AGRI

CULTURE
EXAMINATI
ON
NOTES
GRADE4-
7

PHONE0775382555
MRTMANEMA

1
Agr
icul
tur
e

 I
tist
hegrowi
ngofcr
opsandthekeepingofani
mals.
 Thepr
act
iceoff
armi
ngi
ncludi
ngthereari
ngofcropsandani
mal
s.

Br
anchesi
nagr
icul
tur
e

 Agronomy–deal swi t
hsoilmanagementandgrowingofcrops
 Horticul
ture–deal swithcul
ti
vati
onofveget
ables,f
rui
tsandornament
al cr
ops.
 Agri
cul t
ureeconomi cs–dealswi t
hfar
mingbusiness.
 Agri
cul t
uralengi neeri
ng – deals wit
h knowledge of far
m machi nes and
equipment
 Animal science–dealswithbreedi
ngandcari
ngofanimals.

I
mpor
tanceofagr
icul
tur
e

 Pr
ovidesemployment
 Pr
ovidesfood
 Pr
ovidesforei
gncurrency
 Pr
ovidesrawmaterialseghi
des
 prov
idesfuelegethanol
 Pr
ovidesdrugs

Car
eer/Joboppor
tuni
ti
esi
nagr
icul
tur
e

 Farm manager s
 Fi
shf arm manager s
 Plantbr eeder
 Soilscient i
sts
 Agriculturaloff
icers
 Teacher s
 Veterinarydoct ors
 Landsur veyor
s
 Plantbiol ogi
sts
 Foodsci enti
sts
 Agronomi sts
 Agriculturalengineer
s
 Wildlifeinspect or
 Wat ermanagementpl anner

Agr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es
 Weedi ng
 Rear i
ngani
mals
 Feedinganimal
s

2
  Ploughi ng
 Harv esting
 Pruningt r
ees
 Wat eringcr opsandtr
ees
 Spray i
ngchemi cal
stocr
ops
 Plantingcr ops

FARMI
NGSYSTEMS

Di
ver
sif
iedfar
ming
 Itisasyst
em ofpr
oduci
ngav
ari
etyofcr
opsorani
mal
sononef
arm.

Adv
ant
agesofdi versifi
edf arming
 Thereisbetteruseofl and
 Bestuseofal l equipment
 Lessriskofcr opf ail
ureandmar ketv
alueoft
hepr
oduct
.
 Lessriskthanspeci al
izedfarming
 Regularcashr eturnsf rom v
ariousproject
s
 Soil
erosioncanbechecked
 Soil
ferti
li
tycanbechecked

Di
sadv
antages
 Diffi
cul
tt omanagesomanypr oj
ect
s.
 Inspecti
onisdi
ffi
cul
t
 Al otofequi
pmentisneeded.

Speci
ali
zedfarmi
ng
 Iti
swhenaf armerpr
act
iceonl
yoneki
ndoff
arm busi
ness.Egr
aisi
ngf
oodcr
ops
orrai
singdai
rycat
tl
e.

Adv
ant
agesofspecial
izedf
arming
 Easytomanage.
 Farmrecordscanbemaintai
nedeasi
l
y.
 Lessequipmentandl
abourneeded
 Moreprofit
abl
e

Di
sadv
ant
agesofspeci
ali
zedf
armi
ng

 Thereisgr eat
erriskofl
oss.Whent
her
eiscr
opf
ail
ureorl
ow mar
ketpr
icesof
theproduct.
 Nopr operuseofland.
 Lackofcr oprotat
ion
 Soil
ferti
li
tydif
fi
culttomai
ntai
n.

Mi
xedf
armi
ng

3
Asy
stem off
armi
ngwhi
chi
nvol
vest
hegr
owi
ngofcr
opsandr
aisi
ngofl
i
vest
ock.

Adv
ant
agesofmi xedfarming
 Provi
deswor kthroughoutt
heyear
 Manurefrom liv
estockcanbeusedtoimprovesoi
lfer
ti
li
ty.
 Provi
deallfoodneedsf ort
hef
amily.
 Moreprofit
able
 Cropproductscanbeusedt of
eedlivest
ock.
 Bett
eruseofl and.

Subsi
stencefar
ming
 Af ar
merwhogrowscr
opsandkeepsani
mal
sforper
sonal
useordomest
icuse.

 Thegrowi
ngofcr
opsandr
aisi
ngofl
i
vest
ockf
orf
ami
l
yuseonl
ynotenoughf
or
sal
e.

Commer
cial
far
ming

Thepr
oduct
ionofcr
opsandf
arm ani
mal
sforsal
e.

Thethreemai
ngr
oupsoff
armer
sinZi
mbabwear
elar
ge-
scal
e,smal
lscal
eand
peasant.

Adv
ant
agesofusi
nghandhar
vest
ing

 Theyaremoreaccurat
ethanmachinehar
vest
ing.
 Therei
slessdamagetotheproduct
.
 Creat
emor eemploy
ment.
 Cheaptomanage.

Adv
ant
agesofusingmachinehar
vest
ers
 Theyar
efast.
 Lessl
abourisneeded
 Highwagesforworker
s
 Lessl
abourmanagementprobl
ems

Di
sadv
antagesofusinghandharvesti
ng
 Iti
sslow
 Mor elabouri
sneeded.
 Mor elabourmanagementprobl
ems.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngmachi
nehar
vest
ing

4
  Machinesareexpensivetobuy.
 Machineareexpensivetomaintai
n
 Reduceempl oyment.
 Damageofcr opsismor e.
ZI
MBABWE
 Isalandl
ockedcount ry
.
 Hasf i
venatural
regions.
 Highestpoi
ntisinNy angamountai
n.
 Lowestpointisfoundbetweenthejunct
ionoft
heRundeandSav
eRi
ver
.
 Longestri
verisZambezi ri
ver
 Largestl
ake/dam Kar i
baDam.

FARMI
NGREGI
ONSI
NZI
MBABWE

 Ar
easwi
thhi
ghrainfal
lar
ecall
edhi
ghvel
ds.
 Ar
easwi
thl
owrainfall
arecal
l
edlowvel
ds.

Nat
ural
regionone
 Ther ei
shighrainf
all
.Morethan1050mm r ai
nfal
lperyear
.
 Suitabl
eforforest
ry,
frui
tandintensi
vel
ivest
ockproducti
on.
 Teaandcof feearegrowninthisregi
on.

Nat
uralregiontwo
 Hi ghr ai
nfall
.700to1050mm rainfal
lperyear.
 Sui tableforgrowi
ngtobacco,maize,cot
ton,beans,
bar
ley
,gr
oundnut
s,sor
ghum,
andot hers.
 Al sogoodf orkeepi
ngcattl
eformeatordai r
yandpoult
ry.

Nat
ural
regionthree
 Av er
ager ai
nfal
l
-500–700mm r ainfal
lpery
ear.
 Cropsgr ownaremaize,t
obacco,groundnut
s,cot
tonandmor
e.
 Irr
igati
onisusedinthi
sregi
on.

Nat
uralregionfour
 Lowr ainf
all
-450–600mm r ai
nfall
pery ear
.
 Dr oughtr esi
stantcrops are grown int hisregi
on eg mi
ll
et,sor
ghum and
sunflower.Mai
ze,gr
oundnut s,
andr oundnutsar
ealsogrown.
 I r
rigati
onisusedint
hisregion.

Nat
ural
regi
onf
ive

 Veryl
owr ai
nfal
l.Lessthan500mm r
ainf
all
isr
ecei
vedpery
ear
.
 Sugarcanegrowswel l
inthi
sregi
on.
 I
rri
gati
onisusedt owatercr
ops.

5
  Droughtresi
stantcr
opsaregrown.
 Cattl
eranchi
ngi sdone.
 Alotofgamepar ksarefoundint
hisr
egi
on.Wi
l
dani
mal
sar
ekepti
nthegame
parks.

Nat
ural
far
mingr
egi
onl
abel
l
edabov
e.

A…Regi
onone

B……Regi
onf
ive

C……Regi
ont
wo

D……Regi
onf
our

E….Regi
onThr
ee

 Teaandcof
feear
egrowninChipingeandNyanga.
 Regi
onfi
veisr
eser
vedforwil
dli
femanagement.
 Sugar
canei
sgrowninChir
edziandMkwasini
.

Gamepar
ksi
nZi
mbabwe

 Gonar
ezhouNational
Park
 Chi
zar
iraNat
ionalPark

6
  HwangeNati
onal Park
 ManaPoolsNationalPark
 Ant
elopePar
k
 Chi
manimaniNat i
onalPark
 ZambeziNat
ionalPark

CROPS
Aplantcul
ti
vat
edforfoodorotheruseespecial
l
yacereal
,fr
uitorv
eget
abl
e.
CEREALCROPS
 Theyar efr
om thegrassfamil
y.
 Theyar eal
socal l
edgrai
ncropsorfi
eldcrops
 Theyar eri
chincarbohydr
ates
 Usedasst apl
ef oodinmanycountri
es.

CEREALCROPS
 Mai ze
 Sor ghum
 Wheat
 Millet
 Bar ley
 Rice
 Rapoko
PESTS
 Mai zest alkborers
 Cat erpil
lars
 Stem bor erswhichattackmi
l
let
.
CONTROL
 User esistantvari
eti
es
 Cropr otation
 Weedi ng
 Rai singt hefert
il
it
yofsoil
 Useoft rapcr ops
 Ear lyplanting
 i
nt ercroppi ng

VEGETABLES
Veget
abl
esandf
rui
tsar
eri
chi
nvi
tami
ns.

ROOTVEGETABLES
 car
r ots
 oni
ons
 potatoes
 garl
ic

7
LEAFVEGETABLES
 spinach
 cabbage
 broccol
i
 rape
 kale
 Cov o
 Tsunga

FRUITVEGETABLES
 tomatoes
 pepper
 cucumber
 eggplants
 pumpki ns
 butter
nuts
PESTS
 aphids
 nemat odes
 mites

LEGUMES - t heyar
eri
chi
npr
otei
nsandcanf
ixoutni
tr
ogeni
nsoi
l
.
 Groundnuts
 Roundnuts
 Beans
 Peas
 Soyabeans

Legumesar
eusedbyf
armer
sbecauset
heyi
mpr
ovesoi
lfer
ti
li
ty.

Pest Cr
opat
tacked
Dov
e Sor
ghum andsunf
lower
Snoutbeet
le mai
ze
Weav
erbi
rd Sor
ghum andsunf
lower

8
Quai
l Wheat
,sor
ghum,
mil
l
et
Semi
looper Soy
abean,
sunf
lower
Ar
mywor
m mai
ze
Aphi
ds Gr
oundnut
s,wheat
,sor
ghum
Cut
wor
m Soy
abean,
sunf
lower
St
alkbor
er Mai
ze,
sor
ghum

SOI
L

SOI
LTYPES

Sandsoil
 haslar
gepar ti
cl
es
 waterpassesthroughi
teasil
y
 notfer
ti
le
 doesnotsticky
 root
sofplantsmov eeasi
ly
 haslar
gepar ti
cl
esanddoesnothol
dwat
er.

Loam soil
 i
sami xtureofsandandcl
aysoi
l
.
 Fert
il
esoil
 Hasgooddr ai
nage
 Goodformostpl antgr
owt
h

 hasami
xtur
eofl
argeandsmal
lpar
ti
clesandi
sthebestsoi
lforgr
owi
ngcr
ops.

Cl
aysoi
l

 Hassmal lpar
ti
cles
 Fer t
il
esoi
l
 Stickswhenwet
 Haspoordr ai
nage
 Plantroot
smov ewithdi
ff
icul
ty.
9
  Thet
wot
ypesoff
ert
il
izer
sar
eAmmoni
um Ni
tr
ateandcompoundD.

 Manur
eandcomposi
temanur
ear
eor
gani
cfer
ti
li
zer
s.

 Gr
ass,
leav
esanddeadpl
ant
sar
eusedwhenmaki
ngacompost
.

Soi
lpr
of i
l
e
 I ti
sthearrangementofsoil
hor
izonsfrom t
optobottom.
 Thewayt hesoilpart
icl
esar
earrangedwit
hrespectofoneanot
her
.Egt
op
soil
,subsoil
,gravel
soil
.

Soi
lst
ruct
ure
Soi
lst
ruct
ureref
erst
othesi
zedi
str
ibut
ionofsand,
clay
,andsi
l
tpar
ti
clesi
nthesoi
l
.

SOI
LCOMPONENTS

Soi
li
scomposedofcomponent snamely
;
 Mi nerals–45%
 Or ganicmatt
er–5%
 Ai r–25%
 Wat er–25%
Thelargestcomponentofsoi
laremi
ner
alswi
th45% andt
hel
easti
sor
gani
c
matterwit
h5%.

ORGANISMSTHATLIVEI
NSOI
L.
 Earthworms
 Mites
 Nemat odes
 Fungi
 Ants
 Bacteri
a
 Protozoa

 Plantr
oots,
ear
thwor
ms,
ter
mit
es,
thesunandor
gani
cmat
terar
eagent
sofsoi
l
format
ion.

 Smallor
gani
smsi
nfl
uencev
eget
ati
onbycausi
ngf
all
erl
eav
esandbr
anchest
o
decay
.

10
Fer
ti
lesoi
l

 i
tissoi
lwhi
chcont
ainal
lthemaj
ornut
ri
ent
sneededf
orpl
antgr
owt
h.

I
nfer
ti
lesoi
l

 I
tissoi
lwi
thoutmaj
ornut
ri
ent
sneededf
orpl
antgr
owt
h.

Pl
antnut
ri
ent
s

 Nit
rogen-helpswiththegrowt hofplant
s
 Phosphorus–pr omotesgr owthofrootsandi
mprovesquali
tyoff r
uit
s
 Potassi
um-increasesdiseasesresi
stanceandfor
mationoffruit
 Otherpl
antnutri
entsarecal ci
um,i
ron,copper
,manganese,
sul phurandzi
nc.

SMALLLI
VESTOCKS
 Rabbit
s
 Poult
ry
 Sheep
 Goats

Poul
tr
y
 Chi
ckenst
hatar
emai
nlykeptt
opr
oduceeggsar
ecal
l
edlayer
s.
 Chi
ckenst
hatar
emai
nlykeptt
opr
oducemeatar
ecal
ledbr
oil
ers.

Car
ingf
orpoult
ry
 Provi
dewi thcl
eanwaterfordri
nki
ng.
 Cleanit
sshelter
.
 Housesf orpoul
tr
yshouldbesecure.
 Shelt
ershouldbewellventi
lat
ed.

Poul
tr
ydi
seases

 Newcastle
 Fowlcholer
a
 Cocci
diosis
 Avi
aninfl
uenza
 Fowlpox

Rabbi
ts

Car
ingf
orr
abbi
ts
 Prov
idewi
thcl
eanwat
erf
ordr
inki
ng.

11
  Cleanitsshel ter.
 Housesf orrabbi t
sshouldbesecure.
 Shelt
ershoul dbewel lvent
il
ated.
 Keept hem i nacage.
 Separatesi ckones.
 Provi
deashel terwit
hplentyspace.
 Handlet hem wi t
hcare.
 Provi
dewi thpr opermedicalcare.

Pr
ocessi
ngr
abbi
ts
 Youcanpr
ocessy
ourownr
abbi
tsbyski
nni
ng.

Sel
l
ingr
abbi
tspr
oduct
s

 Sel
lrabbi
tmeati
nvill
ageandbutcheri
es.
 Sel
lrabbi
tbr
eeder
stoot herf
armers.
 Sel
lrabbi
tst
otheprocessor.

Rabbi
tsdi
seases
 Coccidi
osis
 Tul
aremi a
 Pasteurel
losi
s
 Enteri
ti
s

Ani
mal Ty
peofmeati
tpr
ovi
des

Pig Pork
Catt
le beef
Sheep mutton

GroupofAni
mal
s Whattheyf
eedon Example
Omnivor
es Meatandplants Baboonandpeople
Herbi
vor
es pl
ant
sandgr ass Catt
leandgoats
Carni
vor
e Meat l
ionandleopar
d

Far
mingbudgeti
ng
I
tisapl
anont heamountofmoneyandmat
eri
alsneededt
ost
artaf
armi
ngbusi
ness.

Thei
mpor
tanceofabudget

12
  Hel
pcalculateprof
itorloss.
 Hel
pcalculatecostofinputsormat
eri
alsneeded.
 Pr
ovidethebasisforat otal
far
m pl
an.
 Hel
pt oi
mpr oveproduction.

Not
es
 Tobaccocat
erpi
l
lar,podborer
,aphi
ds,
thr
ips,
ter
mit
es,
whi
tegr
ubs,pest
swhi
ch
mainl
yatt
acksgroundnuts.

 Wheati
sacer
ealcommonl
ygr
owni
nwi
nterunderi
rr
igat
ion.

 Wheat,sorghum andmi l
letar
ecropsarecommonlyattackedbyquai
lbirds.
 Plast
icandmet alareexamplesofli
tt
erwhichdoesnotdecayeasi
ly.
 Thethreemai ngroupsoffarmer
sinZimbabwear elar
ge-scal
e,smallscal
eand
peasant.

 cl
oudseedi
ngi
stheuseofchemi
cal
stopr
oducer
ainf
all
.

 Fodderi
sfoodf
orcat
tl
e.

 Spr
inkl
ersandhosepi
pesar
eir
ri
gat
ioni
mpl
ement
s.

 Moneyusedt
ost
artabusi
nessi
scal
l
edcapi
tal
.

 Al
lfar
m asset
sar
erecor
dedi
nthei
nvent
oryr
ecor
d.

 Thegr
eencol
our
ingofl
eav
esonpl
ant
siscal
l
edchl
orophy
ll
.

 Organi
cfer
ti
li
ser
sar
ether
emai
nsofpl
ant
s,ani
mal
sandi
nsect
s.Nat
ural
fer
ti
li
ser
s.

 I
norgani
cfer
ti
li
sersaremadeart
if
ici
all
y.EgcompoundD,
Ammoni
um Ni
tr
ate,
CompoundC,Urea,CompoundSandmor e.

 Maj
ordamsi
nZi
mbabwear
e;

13
 o LakeMut
ir
ikwi

o Mazv
ikadei
Dam

o Kar
ibaDam

o LakeChi
ver
o

o Osbor
neDam

SAFESOURCESOFWATER.

 Spr
ing

 Bor
ehol
e

 Tap

 Cov
eredwel
l

UNSAFESOURCESOFWATER.

 Dam

 Ri
ver

 Unpr
otect
edwel
l

WATERPOLLUTANTS.

Waterpol
lut
antsar
esubst
ancest
hatpol
l
uteswat
er.Topol
l
utei
stomake
somethi
ngdirt
y.

Thesear
e:

 I
ndust
ri
alwast
e

 Sewage

 Agr
ochemi
cal
s

 Cowdung

 Fer
ti
li
ser
s

 Deadl
eav
es

CHANGI
NGSTATESOFWATER

14
St
atesofwat
er Pr
ocess
Li
qui
dtosol
i
d f
reezi
ng
Sol
i
dtol
i
qui
d mel
ti
ng
Gast
oli
qui
d condensat
ion
Li
qui
dtogas ev
apor
ati
on

DEFI
NATI
ONS

I
nput
s

 Resour
ceswhi
char
eneededi
nfar
mingpr
oduct
ion.

I
nputs
 Seed
 Chemi cals
 Equipment
 Food
 l
abour
 Ferti
li
sers
Cropproducti
oni nputs
 Seeds
 Ferti
li
sers
 Manur e
 Labour
 Equipment/ tools
 Insecti
cides
 Land
Animalproductioninput
s
 Stockf eeds
 Pestici
des/ani maldr
ugs
 Equipment

Out
put

15
  Itistheproduct
sthatar
egai
nedaf
terf
armi
ngbusi
ness.Egmoney,meat
,mi
l
k,
crops,eggs

I
ndigenoustrees
Thesearetreeswhi
chori
ginat
enat
ural
l
yinapar
ti
cul
arcount
ry.
Examplesofindi
genoust
rees
 Musasa
 Mut amba
 Munhondo
 Mopani
 musawu
Exoti
ctrees

 Thesear
etr
eeswhi
chor
igi
nat
efr
om ot
hercount
ri
es.

Examplesofexoti
ctr
ees
 Mango
 Oranges
 Lemon
 Peaches
 Guava
 Pawpaw
 Bananas
 Gum tree

TYPESOFTREES.

 EVERGREEN-Theset
reesgr
owconti
nual
lyal
lyearr
ound.Thesear
eal
socal
l
ed
coni
fer
s.Oneexampl
eofaconi
feri
spinetr
ee.

 DECI
DUOUS-Theset
reesshedleavesandst
opgr
owi
ngdur
ingt
hedr
yseason.
Oneexampl
eofadeciduoust
reeisMusasa.

CONSERVI
NGTREES.

THEFORESTRYCOMMI
SSI
ON.

 I
tlooksatway
sofpr
otect
ingourt
rees.

 I
tencour
agesnewpl
ant
ati
onst
orepl
acef
ell
edt
rees.

NATI
ONALTREEPLANTI
NGDAY.

TheNat
ional
TreePl
ant
ingDayi
sthef
ir
stSat
urdayofDecember
.

USESOFTREES.

16
  Woodf
orf
ir
ewood.

 Bui
l
dingpol
es

 Fenci
ngpol
es

 Root
sformedi
ci
ne.

 Ani
mal
seatt
reel
eav
es.

 Fr
uit
s

 Honey

 Usedaswi
ndbr
eaks.

 Tr
eesar
eshel
terf
orbi
rdsandot
herani
mal
s.

 Maki
ngpaper

REASONSWHYTREESAREDI
SAPPEARI
NGFAST

 Needf
orl
and.

 Pol
esf
orbui
l
dingi
nrur
alar
eas.

 Needf
orf
ir
ewood.

 Toomanyani
mal
s.

 Gr
assf
ir
es.

Ref
orest
ati
on
 Plant
ingoft
reesi
nanar
eat
orepl
acet
hoset
hatwer
ecut
.

Aff
orest
ation
Thegrowingoft
reeswher
ether
ewer
enot
rees.

Def
orest
ati
on

Thecutt
ingoftr
eeswit
houtr
epl
aci
ngthem.
Defor
estat
ionof
tenl
eadstosoi
ler
osi
on.

EFFECTSOFDEFORESTATI
ON.

17
  Lossofhabi
tat
s

 I
ncr
easei
nsoi
ler
osi
on

 Poorsoi
l
s

 Expandi
ngdeser
t

I
nter
croppi
ng

 Thegrowingoftwoormor ecropsonthesamepieceofl
andatt
hesamet
ime.
 Toplantacropi
nt hesamelandwithanot
her.
 Thepract
iceofgrowingt
woormor ecr
opstoget
herint
hesameland.

Adv
ant
agesofi
nter
croppi
ng

 I
tsaveswat er.
 I
tincr
easesy iel
ds.
 Provi
descov erorshadetoplant
s.
 I
treducesthegr owingofweeds
 Maintai
nssoi lf
ert
il
ity
 Reducessoilrunoff

Monocul
tur
e

 I
tist
heuseoflandforgr
owingonlyonetypeofcrop.
 Thegr
owingofonlyonecropwi
thoutusi
ngthelandforot
heruses.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofmonocul
tur
e

 Diseasesspreadmor
eeasi
l
y
 Lessprofi
table

Shi
ft
ingcul
ti
vat
ion

 Theuseofl
andatashor
tperi
odofti
meandabandoni
tforanotherl
and.
 Thesyst
em i
nwhichl
andiscul
ti
vat
edtempor
ari
l
y,t
henabandoned.

Cr
opr
otat
ion

 Thegr
owingofdi
ffer
entcr
opsonthesamel
andatadi
ffer
enttime.
 Agoodcropr
otat
ionhasthef
oll
owing;l
eaf
yveget
abl
e,fr
uitv
egetabl
e,r
ootcr
op
andl
egumes.

18
 Agoodcr
opr
otat
ion
Cabbage

Tomat
oes Peas

Pot
ato

Adv
ant
ages

 Hel
pstomaintai
nsoilfert
il
it
y.
 Hel
pstocontr
oldiseases.
 Hel
pstocontr
olweeds.
 Cont
rol
ssoil
erosion.
 I
mprovessoi
lstr
ucture.

Mul
chi
ng

 Thecov er
ingofsoi laroundpl
antsbygrass,l
eav
esplasti
csoranymat
eri
alt
o
preventmoist
ur eloss.
 Farmerscanr etai
nmoi stur
einaveget
abl
ebedbymulching.
Adv
ant
agesofmul ching
 Retainsoi
lmoi sture.
 Providewarmt htoplants.
 Preventer
osion.
 I
mpr ovessoilfert
il
it
y.
 Reducesgrowt hofweeds.

Soi
ler
osi
on

 Thewashi
ngawayoft
opsoi
lbywat
erorwi
nd.

Agent
sofsoi
ler
osi
on

 Movi
ngwater
 Wi
nd
 Gr
avi
ty
 Movi
ngani
mals

19
Way
sofpr
event
ingsoi
ler
osi
on

 Addmul ch
 Pl
antgrassortrees
 Croprotat
ion
 Reduceovergrazing
 I
mpr ovedrai
nage

Weat
her
ing

 Thebr
eaki
ngdownofr
ocksi
ntosmal
lpar
ti
clest
ofor
m soi
l
.

Ty
pesofweat
her
ing

 Bi
ologi
cal weat
hering
 Mechanicalweatheri
ng
 Chemicalweatheri
ng

Agent
sofweat heri
ng
 Mov i
ngwat er
 Wind
 Suddentemper at
urechanges
 Growingroots
 Plantaci
ds
 Rain

 Wi
nd

 Rol
l
ingst
onesi
nar
iverbed

 Mov
ingani
mal
s

Weat
her
 Thest at
eoftheatmospher
eataplaceoverashortperi
odoft
ime.
 Itisthestat
eofatmosphere,
tot
hedegreethatitiscol
dorhot,
wetordr
y,cal
m
orst
ormy,cl
earorcl
oudy.

Weat
herelements
 Temper at
ure
 Humi di
ty
 Windspeed
 Winddirecti
on
 Rainfal
l

Weat
herel
ement
sthataf
fectpl
antgr
owt
h

20
Temperat
ure–ver
yhightemper
atur
esandveryl
owt
emper
atur
es.
Rai
nfal
l–veryl
owrai
nfal
landver
yhighr
ainf
all
.

WeatherCondit
ions I
nstrumentUsetoMeasur
eIt Measur
edin
Temperatur
e Thermometer Degr
eesCel
sius
WindDirect
ion Windvane
Humidit
y Hygrometer
Rai
nfal
l rai
ngauge Mil
l
imet
res mm
WindSpeed Cupanemomet er Km/hr

Cl
i
mate
 I
sthest
ati
sti
csofweat
herov
eral
ongper
iodoft
ime.

St
atewhati
shappeni
ngatpoi
ntsl
abel
l
ed.

At
ranspi
rat
ion

B ev
apor
ati
on

Cr
unof
f

21
D.condensati
on
Si
lt
ation

I
tisthefi
l
li
ngofdamsandri
verswi
thmudcausedbysoil
erosi
on.
I
tisthefi
ll
ingofdamsandr
iver
sbyfi
nesand,
clayandot
hermater
ial
scar
ri
edby
r
unningwat er
.
Nurser
y

 I
tisaseedbed.
 I
tisaplacewher
eseedsar
egr
ownt
oauseabl
esi
ze.Egt
omat
onur
ser
y,oni
on
nur
ser
y.

Humidi
ty
Theamountofwat
erv
apourorgasi
ntheat
mospher
e.

Preci
pit
ati
on
Rain,
snoworhai
lthatf
all
stoorcondensesont
hegr
ound.

Formsofpreci
pit
ati
on
Rain
Snow
hail
Transpl
ant
ing

i
tist
omov
eseedl
i
ngsf
rom aseedbedaper
manentbed.

 Ev
apor
ati
oni
sthepr
ocesswher
ebywat
erchangef
rom l
i
qui
dtogas.

 Condensat
ioni
schangi
ngf
rom gast
oli
qui
d.

 Runof
fiswat
ert
hatf
lowsont
hesur
faceoft
hegr
ound.

 Seepageorper
col
ati
oni
swat
erwhi
chsi
nksi
ntot
hegr
ound.

Transpi
rat
ion
Thelossofwaterbyt
reest
hroughl
eav
es.

PLANTS

Pl
antpar
tsanduses

St
em
 Theysuppor
ttheplant
.
 Theycarr
ywaterandfoodt
oot
herpar
ts.

22
Roots
 Theyabsorbwat erandminer
alsfr
om thesoi
ltot
hepl
ant
.
 Theysupporttheplant
.
Leaves
 Responsi
bleforexchangeofgassesandprovi
deuswi
thoxy
gen.
Fl
ower s
Producefr
uit
s.

Namet
hepar
tsoft
hepl
antbel
ow:

A.f
lower

B.
leav
es

C.st
em

D.r
oot
s

SEASONSI
NZI
MBABWE

 TherearefourmainseasonsinZi
mbabwe.
 Thewet t
estseasoni
nZi mbabweisduri
ngthesummerseason.
 Thecoldestseasoni
nZimbabwei sduri
ngthewinterseason.
 Thehottestseasoni
nZimbabwei sdur
ingthespri
ngseason.
 Thepostr ai
nseasoniscalledautumn.Iti
saseasonaf tersummerand
befor
ewi nt
er.

23
 Season Per
iod
MainRainySeason DectoMarch
Winter MidMaytomi dAugust
PostRainySeason MarchtomidMay
Spri
ng MidAugusttoear
lyNovember

Tr
eesandf
orest
ry

Or
char
d
 Iti
salandpl
ant
edwithfr
uitt
rees.
 Aplacewher
efrui
ttr
eesaregrown.

Or
char
dtrees
 Oranges
 Mangoes
 Lemons
 Apples
 Bananas
 Pears
 Guav as
 Peaches
 Limes
 Grapefrui
ts
 tangeri
ne

Ci
tr
usf
ruit
s
 l
emon
 oranges
 grapefr
uit
 tangeri
ne

Agoodor
char
dsi
te

 Pl
antnearyourhomet oprotectf
rom t
hiev
esandani
mal
s.
 Pl
antwheretherei
swat ernearby.
 Pl
antonwelldrai
nedsoi l
s.
 Pl
antwheretherei
sf ull
sunli
ght.
 Useafencedarea.
 Pl
antawayfrom bui
ldings.

Car
ingofanorchard
 Wat ert
hetreesr
egul
arl
y.

24
  Prunethetreesannuall
y.
 Fencetheland.
 Provi
detreeswi t
hfert
il
iser
sormanur
e.
 Mulchyourt r
ees.
 Sprayyourtreeswit
hchemi cal
s.

Pest
sanddi
seases

 Leafcurl
diseasewhichatt
ackspeachtr
ees.
 Fungaldi
seases.
 Fi
rebli
ghtattacksappl
esandpeaches.
 Codli
ngmot hisaninsectt
hatat
tackfr
uitt
rees.

Far
mtool
sandmachi
ner
y

Car
ingoff
armt
ool
s

 Cleanthem aft
eruse.
 Oilthem.
 Keept hem i
nastoreroom.
 Repairthem whenbroken.
 Paintthem.

Exampl
esoff
arm machi
ner
y

 Tractor
 Combi neharvester
 Culti
v ator
 Bl
owerspr ayer
 Ai
r craftsprayer
 Cot t
onhar vester

Far
mtool
s

 Spade–i susedfordigging,planting, hoeing,shoveling,andcutti

nglawnedges.
 Rake/har row–isusedf orbr akingupr oughsoi lsur f
acesmaki ngfi
neseedbed,
toopenandcl oseseeddr i
ll
s,andt oremov edeadgr assorl eaves.Usedto
spreadsoi l
.
 Hoe–i susedfordigging,weedi ng, andr akingoffhoedweeds.
 Trowel –isusedfortransplantingorpl antingofseedl i
ngsandhar vest
ingof
carrots.
 Wat eri
ngcan–usedf orwat eri
ngpl antsandspr ayingchemi cal
s
 Gardenf ork–isusedf ordigging, forcompostmaki ng.
 Pruningsaw-usedf orpruning
 Sickle-i
tisusedtocutgr ass.
25
  Shovel–iti
susedfordi
ggi
ngortoloadbul
kmat
eri
alsl
i
kesoi
lormanur
e.
 Knapsackspray
er–usedtospr
aychemical
s.

 Axe–usedt ocuttr
ees.
 Sl
asher-usedtocutgrass.
 Matt
ock-i susedforcutti
ng,upr
ooti
ngst
umps,anddi
ggi
ng.
 Pi
ck-usedf ordi
gging.
 Wheelbarr
ow-carryi
ngheav yl
oads

Saf
etyt
oconsi
derwhenusi
ngagr
ochemi
cal
s

 Wearprot ecti
veclot heswhenev ery ouusechemical
s.Egov
eral
l
s,gum boot
s,
l
ongsleev edshi r
t.
 Mixpesticidesout doors.
 Mixonlywhaty ouneedt ouse.
 Avoi
dthespi l
l
ingoft hepesti
cide
 Donoteatwhenusi ngagr ochemi cals
 Readthei nstr
uctionsbef oreuse.
 Avoi
dwi ndycondi tionswhenusi ngagr ochemi
cal
s
 Washy ourhandswi thsoapafteruse.

 Anagr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
tywhi
chcauseswat
erpol
l
uti
oni
suseofagr
ochemi
cal
s.

Tr
iangl
e{col
our
} Dangerwar
ning{
meani
ng}

Gr
een Caut
ion

Or
ange Danger
ous

Red Ver
ydanger
ous

Pur
ple Ext
remel
ydanger
ous

Questi
on:Youwantt ogrowcabbagesaty ourschoolgar
den.Twopacketsof
seedsareneededat$3.50each.Twobot t
lesofchemical
sat$8each.Chicken
manureisboughtfr
om MrMut aliat$5perwheel barr
ow.Twowheelbarr
owar e
neededperbedandy ouaregoingt ohavetenbeds.Eachbedwill
have20pl ant
s.
Thecabbageswill
besol datadollareach.

26
 a)Howmuchwi
l
lyouneedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngi
tems;

i
. Seeds(
1)

i
i
. Chemi
cal
s(1)

i
i
i. Manur
e(2)

b) Cal
cul
ate;

i
. t
heexpect
edexpendi
tur
e(2)

i
. t
heexpect
edi
ncome(
2)

i
i
. t
heexpect
edpr
ofi
t(2)

27