing sequance.
Gpenmatogonia spenmatocytes spenmatids ’ spenmatozoa ’ 6pems
4. Betoeen qenminal cells , ppamid sbaped cells called sentoli cells
ane paesent.
5.A lnge numben oF spematozoa coith theis heads enbedded in
sentoi cells
me paesent in the lumen o seminifenous tubule.

6.The intenshitial tissue also contain leydig cells, cohich pacduce male sex
hoamones testostenone.

vs of ovong
4Amouse cvany is solid sbuctune bounded by genminal epithelium flbcoed
by a thick layen of Abaous Hssue, the tunica albuginea. albuginia.

2. The ovany consists oF outen costex and innen_medula.

3.The medulla also contoins blood vessels, nenve kbaes and some Smooth
muscles.

4.The medulla contoins many nounded on oval bodies called ova

Goakon folicles at vaoious stages oF development.

5.Each follicle contains a lage ovum Suvounded by many layens oY Follicle

cells.
 6. The contex contains young ond matwe follicdes.

a.The cantex may also contain a lange mass of yelo Cells temed coaps
Luteum, foamed in an empty Gnoafian follicle afe he aelense of its ovur

Aecoutions:

4. finst cbseve the slide unden lous pooer and then unden the high pouen
f micnoScope.

2 Use Ane adiustment of the usekes micnoScope oa Pocusing the slide

unden hiqh poen.
Biologs Journal 45

EXPERINENT-09

Aum:

T0 study meiosis in onion bud cells thacugh peranent slide.

Reg,inemernts :

emanent slides of dffenent stoges of meiosis in onion bud cells,

|micncscope.

Ob_evations:

Unden the high powen of micnoscope, follocaing stages of Meiosis

distinctly obseved.

AMeiosis -I

1Bophase -I
|Long dunation and have 5 Sub- Stages.
a Leptotene
Chaonain fbses condense and fosm hick thaead ike stauctnes called
chaomasomes.

|Nucleoan envelope and nucleolus me different.

 Biology Jou

(O)
46

b. Zygotene
Homologous chaomoSomes Pom pains called bivolent. This paizirg is
alled syapsis.
The individual of o paio aae Similan in length and in pcsiticn cf theia
centsomere.
c. Pachytene
The too chaomatids of eoh choomosomes become visible, 8o that a
bivalent becomes a tend.
ChoSsing oven (exchange of chaomahd segments betaeen homclogous
chaomosomes takes place betcoeen non- sisten chacmatids oF hamcionous
chaomosomes.
d. Diplctene
The two chaomosomes of eoch bivalent move ef accay and homcicq cus
ne held togethen at one cn mone points called chiasnata.
e. Diakinesis
he bivalest fhornoBogout-ehaemesermes) eanege themsetves tt the ee
ef the spdte
’The spindte gets Hormologous chomosomes appecn think and airg shaped
’ Nucleolus and nudean envelope disappea and spindle begins to be
fosmed.

2. Mebaphase -I:
’The bivalent (homologpus chaomosomes) mange thenselves at he eas
Of the spindle.
’he gpindle gets atached to the centaomene oF the chsomcseme.
BiologyJournal 47

S4gctene Achgtene

Diokinesis
Diplatrnt

Motophace I
48
Biology Journal

Anaphase-I

Telophase-I

Bophase- I
 49
Bioloay Journal

3. Anaphase-I:
pole.
The tooo chaomosomes of each bivalent. move to he opposite
chaomaids each.
aith tuDo
Each pole has holf he numben c chaomosomes oith

4. Telophase-I
choomosome at eadh pole uncoil. anà Rueleeug nucleolus and nuclen
’The
ervelope neppem.
cells.
atokinesis occs to Fom thoo haploid daughten

Tntenkinesis:
intevene betcoeen meiosis I and meiosis TL.
may
veny shoat intenphase

1. Bophase - TL: begin to condense and become thick.

daughten cell
’ The chsomosomes of beging to disappean.
Nuclean envelope and nucleolus

2. 1Metaphase-I spindle.
’The chaomoSomes oane amanged on the equaton of the
at the centnomene to both the poles.
by Spindle
’Each chnomosome is held

3.Anaphase-II: each chaomosomes

(doughten chomoSomes) of
’ The sisten chaomaids opposite poles.
seponote and mignate toands he
chaomosomes.
pole thus, necieves haploid numben of
Each
 Hiologyousnat
50

4. Telophase -IL:
and become thin.
’ The chaomasomes begin to uncoil
The nuclem envelope and nucleolus ane seconsitue..

occuns and fouo daughten cells ne foomed ench coith hopou

Cgtokinesis
numben of.chaomoSomes.

Aecouions

1. Flonal buds should be Pxed between 8- 10 AM

2. Slide should be coonmed gentty to avoid oren heating.

BiologyJournal 51

Metaphase-I1

Ahaphase-T

---B

Telophase - 1
52 Biology Soarnl

Irner cell mas

Thophoéctodom
Foynative cells
Taophoblast
tot
Blastocoel
Zona pelhecida
Albuminous Layer
anound zona

T+S of Blastula
BiologyJournal 53

EXPERIMENTH09

Aim:

To study TS of Blastula thugh penmanent slide.

Requinements:

nmanent slde of blnshula , micIOscope.

Bhocedune i

the slide of TS oP blastula unden micnoscope. Finst obsenve the slide

Ax
micNOScope.
unden Loo pooen then unden hgh powen of he

Obsenvotions:

cels.
1.I1 is a spheical moss cY abaut sixty-oun

composed of an outen eretepe envelope of cells, the tophob last

2.T is
( embaycblast).
o taophoectodenm and inker innen cel mass
eaHed cavity called blastocoel
8.Within he envelpe thene is a Puid Alled
54

4 The side of the blastocyst to cohich the imnen cel mass is

atoched is called the embycnic ca animal pole , cohile the oppeaite
Side is the abembsDyonic pole.

5. The innen cell mass ie the paecuNScn oF he enbauo.

Precautions:

1. Fiast ous the slide unden low pouuen , then unden high pooen o?
miNoscope.

2. Use fine odjustrnent chile Pocusing he slide unden high pouwen of

the micnosope.
Biology Jourrnal 57

EXPERIMENT- 41

Aim:

To study Mendelian inhenitonce using seeds of difPerent coloun /size oF

any plant.

Requinements:

Pea seed sample , enamel tbaay, petai dishes, notebook , penaL/pen.

Bocedue:

in an enamel taay.
1.Take a Lot of about A00 pea seeds

sound and coinkled seeds and put them in seponate

2. Sepanote out
petnidishes.
nound and cosinkled geeds and alculabe theia
8. Note doun the number of
appaoximate satio.

ef fo the othen contoasting toait oP the seed

4.Repeat the paoceSS
colown.
Le, yellow and gaeen
58 Biology Journal

onclusion:

The constaasting Posms in both the taaits o pea seed (i-e. geed
shape and Seed Colow) shoon on appaoximate saho of 3:1.This
aaho is exoctty the same as obtained by Mendel fon monohybaid
ChOSses and indicate that the dominant and secessive osms O?
Seed shape and seed colown exist in the nahio of 3:1 in the
pot populoion of pea seeds.

Phecaution8:

1.Take a suficienty longe Duben df seed lot fon analysis to minimise

the ern031.

2.] Obsøve the contnashing foam of the taait oneklly.

 Boloau Jourmat

OMalc sex unspecified

0 ating OMaing betwcen

ATected individals nelotives
fnents oPanents oith 5 unoffected
Do above
childnen
male child
ctspalng
affected coith
belo diseosc

dstill death
Ø deceased

Romon numeralS Aaabic numenals

= Genenations
hdividiuals coithin
Tooin genenation

Symbols os comnon humon pediasee anolysis

An
IL A -00 Aa Aa-AA
2 aa

T Aa A A
2
3
EXPERI1ENT- 192

Aum:

To Study the paeponed pedignee chants oP the genetic taits such as

noling oF tongue , blood goloups., aidouw's peak. , coluni blindness, ete.

Requisements:

Rseponed pedige chants o genetic taits.

Bocedune:

casite Comment on it.

Obseve the given pedigmee chont and

hoblemi (Thability to soll the tongue)

appeaas in the paogeny due to secessive gene.

Thabiliby o noll he toogue folloaing
ind out the possible genotype oY he Fomily membens in he
pedignee.

Soluion /Comments

panent due to
to psesence oP too
tu
he Fathen
The taait is psesent n
62 Boiogy Jcum

Jecesive. genes (I-2aa). The taait an appean in he paogeng ony

cohen it becomes homoz49ous necessive.Snce, only cne of the pacge
onies he tnait , the mothen panent must be Aetenczygous
(test cnos -Aa xaa= 60y. heteozgous, 507% necessive) , ie,I-ia.
I-1 is I-2, I-3, T-4 ane hetenozugoas (test cooss) and, tr
Aa. The test cSS betooeen I-1 Gnd hea husband dso paoduces ene
homozygous necessive(TL -2 =aa). This is possible only if he ousie
is hetenozygous (Aa). Nctoly IM-1 is also a hetenczygous (Aa)
T-3 is hetenozaus (Ao). Hen husband con eithen be hetenozugus
(Ato AA (Aa xAaAA, 2Aa ,a) en homezugous dominant (AaX AA, 2AA, 2A
Since none cf the paogeny is coith necesive solling tongue the
possibility is hat the neo enmant in the pedigree is homczygout
dorminant (AA). I-3,M- 4,M-5 ane erthen AA o Aa.

Problem 2 (widoco Peak)

In the pedignee given belao , indicate cohethen the ghoded sunoais

belong to dominant o3 3ecessive tnait. Also give genctupe oê the
ohole pedignee.
Solution / Comments

Since the Bhaded &ybols appEnn in all the cfspaing, ahen must be
homozuous dominant cohile he mothes homo244cus eCesire
(AAX &aa = all Aa) because in all othe cases hs possibility s abse*
(Aa Xaa = 2Aa +20a; aa XAA all Aa; aa XAa = 2aA +a). A he
membens oY I gnenation cwill, theneone, be heterozygos (A). hs S
 64
Bioloqu Journal

3 5

Ao. Aa Aa
2 3

Aa aa Aa
Aneauourtal
65

Rsthen conFiomed by maniage of I-1 caith

(Aax aa 2 aa XAa) beons childsen of hormoz4gouS Iecesare
the pmental types. Meoninge
both the
of I-3 coHth the homozygous seCESs0ve on paoduce both necessive and
hetenozygous.

Boblem 3 (coloun blinàness)

Coloun blindness is a gex inked 3ecessive disooaden of humans. The pedignec

chant given beloco shoas the inhenitance of colounblindness in one Ramily -
Shay the patenn of nheitonce and ansaen the folloxoing.

i Give al he possible genotypes of the membens 4,5 and 6

in the pedigree
chant.

ghoos that he individ ual 14 is a cavnien of coloun blindnes.

iL A blood test memben numbened 44.
15 hos necenty manied the
The memben numben
theia inst child coill be hemephilic male
khat is possibility that

Soluhon/Comment
paesent on X- chanomasome (K$), while
allele fo colou blindness is
i. The
not bean cosnesponding allele Posn he
the chaomosome -X does
chomosome he secieves Rnom his mothe.
one X-chaomosome , ohich
A male has onls
iF his mothen is Cavien.
blindness mvnien and Pather
He is coloun mothen is a
become colouwn blind,auhen hen
’Aemale
Colou blind.
66 Biology Journal

Thus in obove cose,

The genctype of numben 4 coill be xx, that of memben 5 coillxY
and that of memben 6 coill be x¥.

ii. The possibility of 1st child to be colounblind coill be 25%

RooayJournol

67

Caner cooman Nomal penson

XY

Gonetes

XX Nonma
Colouablind
Noamol male
Posible Conien
fernale female
man
68
Biology Journa

Trstoument used in he pocess o bubaidisarion

Stgma
-StyieAntther
-petal
sepal
-Ovany
Biology Journal 69

EXPERIMENT- 13

Aim:

and
To comment on the exercises of hybsidisaion (ernasculoton ,toggg
bogging) haough models /chants.

1. Emasculation:

Tdenhiicaion: foscepg os scissons method of emasculation.

Comment:

cnops having Pouwens of sufficiently Longe

This method is employed in the
size lint cotton.

his method include pocket lens, foaceps ,needle,

i.The instument used in
Comel hain baush, etc.
sciSSoS, Scalpel,
fnom the AocwNS befose theio
this_psocess anthens ane semoved
1. In
matunghion.

help oF stellized fosceps 0 ScisSoTS.

oh the
v. The anthens ane cut
70 Biology Journot

Tdentification:- Hot on cold aoaten and alcohol emasculaion

Comments :

i. This method of emasculaion is employed the oops having Small

Aowes like paddy, songhu , etc.
üI, this method of the penicles (dusters of Powens) ne dipped in
hot woten (40°c -L46°c) fn 4-40 minutes to kill anthens.

i .In the same cooy emasculation is done oith cold coaten oa alcohol.

2. Tagging and Bagging:

TderthAcoion:- Bagging , togging and lobelling

Comment:

i Aften emasculation , the Rocsens me covened coith Small bogs to pnevet

pollinction caitth undesioed pollen gsains.

.Thege bags ne made p oY pokgthene, papo , mus in eloth oa panch

paper.
Biology Journal 71

Rernoval of anthers
CEmasculotion)

panent
parent

Thonfen of pollination
(Pollination)

FosIceps 05 SciSSOns method o emasculation

72

Bagaing or diffeert of piant

BologyJourmal

. These bogs me puncBuaed co9 mode oemrated so s to psise

psende
acuntion of the Aowgs.

iv. The AoweNs o male ponents me dlso pactecked in bogs to ptIt

mixing oY theia pollen gaoin cith Reag Peneign pless.
V. Aten dusting oY the desined polen gaains cn the emascaloed Aue,
Hhe bags ekogged.
dispiaus he dote cf
vi. A lobel of papen is tagged on the plant cwhich
emasculahon, caossing and baie? account of the pcoents.
74
Biology Journal

ExPERINENT-14

Aim:

Study of common disease causing onganism.

Ihtnoduchion:

Tdentiication of Specimens and appean prepaned slides is one of

the simpostont pat of biological poacthicals. Specimens of Some
Common disense causing cogonisms bones and paeponed slides one
genenallg sed fon this puapose.
) Fos a Specimen examine it conefally oth naked eyes as aell as with
Bhe help of hond lens. Onaco its labelled diagam and
eonite doon the
fectune o its idenhkicotion.

i) on poepaned sides cbseve the side aough

micnoscope Canekdy. aaa
its labelleð dioggom and doun its featues to identification.
Dnaa

Common disease causing

orgniSnsi
Entamoeba:

Tdertfication - Entamoeba histolyica

 76 BiologyJournal

-pseudopodium
Food vess les
Posma
membane

Ectoplas
Nucleus
-Endospenm
Ihgested
boctenia Thqested ned
bood cell

meeba htsto lutica

BiologyJournal
77

Diseose Coused Armoebasis os Ames Amoebic

Comments -
dysenty
I 0is human poonsite that sesides in the uppen pont of g u
causes
Sses the disease oalled gmeebeet omoebic. dysentis os amoebiasis.
s. The Symptoms of he disease indude obdomindl._ pain,aepeated motions
oth blood and mucus
4 The panasite is unicellulan and has one pseudopodium.
6There is a Single nucleus and a numben of food yacuales.
6. Feeds ned blood eels conpuScles by damaging the awall o lage
Intestine and seoching the blood copillanies.
. psoduces ulcens and can also neach othen body 01gans.

2 Plasnodi um:

Tdentificotion- Plosnoodium vivOx (Malanial panasite)

Disease cauSed- Malania
Comments
humon body in spoNoZoite stage by the bites o female
4Plasmodiuo entes
Anopheles mosquito.
is spindle snaped ond uninucleated onganisms capable of
2The Sposozoite
oniggLing movement.
cels ane paoduce uyptomenozoiteg. The
3.The sponozoites infect liven
paoduce metacnyptomeozoites.
Laten enten neo iven cells and
RBS and pases aophes taophozoiteg Signet,
4.The metonyptonenozites enten and pocduce schizont and
aod
and amoe
amoeboid stoge
aing stang stage
merczoites
merozoites enten fnesh R8C's and pnoduce gameBoeytes.
6.The
 78 Brology Journal

6. The gametocytes each into mosgito stomach , aohen the Laten

Sucks the blood of infected human host.
2.The gometoeyst gametcytes seach into mosquito stomach, ohen the
Cks the blood of injected human host.
Laten sucks
a The male and female gamebes Rse to foam z4gote . TFie late become
com like called ookinete, cohich penetate in the coall of Stormoc.
and foam cocyst.
9. Ihe oocyst pooduce sposiozoites cohich ane aeleased into the
baemocoel of the mosquito and aeach imto he Balivay gand and
make the mosquito inective.

Sgyoptoms:
1. Appen 14 days aften bite.
2. Restesshess , less appetite , slight e sleeplessness bllowed by musculan
pain, headache and Reeling of chilliness.
3Tn aesponse to the chills the body tempegtune shaots aisng and
may neoch 106*F at the height o Peven.
A.The pohent sweats a lot and the tempenotune steadily goes don *
noamal hll e next attach takes place aAen 4e houns.

Ascaais :

TAenikication- Ascaais Lumbaicoicles

Disease caused- Ascaniasis
Comments -
1.In is an endopanasite of he small intestine of human beings
and is
mone Common in childaen.
BiologyJournal
79

-Pelicle
|cytopl

Nucleus

Spoozoites o Plosmodium vivox

e-mouth
4e-Mouth

(-Female genital opertune

latenol line

Anus
Male
Female

Ascanis
 80 Biology Jourmal
onen the sponoZ0iles
bites anothe
SponozileS aNC
ek
oitth bitC

Matune injective stogr

sponozoites) exops
fnom SponozoiteS
to the masquito
olivy glan
salivany glonds
00o) The porosite
reproduces
0sexualls in livencels
fetilization and bunshing the
development takes celYs
place in the mosquitó's
gut
Female mosquito o3ametyees
oP gometoaytes aith Remole
blood meal

sexual staes
male o00 Ayosites seprodu
Cgametocyted develop in'aed blood cells Sexualy in R8C'S
bunsting ithe

Tinea capítis
(Rirgonm o? the
Scalp)

A
Ringwo o? skin
Boiogyjournal
81

The animal shouos sexual dimozrigm. The Remle. is Longa than the
male.
a. The postenioa end of the male is cuved ventaally
4.In female , he genital appentune is poesent on the mid -ventnal ine at
about one- hià of the lenoth om the anteniosi end.
6.Ih male fnonm he cloaca too egual chtinous spicules on pined
setoe pagject cohich help in copulahon.

Sgynptorng-
a
Genenally a lange numben of adut Ascariasis cooam infeet infest
Single he host,and obstauct the intestinal passage and hneby
Cause abdominal discornfots ike colic
olic poins.
dia diasnhoea
2The pahient may also suffen foom impained digestion ,die
and vomiting

Minospooun
Tdentificahon- Minospoum andouini
Disease Caused- DenmatomycSIS
CommentsS in bneak in the denmis.
mycelim of the Rungus occu
occuns
1. The fine out to the sunface la ne ilaments
in thein hain put out
2, The hyphae
ane bonn.
on cohich Spones
 EXPERIMENT- 16

Aim:

To study synbictic ssociation in aoot nodules o leguminous

plants , Cascuta on host and ichens.

REQUIRENENTS:

Chonts Models

THEORY :

AIn naune aniimals , plants and minobes do not and Can not ive
in isolotion but ntenact in vanious coays.

2. When tuo difeent species intenact coith each other (Trtenspeciic

intenaction) and 0ne In close association coith each othen in Such
in close
othen Spec
aaoay that at leOSt one species is benefted cohile Po
|he nelahonship may be positive, negaive on neutnal Such associathat
is called Symbichic selationship.

3.Thee me thaee basic types of Gyrnbichc nelcionship.

Mutualisn (both ane benefited)
Is benefted at cohile othen is neithen
’ommensalisn (one species
 83

Leguminuos
pont

Root nodule<

Rhizobium boctenig

noot nodules in leguminous

Symbiotic Association of
Lonts
84 Biology Journal

Host stem

fonasite

Cuscuta on Host

lichen
BiologyJournal
85

beneted 0n hanmed).
anasitism (one species is beneêted and ohen is hanmed).

ASymbichic Asociahon of not nodules in Legumino us plants

’ Rhizobiom can convent atsospheic nitogen to. ammonia that can be
sed by pea plant fon gnouth and development.
Boctenia neceive nutaients and suitable place to goLo aom plant.

Cascuta wh Host
’ Gscuta is Commonly called dodden on amenbell and live as etemeete
|stemectopanasite on othen plonls.
leaves are
ascuta hos no Rally expanded foam of leves (ocoale like lea
paesent) and hos no chloaephyl.
’Stem of Coscuta is thin and slenden shaped.
’ n coinds oound the stem of host plant.
’Stem o Cascuta fines itself to the stem of host pant coith special
Shauctes called haustogia.
| Haustosaia foams disect eofP Connection to the vasculan bundles of the
hast
and cothdacon cooten, anbohydnates and othen solutes.
’Roots of Coscuta ane temponay and die as Soon as it makes
Connechion oth hast plants.
Cascuta can coeaken oa kill plant and seduce cnop yield.

3 Lchens &
lichens aNe composite 0aganisms_epAes Nepnesenting a synbiotic
|associathon (mutualism) between fungus and algae.
he algae component is caled phycobiont and kungal component is
86 Biology Journal

called mycobiont.
Algae paepone Food on Rungi and Rngi psoride shelter and
absob minenal , nutaients and aaten fos its paatnen.
Theg gnouo on lands, socks ,tees , tunks and coals of houses
like dy vegetati on.
 Bology Journal
88

Whale Bot
Human Cot

Thonn
iTandril

Bougoinvill ea ucwbita
Bology Journal

89

EXPERIMENT- 16

Aim:

To Shudy examples of homologcus and analogous ogans using Rash

conds.

Requiements:

Chants and Aash ads

Theoy:
-’Homolagouss ogans
Those osgans cohich ane similan in thein stauctune mosphology and
anatoms but diffenent in thein functions ane Knocon as homologous
ogans.

Analoguas ogans and

cohich ane diffenent in thein SBiuctne , monphology
Those osgans cohich
but similan in thein knchons ane caled analogous ongans.
anatormy
90
Biology Journal

Diforence betoeen Homologous and Analogous ogans.

Homalogous osngans Analogcus cogans

i. Developed from a Common i. Not developed Faom a common
ancestoo ancestos.

i,Developed in seloted species h Developed in unnelated Species.

i. Shane a similan developmental ü. Developmental patenn age disSm
paten. dissimilan to each othen.

iw. Developed by divengent evolution. iv. Developed by eeveA covengent

evolution,.

Examples of Homolcgous cagars

4Fonelimbs of Human , Cat, whale, Bat
|They shou) Similan stauctune but theis Runcions me difPenent.

2.Thosn oY Bougainvillea and tendil o Gacunbita

They botn Shouw led moticathons in the foam of thoan and tendil
but theln Knchons me difPenent.
Bodoydournat
91

Bixd Wing of 6at

Poiato
eet pototo