Md.

Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

Abst
ract

The pr i
maryobj ectoft his art
iclei st o of fera sy stematic studyoft he Wr i
t
Jurisdicti
onoft heSupr emeCour tofBangl adeshundert he1972Const i
tut
ionoft he
Peopl e’s Republic ofBangladesh.An at tempthas been made t o exami ne the
definiti
onofwr its,hist
ori
calbasi csofwr it,commont ypesofwr i
ts,anddi ff
erent
ty
pesofwr i
tsundert heconstitution.Thear ticlepor tr
ayswr i
tjuri
sdicti
onoft he
Supr eme Cour tofBangl adesh,compr i
sing oft he High cour tDivisi
on and t he
Appel lat
eDi vi
sion,tobegi veni nt henatur eofor dersundert he1972const i
tuti
on.
Relev antcaseshav ebeencited.Fi nall
y,t
hear ti
clesummar i
zesgener alconclusi
ons
maki nganov erallassessmentoft hewr i
tj urisdict
ionoft heSupr emeCour tof
Bangl adesh.Thisst udyorarti
cleisbasedonpur elyfrom secondar ysources.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Writmeansawr it
tendocumentbywhi chonei ssummonedorr equi
redtodoor
ref
rainf rom doi ng somet hi
ng.A wr iti sremedialrightf ort he enforcementof
substantivelaw.A wr itli
terall
ymeansa wr i
tten order.“Wr itmeans”a wr it
ten
command,pr ecept,orf or
malor deri ssuedbyacour t,directingorenj oyi
ngt he
personorper sonst owhom i tisaddr essedtodoorr efr
ainf rom doingsomeact
specif
iedt herei
n.Awr i
tisonlypermittedwhent hedefendanthasnoot heradequate
remedy ,suchasanappeal .Forexampl e,adefendantisonl yallowedt olodgedone
appeal.Iftheappeali sunsuccessf ul
,thedependentmayf i
leawr itasl
ongasi tdoes
notsimpl ymi mi ctheunsuccessf ulappealbecauseadependentcanf i
lemultipl
e
writ
s.Exampl esofwr itsinclude:wr itofmandamus,wr itofpr ohi
bit
ion,writof
Habeas Cor pus,wr itofcer ti
orari& wr i
tofquo war ranto.Ther e are other
cir
cumst ancesunderwhi chawr itmaybet hebestopt i
onf oradependent .

Def
ini
ti
onsofWr
it

Awr i
tmeansalet
teroft
enwr it
tenbyatt
orney.However,i
nmostmodernjur
isdicti
on,
anwriti
sanorderfr
om ahi ghercour
ttoal owerCourtortoagover
nmentof fi
cial
s.
Thus,writi
saformalwr i
tt
enor deri
ssuedbycour twithadmini
str
ati
veorj udici
al
j
uri
sdict
ion;
inmodernusageincommonl aw.

Wr
itdef
ined,
Accor
dingt
o(websi
tes)

(
1)Mer
ri
am Webst
er:-Wr
iti
sanor
derormandat
orypr
ocessi
nwr
it
ingi
ssuedi
nthe
nameoft hesover
eignorofacourtorjudi
cialoff
icercommandingtheper
sont o
whom i
tisdir
ect
edtoperf
orm orr
efr
ainf
rom perf
orminganactspeci
fi
edther
ein.

1
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

(
2)Busi
nessDi
cti
onar
y:-Wr
it
ten or
deri
ssued bya cour
tint
he name oft
he
soverei
gn(theStat
e)to(1)requir
etheatt
endanceofadefendant
;(2)commanda
persontorefr
ainfr
om ortoperfor
m aspeci
fi
edact;or(
3)giveaut
hori
tytohav
ean
actdone.

Wr
itdef
ined,
Accor
dingt
o(aut
hor
s)

(
1)Bl
ackst
one:
-“Wr
iti
samandat
oryLet
terf
rom t
heKi
ngi
nPar
li
ament
,seal
edwi
th
HisGr eatSeal
,and direct
ed totheSheri
ffoft heCount
ywhereintheinj
uryis
commi tt
edorsupposedsot obe,requi
ri
nghimtocommandt hewr
ongdoerorpart
y
accused,ei
thertodoj usti
cet othecomplai
nantorel
setoappearinCourt,and
answertheaccusat
ionagainsthi
m.”

(
2)A.R.Bi
swas:
-"Wr
iti
sanor
derorpr
ocessi
ssuedbyCour
torj
udi
cialof
fi
cer
askingapersont
operfor
m orr
efr
ainf
rom per
for
minganyact
.Iti
sanext
raor
dinar
y
processoft
heCourt
.”

(
3)St
evenH.Gr
if
is:
-Wr
iti
s"al
egalor
deri
ssuedbyt
heaut
hor
it
yandi
nthenameof
thestatet ocompelaper sont odosomet hingtherei
nmenti
oned.Iti
sissuedbya
compet entcour
torot hertr
ibunal
,andisdirect
edt otheSher
if
forotheraut
hori
tyto
executeit.I
neverycasetheWr iti
tsel
fcont
ainsdirecti
onf
ordoingwhati
srequi
red.
"

Char
act
eri
sti
csofWr
it

From t
heabovedefini
ti
ons,i
tisev
identt
hatawr
iti
nthel
egalsensemusthav
ethe
fol
lowi
ngchar
acter
isti
cs:
-

(1)I
tmustbeanor derorpr ocess;(2)Itmustbei nwriti
ng;(
3)Itmustbegivenbyt he
Crown,CrownOffi
cer,Cour torTr i
bunal;
( 4)I
tmustbei nmandat orynat
urerequir
ing
thepersontowhom itisaddr essedtodoorr efrainf rom doinganact;(
5)Itmustbe
i
ssuedagainstaninf
er iorcourt,of
fi
ceroraper son;(6)Iti
sanext r
aordi
naryprocess
contai
ningthedir
ectionf ordoi ngwhati srequired;and( 7)Disobedi
encetoi tis
contemptoftheRoyal Authorit
yandpuni shableassuch.

Wr
itJur
isdi
cti
on

Wr i
tjur
isdictionmeanst hepowerandj uri
sdictionoft heHighCourtDi vi
sion(HCD)
underthepr ovisionsoft heConsti
tut
ionwher ebyitcanenf or
cefundament alr
ights
asguarant eedi npar tII
IoftheConsti
tuti
onofBangl adeshandcanal soexer ci
sei t
s
powerofj udicialrevi
ew.Undert heconsti
tut
ion,theHi ghCour
tDivisionhaspower
underarticle102( 1)topassnecessaryorderst oenf orcef
undament alri
ghtsunder
arti
cle44(1)t her i
ghttomov etheHighCour tDi vi
sionunderarti
cle102( 1)isitself
fundament al r
ight .

2
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

Apersonmayappl yforenfor
cementoff undamentalri
ghtwhentherei
sat hr
eatto
i
nfri
ngeitandneednotwaittil
lthethr
eatiscarr
iedout.Thet
hreatmustberealand
mereapprehensi
ont hatt
hepet i
ti
onermaybedepr i
vedofhisfundament
alri
ghtis
notsuf
fi
cientt
oinvokethejur
isdi
cti
onofthecourt.

Hi
stor
ical
Basi
sofWr
itJur
isdi
cti
on

Theor i
ginofwr itsinBr i
ti
shI ndi agoesbackt ot heRegul ati
ngAct1773underwhi ch
aSupr emeCour twasest abl ishedatCal cutt
abyachar t
erin1774.Asi milarchar ter
al
so est abli
shed t he Supr eme Cour ts ofMadr as and Bombaywi th anal ogous
provisionsin1801and1823r especti
vely.Letter
spat entwer egivent oallt het hree
courts.Thesecour tswerer epl acedbyt heHi ghCour tsi n1862underHi ghCour ts
Act1861.TheHi ghCour tssoest abl
ishedenj oyedallthepower s,whi chwer et here
witht heSupr emeCour t
sr epl acedbyt hesecour t
s.Thust hethreepr esi
dencyHi gh
Courtsi nherit
edt hepowert oi ssuewr i
tsassuccessort ot heSupr emeCour t.Other
HighCour tssubsequent lyest abl i
sheddi dnothav ethesepower sbecauset heywer e
newlycr eatedandt heycoul dnoti nheri
tthesepower sast hepresidencyHi ghCour ts
di
d.The speci alaut hority,whi ch was conf err
ed by t he charteron t he t hree
presidencyHi ghCour ts,wasnotment ionedint heletterspatentoft hesubsequent
courts.Howev er,thewr i
tjurisdi cti
onoft hesecour t
swasl i
mitedt otheiroriginalcivi
l
j
urisdicti
on, whicht heyenjoy edunderSect ion45oft heSpeci fi
cRel i
efAct ,
1877.

Aft
ert hepart
it
ionin1947I ndi
aandPakistan,t
heIndianConstit
uti
onadoptedi n
1950gav ebotht heSupremecourtandHi ghcourt
'spower stoissuewrit
sand
speci
fi
cnamesofal lwrit
swer ei
ncor
porat
edinbotharti
clesof32fortheSupreme
Courtand226fortheHighCourtsf
ortheprot
ecti
onoffundamentalri
ght
saswel las
anyotherr
ight
sofanyper son.

Underthe1956isconstit
uti
onofPakist
anbothSupr
emeCourtandhighcourtwere
gi
venpowert oi
ssuewr it
sandspecifi
cnamesofallwri
tswer
eincorporat
edinthe
Art
icl
e22f ortheSupr emeCour t
s& 170f ortheHighCour
ts.Buti twas1962
Consti
tut
ionofPakist
anwher eforthefir
stti
meachangewasi ntr
oducedinwr i
t
matter
s.

Wr
itJur
isdi
cti
oni
nBangl
adesh

I
nourconst it
uti
on,thelaw ofwritismandat edinAr ti
cle102andt her emedial
measuresindif
fer
entformsareamalgamatedtobet akenundert
hisprovi
sionoflaw.
Al
lsor ts of r
eli
ef underwr i
tjuri
sdi
ction are avail
ablein ourconst i
tuti
onal
di
spensati
on.Now Idi scusstheconsti
tuti
onalrecogniti
onofwr i
tjuri
sdicti
onin
Bangl
adesh.

Consti
tuti
onalRecogni
ti
on:
-Writj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
stheinst
rumentforenf
orcementof
fundamentalr
ight
s.I
nBangl
adesh,f
undament
alr
ight
sareprovi
dedinArti
cle-
26to

3
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

Art
icl
e-47thati
spartthreeoft heconstit
uti
on.TheHighcourtdivi
sioni
sempower ed
withwritj
uri
sdi
cti
onbyAr t
icl
e-44andAr ti
cle-
102ofBangl
adeshconst i
tut
ion.Ar
ti
cle-
44(1)oft heConsti
tuti
ondecl ar
esthatr ight
st omovet ot heSupremeCour tin
accordancewit
ht heclause( 1)ofAr t
icl
e-102,fort
heenforcementoff undamental
ri
ghtsconfer
redbypartIIIi
sguar ant
eed.

According t
o Arti
cle-102(1) the Hi gh Courtdivi
sion f orthe enfor
cementof
fundamentalr
ight
smaygi vedirect
ionsoror derst
oanyper sonorauthori
tyincl
uding
anypersonperfor
minganyf uncti
oni nconnecti
onwitht heaffai
rsoft
heRepublicfor
theenforcementoff undament alrightsArticl
e102(2)oft heConst
itut
iondefines
vari
ouskindsofwr i
tj uri
sdicti
onsbuti tdoesnotment ionthenamesoft hewr its.
Howev er,
butbyanal
y singthisArti
cle,al
lthewritj
uri
sdicti
onscanbefound.

Accor
dingtoArti
cl
e102(2)theHighCourtDi
vi
sionmay
,ifsat
isf
iedt
hatnoot
her
equal
l
yeffi
caci
ousremedyi
sprovi
dedbylaw-

(
a)Ont
heappl
i
cat
ionofanyaggr
iev
edper
sonmaymakeanor
der-

i
. Direct
inganypersonperfor
mi nganyfunct
ionsinconnect
ionoftheRepubl
ic
orofal ocalaut
hori
tytoref
r ai
nfr
om doingthatwhichheisnotpermit
tedby
l
aw t odo-Thi sisclear
lytheWr i
tofProhibi
ti
on.Ortodot hatwhichheis
requir
edbylawt odo-Thisi
st heWritofMandamus.

i
i
. Declari
ngthatanyactdoneoranyproceedingtakenbyapersonperformi
ng
functi
onsinconnecti
onwit
htheaff
air
soft heRepubli
corofalocalauthor
it
y,
hasbeendoneort akenwit
houtl
awfulauthori
tyandisofnol
egaleff
ect-This
i
st hewritofCer
ti
orari
.

(
b)Ont
heappl
i
cat
ionofanyper
sonmakeanor
der
-

i
. Dir
ect
ingthatapersoniscust
odybebr oughtbefor
eitsothatitmaysati
sfy
i
tsel
fthatheisnotbeingheldi ncust
odywi t
houtlawfulaut
hori
tyorinan
unl
awfulmanner-Thisi
stheWritofHabeasCorpus.

i
i
. Requi
ri
ngapersonhol
dingofpur
port
ingtoholdapubl
i
coff
icet
oshowunder
whataut
hor
it
yheclai
mst ohol
dthatoff
ice-Thi
sist
hewri
tofQuo-
War
rant
o.

I
tisalsofoundthattheAppel
lat
eDivi
sionisempower edwit
hWritJur
isdi
cti
ont
oo.
Ar
ticl
e104oft heConsti
tut
ionprov
idestheAppellat
eDi v
isi
onShal
lhavepowerto
i
ssuedir
ecti
ons,order
sorwrit
swhenevernecessar
y.

4
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofWr
it
s

Ther
ear
e5t
ypesofwr
it
swhi
chi
ndet
ail
sdescr
ibedasf
oll
ows:

1.Wr
itofHabeasCor
pus;

2.Wr
itofMandamus;

3.Wr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion;

4.Wr
itofCer
ti
orar
i;and

5.Wr
itofQuo-
War
rant
o.

1.Wr
itofHabeasCor
pus
TheLat inwor d‘HabeasCor pus’means“ havehi sbodies’
.Tohav ethebodybef ore
thecour t
.Soi ti
saki ndofor derofthecourtthatcommandst heaut horiti
esholding
ani ndiv
idualincust odytobr i
ngthatpersoni ntocourt.Theaut horiti
esmustt hen
explaininthecour twhyt il
eper sonisbei
nghel d.Thecour tcanor derther el
easeof
theindivi
dualiftheaut hori
ti
esexplanati
oni sunsati
sfactor
yort hedet enti
onisfound
tobei ll
egal.Thusthewr i
tof‘HabeasCor pus’isaprocessf orsecur i
ngt hepersonal
l
ibertyoft hesubject sbyaf fordi
nganef fect
ivemeansofi mmedi atereleasefrom
unlawfulorunjusti
fiabledetention,
whetherinpr i
sonorinprivat
ecust ody .

I
tobj ectsforpr
ovidi
ngapromptandeffecti
ver emedyagai
nstill
egalr
estr
aint
s.The
writofHabeasCor puscanbef i
l
edbyanyper sononbehalfofpersondetai
ledorby
thedet ai
nedpersonhimsel
f.Iti
sajudi
cialorderissuedbySupremeCour torHigh
Courtt hr
oughwhichapersonconfi
nedmaysecur ehisrel
ease.ThewritofHabeas
Corpuscanbef il
edbyanypersononbehalfoftheotherper
sons.

1.
1Legal
prov
isi
onofHabeasCor
pusWr
iti
nBangl
adesh
 Undersub- cl
ause(i)ofclause( b)ofsub-arti
cle(2)ofar ti
cle102oft he
BangladeshConstit
uti
on,theHi ghCourtDivisi
on,ontheappl i
cat i
onofany
per
son, dir
ectst
hatapersonincustodybebroughtbefor
ei ttosatisf
yitselfas
towhet herheisbei
ngheldincust odywit
horwi t
houtl
awf ulauthori
ty.Ifthe
Courtfindsthatheisbeingill
egall
yheldincustodybyt heaut hori
ty,itthen
candecl ar
ethesametobewi thoutlawf
ulauthori
ty.

 Secti
on491oftheCodeofCriminalProcedurealsoauthori
zestheHighCourt
Div
isi
ontoissueadi
recti
oni
nt henatureofawr i
teofHabeasCorpustobri
ng
befor
eitapersondetai
nedinpubli
corpr ivatecustodyinordertoseeasto
whetherheisbei
ngdetai
nedil
legal
lyorimpr operl
y.I
ftheHighCourtDiv
isi
on

5
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

fi
ndsthatsuchapersonisbei
nghel
dincust
ody,i
ll
egal
lyori
mpr
oper
ly,
itt
hen
di
rect
sthedetai
ningauthor
it
yorper
sontosethi
m atli
ber
ty.

1.
2Gener
alExampl
eoft
heWr
itofHabeasCor
pus
InBangladesh,
forexampl e,
ifapersonisarr
estedori
mpr i
sonedforanyfalsereason,
thenhisf amil
yorf r
iendscanf i
l
eawr itofhabeascor pusunderArticle102of
consti
tuti
onofBangl adesh.Suppose,aper sonimpri
sonedf oramurderwhi chhe
didn'
tdo,thenhisfami l
ycanf i
leawr i
tofhabeascor pusforhisli
ber
ty.Buti fi
tis
provedinthecourtt
hathedi dcommi tt
hecrime,thewritf
ail
s.

1.
3Pr
act
ical
Exampl
esoft
heWr
itofHabeasCor
pus

Exampl
e-1:I
nFar
zanaHoqueV.Bangl
adesh(
wri
tpet
it
ionno271of1990)Sanaul
HoqueNi r
uwasar rest
edanddet ai
nedf i
rston13. 9.87undert heSpeci alPower sAct.
Hisdet ent
ionwaschal l
engedi nwr itpet i
ti
onno187of1988andt hecourtdeclared
thedet ent
ionil
l
egalanddi r
ectedr eleaseoft hedet enuon10. 5.1988.ButNi r
uwas
notreleased.Ratheranotheror derofdet entionwasser v
edagai nsthim on29.9.88.
Nir
uwasnotpl acedbef oretheAdv isoryBoar dwi thinthest atutoryperiodof120
days.TheHi ghCour tDi vi
sionagaindecl ar
edt hedet ent
ionillegalanddi rect
edhi s
rel
ease.Butgov ernmentdi dnotr eleaseNi ru.Anot heror der(3rdt ime)waspassed
andi twasagainchal l
engedbyanot herwr i
tpet i
tion( writpet
itionno989of1989) .
Again,t hecourtdeclaredt hedet ent i
onor derillegalanddi rectedr el
easeoft he
detenu.

Exampl
e-2:AbdulLat
ifMi
rzav
s.Bangl
adesh(
1979):I
n1974,AbdulLat
ifMi
rza
GeneralSecretaryofSer aj
gonjsubdi vi
sionalj ati
oSamaj t
antr
ikdalwasdet ained
undert he SpecialPower s Act1974 on gr ound of' vehemently cr
it
icizing the
fundamentalprinciplesoftheGov er
nmentofBangl adeshest abl
ishedbylaw' aswell
ast r
yingtoov erthrow thegovernmentt hroughv i
olentmeans.TheCour tdecl ared
thedetent
ionil
legal ,vague,i
ndef
init
e,ormi sleading&hel dthattherecouldn'tbeany
detenti
on only on t he ground ofcr i
ti
cizing the f undamentalpr i
nci
ples oft he
government.

Exampl
e-3:Wr
itPet
it
ionno.1694of1996,
12y
earol
dShazedulI
slam wasar
rest
ed
bytheTangai lpol i
ceon14. 03.96.Hewasast udentofcl asssevenofKhash
ShahzaniM. A.
.Kari
m HighSchool,Tangai
l
.Anor derforhisdetent
ionforonemonth
undertheSpeci alPowersAct,1974wasi ssuedon18.3.96andt hedetent
ionor
der
wasext endedforanotherthr
eemont hson17. 4.
96.Thedet enti
onorderwasagain
ext
endedf oranothertwomont hson17.7.
96.

ForBangl
adeshLegalAi
dandSer v
icesTrust[
BLAST],advocat
eJaglulHaiderAf
ri
c
fi
ledawritofhabeascorpusonbehalfofShazedulIsl
am andhisdet enti
onwas
decl
aredi
l
legal
bytheHighCourtDi
visi
onandhewasr el
easedfrom det
enti
on.

6
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

2.Wr
itofMandamus
Mandamusi saLat inwordwhi chmeans" WeCommand" .Mandamusi sajudici
al
remedywhi chisi nt
heform ofanor derfr
om asuper i
orcour
t(theSupremecourtor
aHighcour t)toanygov er
nment ,court
,corporat
ionorapublicaut
hori
tytodoort o
for
bearfrom doi ngsomespeci f
icactwhicht hatbodyisobl
igedunderlawtodoor
ref
rai
nfrom doi ng,asthecasemaybe,andwhi chi
sinthenatureofapublicduty
andincertaincasesofastatutoryduty.

Thefunct i
onofmandamusi stokeept hepubli
cauthor
it
ieswi
thi
nthelimi
tsoftheir
j
uri
sdictionwhileexerci
singpubli
cfuncti
ons.Mandamuscanbei ssuedtoanykind
ofauthor i
tyinrespectofanyt ypeoff unct
ionsuchasadmi ni
str
ati
ve,l
egi
slat
ive,
quasi
-judici
alandjudici
al.Mandamusi scall
eda“wakeningcall
"anditawakesthe
sl
eepingaut hor
it
iestoperfor
mt hei
rduty.

Apet i
ti
onforwritofmandamuscanbef il
edbyanyper sonwhoseeksl
egaldutyt
o
beper f
ormedbyper sonorabody .Suchaf i
li
ngpersonmusthavearealorspeci
al
i
nterestinthesubjectmatter
sandmusthav ethelegalri
ghtt
odoso.Mandamus
cannotbeissuedagainstapri
vat
eindivi
dualorpr
ivat
ebody.

2.
1Legal
prov
isi
onofMandamusWr
iti
nBangl
adesh
Sub-clause(i
)ofcl ause( a)ofsub- arti
cle(2)ofar ticl
e102oft heConstit
uti
onof
Bangladesh aut hor
izes the High Cour tDivisi
on t o dir
ecta person per
for
ming
functi
onsi nconnect ionwiththeaf fai
rsoft heRepubl icoralocalauthori
tytodo
whathei srequiredbyl awtodo.Thisr emedyi sav ai
labl
ewhenanyr i
ghtofaperson,
ari
singf r
om anyl awandnotf rom anycont r
act ,
isv i
olat
ed.Theappl
icantmustshow
thathehasal egalrighttotheperformanceofl egaldutybythepersonorauthor
ity
againstwhom t hewr i
tisprayedfor.

2.
2Si
mpl
eExampl
eoft
heWr
itofMandamus
Suppose,i
fagovernmentempl oyeewor ki
ngunderBangl
adeshTele-Communi cat
ion
Li
mited(BTCL)
,foranyr eason,cl
ai msthathisri
ghthasbeenviol
ated,canfi
leawr i
t
ofMandamusagai nstthatcompany .Buthiscomplai
ntlackssuf
fici
entinf
ormation
andisprov
edwrong, t
hewr itpeti
tionwil
l f
ail
.

2.
3Pr
act
ical
Exampl
esoft
heWr
itofMandamus

Exampl
e-1:KhandkerDel
warHossai
nvs.TheSpeaker
:Mr
.Hasi
burShwaponand
Mr .Alauddi
nwer eelect
edasmember sofpar
liamentintheti
cketofBNPi n1996
elect
ion.BeinginducedbytherulingAwamiLeague,t heychangedtheiral
l
egiance
andt ookoathasDeput yMini
sterandSt ateMinist
eroftheconsensusgovernment
ofShei khHasina.BNPclai
mthatt hesetwoMPs,byact ingagai
nstthemandat eof
thepar tyshouldbe'deemedtor esign'f
rom t
hepar t
yandt herebythei
rseatwas

7
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

vacated.I
nt wolett
erssentt
otheSpeaker,BNPrequest
edtheSpeakertoref
erthe
mattertot heElect
ionCommissi
on.ButtheSpeakerdidnotref
ersthi
sdisputeor
mattertotheElecti
onCommissi
on.

Barri
sterMoududAhmedappear i
ngonbehal foft hepet i
tionerarguedt hatthe
Speakerv iol
atedtheConst it
utionalpr
ovision[ Ar
ti
cle-
66(4)]&deni edtheEl ect
ion
Commi ssionapowerguar anteedt oi
tbyt heConst i
tut
ion.Hencei nthisregardthe
Speaker '
sj obwasast at
utorynotconst i
tutionalone.ThereforetheCour tcamet o
theconcl usionthatitwaswi thinthepurviewoft heCour t
'spowert ointerv
eneand
givenecessar ydi r
ecti
onorcommandt ot heSpeakert or eferthedisputet othe
Elect
ionCommi ssi
on.

Exampl
e-2: Masood Sobhan vs. The El
ect
ion Commi
ssi
on: The pet
it
ioner
questionedthedecl
arat
ionofroadmaptot heelect
ion2008byt heChiefAdvi
serDr.
FakhruddinAhmed.TheCour tobser
vedthesi t
uati
onthentheCourtCommandt hat
si
ncet heElect
ionCommi ssi
onwascompl etel
yfreeinhol
dingtheelect
ion,
theChief
Adviserwasnotauthori
zedtodeclar
eanydat eofel
ecti
oninhisspeechtothenati
on.

Exampl
e-3:Awr
itpet
it
ionwasf
il
edwi
tht
heHi
ghCour
t(HC)i
nFebr
uar
y4,2019
seekingit
sdirect
iveont hegov ernmentt otakenecessarystepstocomplet
el yst
op
pri
vatepracti
ceofgov ernmentappoi nt ed doct
ors.FiveSupr emeCourtl awyer
s
coll
ecti
vel
ylodgedt hepeti
tion,chall
engingthelegalit
yofinacti
onoftheauthori
ti
es'
parttost oppriv
atepr acti
ceofgov ernment -
appointeddoctorsdur
ingtheirwork
hours.

Theypr ayedtotheHC toCommandt heaut

hori
ti
est oform acommi ssionfor
i
ntroducingagui
del
ineonpr
ivatepr
acticeofthegovernmentappoi
nteddoct
ors,and
toconductmobilecour
tst
ost opir
regulari
ti
esatgovernmentandpriv
atehospi
tals.
Thi
si sthewri
tofmandamus.

3.Wr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion
Thewr itofpr
ohibit
ionmeans‘ t
of or
bidort ostop’anditispopul arlyknownas' Stay
Or der'
.Thiswri
tisissuedwhenal owercour torabodyt ri
est otransgr essorexceeds
thel i
mi t
sofpower svestedi
nit.Thewr i
tofprohibit
ioni
si ssuedbyanyHi ghCour tor
theSupr emeCour ttoanyinferi
orcourtorquasi -
judi
cialbodypr ohibiti
ngt helat t
er
from cont i
nui
ngt heproceedi
ngsi napar t
icul
arcase,wher ei thasnoj urisdict
iont o
try.Afterthei
ssueoft hi
swrit
,proceedi
ngsi nthelowercour tetc.comet ost op.

Awr
itofpr
ohi
bit
ioni
snor
mal
l
yissuedwheni
nfer
iorCour
tort
ri
bunal

 Pr
oceedst
oactwi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
onori
nexcessofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

 Pr
oceedst
oacti
nvi
olat
ionoft
her
ulesofnat
ural
just
ice.

8
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

 Pr
oceedst
oactunderal
awwhi
chi
sit
sel
ful
tr
avi
resorunconst
it
uti
onal
.

 Pr
oceedst
oacti
ncont
rav
ent
ionoff
undament
alr
ight
s.

Prohibi
ti
onwi l
lli
eonlyagainstj
udicialorquasi-
judi
cialpr
oceedingsandnotagainst
the exerci
se oflegi
slat
ive orexecut i
vef uncti
on oragai nstpr i
vat
e per
sons or
Associati
on,whocannothecal l
edan' authori
ty'
.Inshort,awr i
tofprohi
bit
ionis
avai
lableonlyagai
nstsuchauthori
tiesasareamenabl etothej ur
isdi
cti
on.

3.
1Wr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ioni
nBangl
adesh
Prohibiti
oni sapr eventi
vewr i
tandi ssuedt o st
opi l
l
egalexerciseofpowerof
j
urisdicti
ontothedet r
imentofanylegalri
ghtofaperson.Sub-
clause( i
)ofclause(a)
ofsub- art
icl
e(2)ofarti
cle102oftheConst i
tut
ionauthor
izest
heHi ghCour tDivi
sion
todirectaper sonper forminganyfuncti
onsi nconnectionwi
tht heaf f
airsoft he
Republ i
corlocalauthori
tytoref
rai
nfrom doi
ngwhathei snotpermittedbylawt odo.

3.
2Gener
alExampl
eoft
heWr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion
Anyperson,whocitesorexperi
encethatanyordergiv
enbyal owercourti
snotlegal
oroutsi
dethejur
isdict
ionoft
hatlowercourt
,canfil
eawr i
tpeti
ti
onagainstthecourt
.
AndifSupremeCour tfi
ndsthecompl ai
nttobet ruethenitcanapplyt hewritof
prohi
bit
ionagai
nstlowercourt
.

3.
3Pr
act
ical
Exampl
esoft
heWr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion

Exampl
e-1:TheAppel
l
ateDi
vi
sionoft
heSupr
emeCour
tin2013i
ssuedadi
rect
ive
tothedeputycommissionerofChatt
ogram nottoleaseoutt
he“noti
fied”mangr ov
e
for
estatSit
akundaupazilatoanyperson,companyororgani
sati
onforanypur pose.
UnderSecti
on-4ofForestAct-
1927,aforesti
s“not
ifi
ed”whenitisunderprocessof
bei
ngdeclaredasareservefor
est.

Butlasty ear(2018)DeputyCommi ssionerofChat togram gavet hisforestleasedt o

apr i
vatecompanyt obuil
dashi p-breakingy ard.Whi chviol
atingaSupr emeCour t
di
recti
v e,exi
stinglawsandt henati
onalf orestpol i
cy.Becausei tisa" noti
fied"forest
.
Thent heSupr emeCour tsaidthatthi
sf unction( gi
venf or
estthroughl ease)isill
egal
which conductbyt he deputycommi ssioner.Supr eme Cour ti ssued a wr itfor
prohi
bitingthi
sf uncti
onofDeput yCommi ssionerthrought hewr itofprohibiti
on.

Exampl
e-2:TheHi
ghCour
thasdesi
redt
hatt
hel
owercour
tjudgeswoul
dref
rai
nor
prohi
bitfr
om usi
ngnamesofhigherdegr
eesli
ke‘Dr’and‘Bar
rist
er’beforethei
r
namesi nj
udgement
sandor
der
sdeli
ver
edbythem on26Jul
y,2019,i
nt hecases.

“Dr(Doct
orate)
’i
sa degreeofr esear
ching highereducat
ion and ‘
Barri
ster
’isa
prof
essi
onalspeci
alcour
se.Ther
efore,‘
Dr’or‘Barr
ist
er’
cannotbeapar tofnameof

9
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

aperson,
”theHighCourthasobser
ved.Ithasal
sosaidthatthetr
endofusi
ngsuch
degr
eebeforenametakesplaceduetothemind-
setof“super
ior
it
ycomplex.
”

SoHighCourtprohi
bitthelowercour
tjudgestousehigherdegr
eebef
oret
hei
r
namesi
njudgementsandorder
sdeli
ver
edbythem i
nthecases.

Exampl
e-3:Ani
sulI
slam Mahmudv
s.Bangl
adesh,apet
it
ionwasbei
ngpr
osecut
ed
undersecti
on7oft hespecialpowerAct1974,fortheoff
enceofabscondingand
fai
l
ingtosurrendertoadetentionorderpassedagai
nsthi
m,t heHighCour
tDivi
sion
i
ssuedawr i
tofpr ohi
bit
ionast hedetenti
onorderhavebeenf oundtobewithout
l
awfulauthor
ity,
theSpecialTri
bunalhasnojuri
sdi
cti
ontoproceedwitht
hetr
ial
.

4.Wr
itofCer
ti
orar
i
Lati
nwor dCerti
orarimeans' becert
if
ied'or'
tobeinformedof ,ortobemadecer t
ain
i
nr egardto'
thepr oceedingsofanylowercourtort r
ibunaltobei nvesti
gatedbyt he
superi
orcour t
.Recor ds ofanypendi ng orconcluded pr oceedings before any
authori
tyorcourtincl
udingat ri
bunalcanbecall
edf orbyt heHi ghCourtDi v
isi
onof
theSupremeCour tofBangl adeshforitsexami
nationast othel egali
tyorotherwise
ofthesaidproceedings.

Asupremecour thaspowert orevi

ew theproceedi
ngsofalllowertri
bunal
sandt o
rul
eupont heirauthori
tytohearthatcaseandt hei
rdeci
sionsonquest i
onsoflaw.
However,
thel owercourtsdet
erminati
ononquest i
onsoff
actwi l
lrar
elybedi
stur
bed,
alt
houghast atestat
uemayaut hori
zeahighercourtt
odoso.

4.
1Legal
arr
angementofCer
ti
orar
iwr
iti
nBangl
adesh
Undersub- clause( ii
)ofcl ause( a)ofar ti
cle102,notonl yl egalityofapr oceedings
butal soanyactdonebyaper son,per formingf uncti
onsi nconnect i
onwi t
ht he
affairsoft heRepubl i
coral ocalaut horit
y,canbedecl ar edt ohav ebeendone
withoutanyl awf ulauthor ityand wi t
h no l egalef f
ect.Thus r emedyundert he
aforesaidsub- cl
ause( i
i)iswi dert hant hatoft her emedyav ail
ablei nawr itof
certiorari
.Inawr itofcer tiorari
,super i
orcour tinterf
ereswhent helowercour tor
tr
ibunalact swi thoutanyj urisdicti
onori nexcessofi tsexi sti
ngj urisdi
ctionori n
caseswher ei tfail
st oexer ciseitsjuri
sdiction–f orexampl e, wheni tdecidesacase
withoutgi vinganoppor tuni tytot hepar ti
est obehear dorv i
olatest hepr i
ncipl
eof
natur aljusti
ceori ftherei saner rorappar entont hef aceoft her ecordofsuch
proceedi ngs.Butundersub- clause( i
i)ofcl ause( a)ofarticle102,t heHi ghCour t
Divisioncanal sodecl areanyactdonebyanyaut hor i
ty,whi
chi snei t
heraj udici
alnor
aquasi -
judi
cial,tobewi thoutl awf ulauthori
ty.

4.
2Gener
alExampl
eoft
heWr
itofCer
ti
orar
i
Supposeai
nfer
iorcour
torat
ri
bunaloranaut
hor
it
yoraper
sonhadal
readyv
iol
ated

10
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

t
hepr inci
pleofnaturaljust
iceormi susedthepoweroractedi nexcessofits
j
urisdi
cti
on,thehi
ghercourtorsuper
iorcour
tbyi
ssui
ngcer
ti
oraricanquasht
hatact
i
.e.candeclaret
hatacti
ll
egal.

4.
3Pr
act
ical
Exampl
esoft
heWr
itofCer
ti
orar
i

Exampl
e-1:
TheHi
ghCour
t(HC)obser
v he16thamendmenti
edt nBangl
adesh.Then
5May ,2016,theHighCour
tcert
ifi
edt
hatt s16th i
hi sil
legal
,unconsti
tut
ionaland
againstthepri
nci
plesoft
hesepar
ati
onofst
atepowersandtheindependenceofthe
j
udiciary
.

HighCourtobserved“ Thesixteenthamendmenti sacol ourabl

el egisl
ati
onandi s
vi
olat
iveofthepr i
ncipl
eofsepar ati
onofpowersamongt hreeor gansoft hestate,
namely,t
heexecutive,thel
egislatureandthejudici
aryandt heindependenceoft he
j
udici
aryasguar anteedbyar ti
cles94( 4)and147( 2),t
wobasi cst ructur
esoft he
const
it
uti
onandt hesamei sal sohi tbyart
icl
e7( B)oft heconst i
tuti
on,”Ast hi
s
t
h
obser
vati
on then t he HC cer tifi
ed thatthe 16 amendmentof Bangl adesh
const
it
uti
onisil
legal.

Exampl
e-2:OnMay17,2018,sever
almedi
aout
let
spubl
i
shedar
ti
clesbasedont
he
i
ccdr,brepor
tthatstated75%ofpast euri
zedmi l
kwasnotsafe.Thereportcameto
theHighCourt'
sattentionandthecourtorderedawr
itt
obef i
l
edont heissue.Lat
er,
SupremeCour tlawy erTanveerAhmed f i
led t
hewri
tpeti
ti
on undert hewr i
tof
cert
iorar
i.

Thecourtissuedthei nj
unct i
onasf oursepar atelabr epor
tsonpast eur
izedmi lkof
the14compani esinthemar ketshowedpr esenceofhar mfulsubstancesf orhuman
body.Aft
erinvest
igati
ont heHi ghCourtcerti
fi
edt hatthiscompaniesmi l
kpr oduct
ion
i
si l
l
egalwhichhar mfulforhumanbody .Asar esult
,TheHi ghCour thasor der
ed14
regi
ster
ed compani esincluding MilkVita,Pr an and Aar ong to stop production,
dist
ri
buti
onandsel l
ingoft heirpast
euri
zedmi lkacrossBangl adeshf orfi
veweeks.

Exampl
e-3:Soya Pr
otei
n Pr
ojectLt
d.v
s.Secr
etar
y Mi
nist
ry of MDMR,t
he
governmenti niti
ated"Schoolfeedingprogr am"andent eredintocont r
actwitht he
peti
ti
onersf orsoy a-pr
otei
nofpr otei
nbiscui t
stoschoolf oraf i
xedper i
od.Ont he
expi
ryoft hecont ractperi
odgovernmentdi sconti
nuedt hepr ogram violati
ngitsown
poli
cy,wasi ngr ossv i
olat
ionofthelegi
ti
mat eexpectat
ionnotonl yoft hepetiti
oner
butalsothemi l
li
onsofunder -
nouri
shedchildrenwar r
ant i
ngi nt
erferenceoft hecourt
anddi r
ectedt hegov ernmenttoimplementi spoli
cydeci sion.Thej udgementdoes
notshowt hatt herewasanypr omiseintheshapeofst atementofpol icytocontinue
theprogram andshecoul dnott heanyl egiti
mateexpect ati
onofany bodyoft he
conti
nuityofthepr ogramme.

11
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

5.Wr
itofQuoWar
rant
o
QuoWar r omeans'
ant bywhatwar rantorauthori
ty'
.Thi
swr itofQuowar rant
oi s
i
ssuedtoshowbywhataut hor
ityapersoni
shol di
ngorpur port
ingtoholdapubl i
c
of
fi
ce.TheHi ghCourtDiv
isi
oncanenquirei
ntothelegal
it
yoft heclai
m ofapart
yt o
anoff
ice.Awr i
tofquo-warr
antomaybeappliedatt hei
nstanceofanypersonev en
whohasnoper sonal
orspecial
inter
est.

Mor epreci
sel
y,i
tcanhesai
dt hatwhenapersonhol
dsapublicoff
icecr
eat
edbyl aw
theHigherCourtontheappl
icationofanyper
soncanbyissuingquowarr
anto,ask
thepersontoshow ofwhataut hori
tyhehol
dstheoff
iceandcanmakehi m notto
holdsuchoffi
cefurt
her
.

Thewr i
tli
esagainstapersonwhoclai
medorusur
pedanof
fi
ce,
franchi
se,orl
i
ber
ty,
toinqui
rebywhataut horit
yhesupportedhi
scl
aims,i
nor
dert
hatt heri
ghttot
he
off
iceorfranchi
semightbedeter
mined.

5.
1QuoWar
rant
oinBangl
adesh
Writ`ofquowar r
antopr ovi
desremedyagai nstillegaloccupati
onorusur pat i
onof
anypublicoffi
ceorfranchiseorli
berty
.Itenablesi nquir
yintothelegali
tyoftheclaim,
whichaper sonassertstoanof fi
ceorf r
anchiseandt oousthi mfrom suchposi ti
on,
i
fhei sanusur per
.Thehol deroft heoffi
cehast oshow tothecour tunderwhat
aut
hor i
tyheholdsof f
ice.Suchremedyi savailableundersub- cl
ause(ii
)ofcl ause(b)
ofsub-art
icl
e(2)ofarticl
e102oft heConstitutionfrom theHighCour tDivi
sion.

5.
2Si
mpl
eExampl
eofQuo-
War
rant
o
Thiswritcanbef i
ledbytheSupremeCourtagainstanycompanyorindi
v i
dual,i
fthe
courtf
indsnol egalri
ghtofthatcompanyofi
ndividualtoholdt
heposi
ti
ont heyhad.
Suppose,ifagar mentindust
rylackanyl
egalauthorizat
iontohol
dtheindustr
y,the
courtmightfi
l
eawr i
tofQuoWar rant
oagai
nstthatindustry
.

5.
3Pr
act
ical
Exampl
esoft
heWr
itofQuo-
War
rant
oinBangl
adesh

Exampl
e-1:
OnNov
ember30,
2010,
thegov
ernment
-ownedNor
wegi
anBr
oadcast
ing
Authori
tyallegedthatthedonorsgi
ven$100mill
iont
oGrameenBankforpov
ert
y
al
leviat
ion.ButDr .MohammedYunusr emovedt
hismoneyf
rom Gr
ameenBankto
anotherorganizat
ioncall
edGrameenKal
yan.

Thenthegov ernmentwasal sost ri

ctaboutYunus.Formedar evi
ew committ
ee.
Befor
erecei
vi
ngt herecommendat i
onofthecommi t
tee,
thecentr
albank,onMar
ch2,
2011,i
ssuedMohammedYunus' sr el
easefrom t
hepostofManagingDi r
ect
or(
MD)
ofGrameenBank,showi ngt
her easonforthepassi
ngoft heageli
mit.On3Mar ch,
2011,Ninedirector
soft heGr ameenBank& Mohammad Yunusf il
ed t
wo writ

12
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

pet
it
ionsintheHi ghCourtchal
lengi
ngt
hev al
i
dit
yoft heBangl
adeshBankorder
.
Aft
erathree-dayhear
ing,onMarch8ofthesamey ear
,adoubl
ebenchoftheHigh
Courtdi
smissedthepeti
ti
ondir
ectl
y.

Underwritofquowarranto,theHighCourtaskedtheper
son(Dr
.MohammadYouns)
toshow ofwhataut hori
tyhehol dst heposit
iononManagingDi rect
or(MD)of
GrameenBank.Now y ouhav enor i
ghttoholdthisposi
ti
onbecausepassingyour
ageli
mit.Final
l
y,MuhammadYunusannouncedatapr essconf
erencethathewould
stepdownasmanagi ngdi r
ectorofGrameenBank.

Exampl
e-2:ABM Ani
shurRahman wasel
ect
ed t
he chai
rman oft
he managi
ng
commi tt
eeofJheni aMAHi ghSchoolinSundarganj
,Gaibandha.Heisateacherofa
priv
ateeducationalinst
it
uteinthesameupazila.Md.BadshahMi yanChall
engedthe
vali
dit
yofhi spr esi
dencythroughwritpeti
ti
on.Thepr eli
minaryhear
ingofthewr i
t,
thecourtissuedt herul
eont heval
idi
tyofstayi
ngorhol di
nginthepresi
dencyofthe
teacheronOct ober15,2018.

AdvocateMd.Humay unKabi
rsaidt hattherulesoft heSecondar
yandHi gher
SecondaryEducati
on Boar
d Di
najpur(Gover
ning Bodyand Managing ofPr i
vate
Educati
onalI
nst
itut
ionsoft
heSecondaryandHigherSecondar
yLevel
),7(2)of2009,
stat
esthatateachermaynotbeelectedornominatedasthepresi
dentofapr i
vate
educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
on.

Forthi
sreason,
thecour
trul
edt hatnoteachercoul
dbeel
ect
edornomi
nat
edast
he
presi
dentofapri
vat
eeducat
ionalinst
it
uti
on.

Pr
obl
emsofWr
iti
nBangl
adesh

(
1) Di
sobey t
he wr
it pet
it
ion of t
he super
ior cour
t: Somet
imes t
he
admini
str
ati
veaut
hor
it
ydi
sobeyt
hewr
itpet
it
ionoft
hehi
ghercour
t.I
fwel
ookatan
exampl
e:-

CaseSt
udy
:TheAppel
l
ateDi
vi
sionoft
heSupr
emeCour
tin2013i
ssueda
dir
ectivetot hedeput ycommi ssi
onerofChat togr
am nott oleaseoutt he
“noti
fi
ed”mangr oveforestatSi t
akundaupazilatoanyper son,companyor
organisati
onf oranypur pose.Butlastyear(2018)DeputyCommi ssi
onerof
Chattogram gav ethi
sf orestleasedtoapr i
vatecompanyt obuildaship-
breakingyard.ThatmeansDeput yCommi ssi
onerdisobeyt
hewr i
tofSupreme
Court.

(
2)Gov
ernmentdoesnotl
i
stent
ocour
tor
der
:Somet
imest
hegov
ernment
del
ayssuper
iorcour
tor
dermanyway
s.Suchas.
..
.

CaseSt
udy
:InFar
zanaHoqueV.Bangl
adesh(
wri
tpet
it
ionno271of1990)

13
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

SanaulHoqueNi ruwasar restedanddet ai

nedf irston13. 9. 87undert he
SpecialPowersAct.Thecour tdeclaredt hedet enti
oni ll
egalanddi rect
ed
rel
easeofthedetenuon10. 5.1988.ButNi ruwasnotr el
eased.2ndt imethe
High CourtDiv
isi
on again declar
ed thedet ent
ion ill
egaland di r
ected hi
s
rel
ease.Butgovernmentdidnotr el
easeNi ru.Anot herorder( 3rdt i
me)was
passedanditwasagai nchallengedbyanot herwr i
tpet i
ti
on( wr i
tpetit
ionno
989of1989).Again,
thecourtdeclaredt hedetenti
onor deril
legalanddi rect
ed
rel
easeofthedetenu.Thatmeanst hegov ernmentdel aysthewr itpeti
ti
onof
thecourtf
orrel
easeNiru.

(
3)Rev
ersebehav
iouroft
heGov
ernment
:Thecour
thast
hepowert
odecl
areany
actorr
efor
mill
egal.Butsometimesthegov
ernmentwant
stokeept
hecour
tini
ts
handwhi
chisi
njust
iceinourcount
ry.

CaseSt
udy
:On5may,2016,t
heHi
ghCour
t(HC)decl
aredt
hatt
he16t
h
amendment i n Bangladesh isillegal,unconsti
tuti
onaland agai nst t
he
pri
nci
plesoft hesepar at
ionofst atepower sandt heindependenceoft he
t
h
j
udici
ary.Becausethe16 Amendmentsai dt hatt
hepar l
i
amentexer ci
sethe
powertoremov ethejusti
cesorjudgesf rom Court
.TheHighCour tdi
smissed
theappealmadebyt hest at
epartyagainsttheHi ghCourtver
dict.Thenthe
gover
nmentangr yontheHi ghCourtv er
dict
.

From then on,the government'

s confl
i
ctwiththe courtf orthe 16t
h
amendmentv er
dict
.Final
ly
,thechiefjust
icei
nBangladeshresignhi
spost
becausethegov
ernmentsplayrev
erserol
eagai
nsthi
m.

(
4)Ti
meConsumi
ng&Cost
ing:Wr
itpet
it
ioni
sver
ycost
ingandt
imeconsumi
ng
fortheremoteareapeopl es.Asar esul
t,boar dersideorremoteareapeoplecan’t
takelegalacti
oni mmediatelywhichlateronde- moti
vat
est hevi
ctimstof i
lewrit
peti
ti
onwi t
hhis/herpresenceattheHCD.Forexampl e,i
faciti
zenofBandarbanor
RangpurorTeknafl i
kestol odgeawr i
tpetiti
on,he/shehastogot oDhaka.Itisan
expensiv
eandt ime-consumi ngaf
fair
.Atpr esent,someonehast ocomet oDhaka
from ver
yremotear easofBangladeshwhi chtakeshuget ime,money,pat
ienceetc.
andneedst osearchadvocateforr
epresentingv i
cti
m.

(
5)Wr
itpet
it
ionJust
icecomessl
ow:Just
icecomessl
ow f
ort
hosewhocome
seekingitint helabourcourtsi nBangladesh.Thousandsofworkershav ebeen
waiti
ng forjusti
cef rom labourcourts,wherea hugenumberofcasesr emai n
pendingmai nlyduet oslow t r
ialpr
oceedingsandnegl i
genceinoff
ici
als'duti
es.
Sevenl abourcourts,and theonl ylabourAppell
ateTr i
bunali
nthecount ry,are
burdenedwi t
habacklogof17, 608cases.

Atotalof1,047casesremainpendi
ngwiththeAppel
l
atetr
ibunal
;4,
576inDhaka
Fi
rstLabourCour
t;5,
263inDhakaSecondCourt
;4,
005i
nDhakaThir
dCourt
;1,
510in

14
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

Chi
tt
agongFir
stCourt
;578inChi
tt
agongSecondCour
t;214i
nKhul
naLabourCour
t
and415inRaj
shahi
LabourCour
t.

(
6)Faul
tyl
egalar
rangement
:Lackofl
awexi
stf
orensur
ingJust
icebywr
iti
nour
count r
y.Fori nst
ance,manyoft hecaseshav ebeenst uckforoversi
xy ear
s,even
thoughl abourlawstatesthatcasesshouldbedisposedofwithin60days.Accordi
ng
tot heoffi
cialcount
, 10,
838caseshav eremainedpendingforoversi
xmont hs;3,
495
forov erthreemont hs,and3,275f ormorethanonemont hbecauseoff aul
tylegal
arrangement .

Recommendat
ionsorMeasur
etoOv er
comethe
Probl
emsfortheimpl
ementat
ionofwri
ts

Thedi
ssert
ati
onhassomer ecommendat
ionsregar
dingtheissueof“LawofWri
tsi
n
Bangl
adeshandI
tsInt
erpr
etati
oni
ntheSupremeCour tofBangl
adesh’
,asf
oll
owi
ng:
-

(
1)Del
egat
ingWr
itj
uri
sdi
cti
on:
-TheHi
ghCour
tDi
vi
sionoft
heSupr
emeCour
tis
overbur
denedwi t
hallkindsofci v i
lsui
ts,includi
ngwr itcases.Inthissit
uati
on,High
CourtDivi
sionmaydelegat esomeofi tswr i
tjuri
sdicti
onstoDi str
ictCourt
s.Thiswil
l
notbeunconstit
uti
onal.Arti
cle-44(2)declares,withoutprej
udicetot hepowersofthe
SupremeCour tunderAr t
icl
e-102,Par l
iamentmaybyl awempoweranyot hercourt
,
withi
nthelocall
imit
sofi t
sjurisdicti
on,toexer ci
sealloranyoft hesepowers.

(
a)Wr
itJur
isdi
cti
oncanbeshar
edwi
thDi
str
ictCour
tsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:-

DistrictCour t
scanr ecei
v ewr itcasesanddeal withthem att heiriniti
alst ages.
DistrictJudgescanbegi v enj urisdictiont orecei v
ewr itcasesf rom pl ai nt
if
f
petitionersanddealwi t
ht hem att hei rinitialstages.DistrictJudgescant ake
evidences,al lnecessarydocument s,exami newi t
nessesanddet erminet he
quest ionoff actand thensend t hecaset ot heHighCour tDi vi
sion.On
receiv i
ngt hecaset heHighCour tDiv i
sioncanconductt het ri
al,determi net he
quest ionofl awandgi vef inaljudgement .Her e,therol
eofDi st
rictJudgewi ll
besi milartotheroleofMagi strate.Sect ion202( 2A)andsect i
on-205cofCr .
P.C.pr ov i
des,whenanyMagi strater eceiv esacasewhi chi sexcl usivelyt rail
ed
byaCour tofSessions,thent heMagi stratewi shal lmakei nqui r
yint othecase
byt akingdocument s,articl
es,exami ningwi tnesses,t akeot herev i
dences
whi char enecessaryandwi shal lsendt hecaset otheCour tofSessi onsf or
tri
al.

(
b)Di
str
ictCour
tscanbedelegat
edwiththej
uri
sdi
cti
ontodisposesomeof
t
hewr
itcaseswhichar
elesscompli
cat
edandi
nvolv
elessquest
ionsofl
aw.

15
 Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

(
2)Pl
acedHi
ghCour
tDi
vi
sioni
neachDi
vi
sion:I
fthebenchofHCDi
spl
acedi
n
eachdi vi
siont henitwil
lbetheeasi
estmeansf orthevi
cti
mst obringactionagai
nst
vi
olatorsoff undamentalri
ghts.
ButifthepowerofHCD i sdecent ral
ized,i
neach
di
vision,tor eceivewr i
tpeti
ti
onsthenpeopl ewillqui
ckl
ybeabl et ocomeatt he
nearestdi vi
sionalbenchesofHC empower ed ofwritjur
isdict
ionand canseek
i
mmedi at
er emedi almeasures.Itcanalsocommut ethepr essureofHCD;i tcan
minimiset hecompl exi
ti
esofthetri
alprocedur
e,pendencyofsui ts,harassmentof
vi
ctimset c.

It al
so reduces the transpor
t and other rel
ated cost of li
ti
gants.Ov er
all
,
decentr
ali
sat
ionofthebenchesofHCDwi l
l beverymuchhelpfulf
orthepublicwher e
the main motto ofIndependence ofBangladesh and core decl
ar at
ion ofthe
preambleofourConstit
utionaretoensur
ef ai
rjust
ice.Andthiscontenti
onstrongly
support
sourv i
ews.

(
3)Ot
her
spr
ovi
siont
oov
ercomet
hewr
itpet
it
ionpr
obl
emsi
nBangl
adesh,
Suchas

 Pr
ovi
dest
rongr
ulesandr
egul
ati
ons.

 Cour
templ
oyeesmustst
opbr
iber
yfr
om t
hev
ict
imsorwr
itpet
it
ioner
s.

 I
ncr
easecour tandtr
ibunali
nlocall
evelwhi
chhel
ptor
educebur
denon
t
hehighercourtandt
ribunal
.

Concl
usi
on

Wr i
tPet it
ionl egali nst r
umentoft hesuper iorcourtsforr emedi est oper sons, natur al
orjural,agai nstthear bitr
ar yoril
l
egalact ionsofanyaut hor i
tyort hel owercour t.Iti s
knownt oal lthatasy stem ofl awswi thoutef fectiver emedi esei therf ail
si ni t s
missionorser vesv er yli
ttlepurpose.Anef fecti
vesy stem ofr emedi eswoul dal so
servenogoodpur poseunl esst her ei sav astawar enessoft heexi stenceand
avail
abi l
ityoft hoser emedi es.Outofal llegalr emedies, writisav er yimpor t antpi ece
oflegalr emedi esagai nstt heinf ringementoft headmi nist
rat i
v eact ionwhi chi s
i
ncreasi ngdaybydayi nt hecont extoft hemul ti
fariousact i
v i
t i
esoft hest ate.I f
cordialappr oachesar et akent ot hepr act i
calmodi ficat i
oni ntheexi st ingsy stem of
LawofWr i
tsinBangl adesh, i
tcanbepr ov edt rul
yef f
ect iveasar emedyt ot hepubl ic.
Ther ecommendedst eps, onceadopt ed, canbef urtherscr uti
nizedt of i
ndoutbet t
er
way st oensur et heut il
it
yoft hisconst i
tutionalsystem.I tcanbesai dt hat ,
wr itist he
specialki ndofr emedypr ov i
dedbyt heHi ghCour tDi visionoft heSupr emeCour tof
Bangl adesh.Butsuchki ndofr emedyi snotal way sav ail
ableexcepti ncaseof
protect i
ngt hev iolationoff undament alrights.Buti ncaseofest ablishi nganyoft he
l
egalr i
ght spr ovidedbyanyl aw oft hel andt heaggr i
ev edpar tyhast osat isfyt he
courtt hathehasnoequal lyeffi
caci ousr emedyundert hatl awet c.

16
Md.Ar
if(Uni
ver
sit
yofBar
ishal
)

17