Experiment No:..7:!

Date:23lo4/23

Sudy þallen Gromingtion

On a slide.

Ain

on &lide
To study Hhu Hate oy ollen gorminaton
HATER)ALS REQOIRED

Gilass slde, Covesibs , (omþoud microscobe, suvese, boic aid,

mognsiom Bubhuk, potosi om um nibok , beoRets , weighing .........

balone and dishlled wGte

THEORY

|rollen grains ae mok gamtbhyk lamd ond mahsud in anthors

| stömns on mafhwiry pollen Socs dsinkqrak , onttsu
grains asta ylased Jhuse polen
de Spuf open and polln grains
Qrains axo pans7esd by polinahrs suh as insecs fuoind /
waler ect: ono ho Compahble Stigma a< Hower a re
ome Bbeejs , on shgma , sugay Bubsbekana
reaching
r llas ed by shgma jntuas pol en gruine .Can olso
induad ho 9germingk on synttate sugan madiurn whih
Can be dons On a &lide o do no in His expement

ROCEDUE
Prebae nuhient madi orn Jor germination o pollen grohg
by disolving
 ’Inine

Pollen hbe

Hae gamws

Gher mi rohinq ollen unde niG (ofnpound

grois
miros cope.
 Experiment No: Date:

I09 bucrase
LÑ mg boric ous
- 30 mg magnasiom bulphe
20 mg pofassivm butbhate nitak
jn 100 m. dishlled wot mix itt wee
bolution
(an also be token

|2 7ake 2r3 drop o tu nubient me diom on 0 celan

Clean &lide:

3 Dust a a few pol en groizs 7rom he stamas o< a muhoa

Power ovo the nient
nuhi'ent. ntium

4. Allow ho polen 9rains bgemirat in nuient mutium

Jor io minuks

Careluly þut a covorslip over he nwrient mucum

(on tining germirohng þollen grois
6: Obsetve He ide under h (ombound miros cope
7 (ount Hhe otal no o oollen grains in nuhiert mutum
Unger ona Jous Let it be 'A
8 Count h to ta
....

to hd no o gominabig þolen gruins un tor oru

(as let jt be 'B
 Experiment No: Date:

q Similasly 'A' 2 8' be (ountd onder 2 o3 hocLses

and tabwae hen toke hur averaqe la (atcuhons

l0Jo (alawak he penenlage .a po en grorns grmn alel

by Hhe given Jormla
Io0
obsevation

Hohie bollen qrains Coveud by two luy

| Exinu - Ouik hick lay
|2 Inhne - Innot hin lay
Mahixe þollen grains axe he male gamabbny e aa four
Each ollen qrain Lontoins
) nen rqhv - Smal in Sige
2 Vg cahue
laxge in Sige.
Nericnt mdium induccs the g enmina hon d ellen 9rairs
jn wwth inine with 1% inneh ton Hns c bollen
emgcs Out brom o h hu gom po res and grous
(m
pollen ube Polen hube lawes ube nucleus
.....

a Jenrahue elens Gtenraie n

fan two male gamee
Pre cau tions

Shoud bt ree from air bubbles

Fesh hah
Jew er s Bleckd far dosh ng pollens ss
he nuint midum
|Areuge no otal pollenngrurs
b be take for calwohongrunsþrtenlay
ond avoop no ot germinaing
gerninahig zalen grars
 Experiment No: ....... Date:

Study e populo kon beasihy

AIM

To delenmine and shdy tu populatien densi hy a plort rom

the ginn hypotaica ula by guadrak mhod
HATERIALS PEQUIRE D

Sccule and uad þeno

THE ORY

The no indiwidoals o< a hlont spei feund het un't ava

at a gien hne dlevrinus he bopulaton dnsity < at
plont shejl Unit o tpare tleckd fan roonbg he no
o Individuas af þont spros is gnvolly a Aqee and is
Called He gvodrakSige a! gvadrak 7ehenks jon he
Eind a piont spe'es untr shdy. Hmy be 20
or Amal planls like bryoþry ks , lictns t where as it may
be 10mxlom for forest wa big fres marg,qbo
um an Jound gien hylhitral data piadrak oy
Qcm X2cm has been bndsaben fox duen
nwnahen popukiy
Vesu ous hy fohahirat ant shecies taprserkd by
djunt mtoty Symbols (o, @, A,* ansd
Pabulahon a donsity a þlont Tolal
7oul neno ad
ed Jodiid.
rsivid oas i
9vadraks
al sebckd
To lal no
 3)

10

iypothetical Data of Plant Biotiversity

A O
BA
These synbols represent ditteent plant speces in plant dversitv
 Experiment No: Date:

PROLE DUEE

Obsenve hu given hypothtral dala periaining to dshituhn

a vaniou 'u rchxeantd by oant Aymbak
*,*, a, °, %eeot for egien plant biodrsiy .
Hoe /o guo drank 2cm kzrm rundomly at ditbean
þlores in ien nypohiras aa
3 (ount u no a indiyjdula
guodraley.
4 Similaxy (ourt bno.: af tn tivi tuul of eoch spei
fole no guodrales wnder
unter Consitraton faK
eminehon l þwation densi hy c{ hat sprid
2ESULT

2
þobultion densiy a AA 31 34 þo guodrak Ym
2 bobuwaHon drsi a B26 36 þe gva drate Yem

3 Papulahon density o c 99 þer gudrae 4em

populahien deruiy o D 85 35 þe gurdrale Ucm

26
/6
 eoch uodrale
No ca Indiuy doo inS6 totl no
No
Sþeves 184
2

Co] A 3 6 y23 3S 2 lo 3

5 3
2 [a]8 3S 35 lo BL

3
3 3 5
4s335 34

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2
433 36

5 33
3 s 2 o4|
 6e.... quodraks
mut yuadraki clU Ssdes b
bins cating dema
onfaU cwi dvals Intivi af Coont...
Hhe
no. Po..not. .....
5
vey benot shawd uadrate une ahondemaca The 4
randormly maubed be
ould.. Bh
bvscas Quodrak
toaluly draks gua
done &hawd
be
hme
ik| shojd
be spju plant ona vidval ln
Onya |
ONS CAUT) PeE
Date: Experiment
No:
 Experiment No:...! 2 Date:

AM

7o deknmine and shdy plart populah on fugny em

he given hypomuhiraldaa guadrak mehod
MATEeIALS 2EÇUIeED

Sale , lead ben!

THE Oey

Vovious environmmkl fochu such

duch as
os maaliy, nakiy,
|migrohion, sol eraaen (ondihion , gugng be delkrýre
itmibution a< Vaious lont shees ha rugueny o
lant bewu ees is lahie dishibuhien n h

|weahes a plant shejes s uniyormty disibukd or is pashnkd|

in batchu Frequny f a plont sps can aeo be
demined quadrak mthod Quodrale method js a
Unit
Si_e o< giodrak dehends on bind a 'plant speis onder
inveshgaion a I may be x2orm lac small elonks
ke bryop hyks, hchne ek. (whsa it mqy be omx Iom
or fout whe big trus ike mungo ,num and ahia
ae found n he irn hypohetial daki , gadiak 2omreen
|has beern sntort ben
roes in he ginn plont biodinsiyThesu blont cee
efreserhd by iljent Symbels Iik
Hypothetical Data of Plant Biodiversity
A %

These symbols represent different plant species in plant bodiversity

D
 uadraes nokad To
formuula
| bysheins plort vaigu fragunyf loltake
h 5
bosprely
t guodaes ofhumbor he
Count Similaxly 4
rnt Ais plort he whw guodrales ho.. ho(ont 3
b'odivorwy pont f dalepotuhital hy
gin he in
placs snt Mandomdy
di at h(mx2
cm quadraks lo Moke
,?, ,B
B=
E,symbol by
as
Hum tabel ordand
pant evairinga
b Vasdou
sþew'es hybohaial
þ plurtda whagin biodives
he
Olysenvei |:
PROCEDIRE
Suiy
qoaraes o7olal
no
Sont
po
purt X whh guarakin No. speia
sheuE raqueny
faa cent Ps
ralulak beron Apees pont vasdoss frequenya
Date: Experiment
No:
 Date:
Experiment No:

RESOL T

) Pen cent froqueny þlant sprdu 'A2

2 Por (ent frequen y a þlant sþeies B':S. I00 50).

3Poe cent regutncy plant speies e

DISCUSSION

|Pr cont uqueny o blant sbecies js veviable and tebnt

upen vavioU erologral ochws sUch ad soil , (ontrion,
goging ek Gien hybo hehc al datea ponlainng b plort biatren
peies by quodrae mehod I ` loud hat plort sþeies
Chas moXimorm <lis ibohan. in eyms per (
je 2o whauos blat Sbewe ro? has minsmum dshioh'm
jn Jenms o ber (ont freqncy ie 407- Mowruwt , i's
mehod is jnd ependent a JaÝnt Aheis being alwndont
ar rau jn each guadruk

PeECAUTIONS
..... only ha Indiiduals on bont sbriu showd be consikru d
at ahme Jar rouh ng
aF u goodrae
 hine Hidemara
ng thHe
e
onfall whichntividuals numbe
o (ounting
he Ayaid 5
5
ik. rey benot Showd quadrak ahen emore
daline d The 4
mty rando howd
be squats Guodrak 3
Mak
trd equal
ate stes eqval hove houwd quodraks a
ment Meoswe
Date: Experiment
No:
 Experiment No: Date.:

Sudy omitsis rom

kmprors hount ol orion root tþ
An

To moke a kmprory soind mount o iven onion no

Hp to deni<jc ahm and shdy a vovow stag mieis
/NTEODUCTI ON

ast o h bving orgonusms at hur ie brom tinge cell

caled syg0k ypok underqgus yafeakd eguahonal riohe lrew )
divisions oom a..naSS. a cells. This mais
Into hssuus , ten he Hscus ho om dhseount organs ard he
Orgors lo fon dileunt orgon Syekm with his nahrat on
Of orgon and orgon dyskm, mitoic (el divsion is
yushted o He Hoot hhs and thoot bhs in plont ony he
|inning a bor masru ehihalium jn aumals
also enhal in he ubloement f aged rell and repas
a qent (on induca he hon
diating
Kepekd mitohe divis ionu and contej is dveloprd in rqonims
Inkuphase. i þrepalony phate Prophase- (hro ma ton
(on knsuhon
.....

with prormiront enrgyd nuclas FMeabhae - Chromosome

........

Mibsis
aligns ot eguator
Kakyok incsis
eentOUs 2 (hromosord doutk
................

(ybkinesiS Tlophase at davg hhencel

ho þaly.
 Experiment No: Date.:

ln his exbeument on'on rook wu havesled ,stainsd, sguosed

io ldtnhiy and swy Vawous to ges af mitasis Rat
mihosis Can a'so be evolwatd with ho hetb al mitohc
ndea (MI) whh can be
be lalutur d by sellouing famda
MI
Total no of (el untr loy
MATERInLS REQUIRED

Onion root tþ nudles , s(aJþ d, Jourebs , brush, slik,

(oreshps, beak,bne y miiro srobe
boee el ot dishilt d waer , (9roy's id and math box
PRoCE JURE

I Peprahon of root hhs .....

Remove hu aW' Hoot brom hu base onon bulb bu

he scalhel and but it nto a beakee huw e wao
2 obsenve ahherane hw Jloot witin 3r4 tays
3 whon roob aw about 2-3cm in lemgth cut hy 00 hb

9 Keet hun in (asnoy 's uwd at least bor /onmin and

Sguosh þrsbatin
freprahion annoy's eu 30 ^Z
Fbysluk alcohal (/oo7)
lO m L
 Experiment No: Date.:

No7E Tips 6howd be taken in mung

Sining
1: Take a bat c oot ib sighy aboue op on a guss
te ond but a drop . HL ond keeb hs t
lominuWes

2 Nouw Steunthu sootipwith 2-3 drops f

acete (asmine 36 mihes

3 Tewch he acetoraina tin ith hot Sust

ne dle Ihis. makel.hu. an
makua.

N Sguash prpraton
1: Put hu staind sroot hþ in a drob af s) arch acw
On as Iite

2: Pet he (ovesip caxefuly

3 Squosh he hoot hh by eb it a bid from abore

and oly gonte þrsuxe oilh lhimb Tus heke in

þreper and ond unzm Sbreoing Sguosh.
5 Side (an wced over o hot blak in tase alrels
 Experiment No: Date:

| hst o0setve he ide ndet low mag nification and lorske

aspeusic Showing mitosis
2 ObsMve the sllkd nd
.******.
igh magry raton and

IDENT) HATION of VARI OUS STAn OE.MITOSAS

RESTING.CELL
}J is a non -divid ing (ell
Nucs is Smau &ocubies smal spau in cue
3- (nerah matal is inform o chro main gronuly
4 Nuleolus and..nulocr memb. are... tishat

INTER PHASE

I Physially t ahbeas as ysing ce Heuner it s

Ahng cell
mu achre bio chumitally
S........ ...

dwsi n manu<otuad duwung this phese

J+ is Veny long tuahon
2 Nueeus is Lange dishint and occupiea mst of spaa
3 Nlus has got mclsan mmbrane

bam of chro mdin thut ond

 Experiment No: Date:

Hur ents we nca vis)dle

6
Dubiahon neh matiel plau tuwing His
phase ie bit aion DA

Probhuse
J The Chomahn ehuark begny o (al and afpear ad
uad ike shuchvu callid
chomosome
2 fuch ch
chto mosome o. tuo chrombte thet a
at a þùnt (alled Centaomxe
The Nuelealus gradualy dsopeas ron tay prphs
4. Ju nuleaM mbrane also stk tiapecUy
METAPHASE

JF senk wiHh (omle dirabbeanone a nuelay mmben

2 Tha chao mauits
become shote hicea du bdehydro
and Condensa tion as huy aguirt spuje shasa ant Sige
3 Jhe chomahts mone ho the (ener af th cel auth thir
(entroms arongedin eguhonad linu
7 ine f brnls ofea in (ell ytojsosm ses on egualay
 (CtL wALL

(hrornth
(hronwhn gronl1)
Alulous

Spnhi

byonrohing hucnmm
ueleoy
Srgenrohrg
(hrumos sne (hronab

-(hroman
Daugh (hromsure reorrung
 Experiment No: Date.:

and hhd h pinte ber

5 The (entNOmU o each chromusome he
es on he equatr
and is atachud

Anohnae
The (entomexe od Each chromasone is tivited inta
hat each...chomahd. .....Cetromwe (toubling
hromósome)

2 Sjte
Spindel fber ge atahed o he Conknorm ers o Hrsir

Te loþhase
):Aeach pole...chromahd.
2:.hromos ome reorgonised. i e rehwosk o chromohn Hsts
Th nucleas andnul at mumb Jeetbea4 again
5 1n plont ceu. he (ell. blaks..
enkns an d drvite cl yes
PeECAUT)ONS

Base c Onion Showd

2 Root. hþ Showd be takerm fay in morring
3 Aetcarmin Shrain shoukt be eed
y S/ik Shout be wamed genty
Slie a nd (ous shp shawd b cleqn
6 7huu Shawd be no çr bob b