Medical terminology

Blood
 outline
Medical terminology for

• Blood Cells • Clinical aspects of Blood

- RBCs - Anemia
- WBCs - Thalassemia
- Platelets - Sickle cell anemia
- Coagulation disorders
- Neoplasms
 Blood Part 1

• Adult volume 5 liters (5.2 quarts)

- Liquid portion, or plasma (55%)
- Blood cells (45%)

• Plasma:
- 90% water
- 10% contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting
factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and hormones.
- PH 7.4

• Blood Cells:
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)

https://www.britannica.com/science
/blood-biochemistry
 Blood Cells
1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Carry O2
- Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Small disk-shaped cells, no nucleus
- 120 days time frame
- Bone marrow (erythropoietin)

RBCs RBCs
oxygen-carrying capacity
 Blood Cells
….. to be continued
2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
a. Granulocytes: granules in the cytoplasm
- Neutrophils (polymorphs, phagocytosis)
- Eosinophils (Allergic reaction)
- Basophils (Allergic reaction)
B. Agranulocytes: no granules in the cytoplasm
- Lymphocytes (immunity)
- Monocytes (Phagocytosis)
 Blood Cells
….. to be continued
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Blood coagulation
Platelets in blood stream
Mechanism of blood
coagulation

Clotted blood
Suffixes for Blood
Roots for Blood
Practice Exercise #1
Practice Exercise #2
 Part 2
Clinical Aspects of Blood
1. Anemia
• Decreased Hb in the blood
- Normocytic (Normal size of cells)
- Microcytic & Macrocytic
- Normochromic (normal Hb)
- Too little (hypochromic)

• Symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Heart palpitations
Anemia and Polycythemia
- Pallor and irritability.
 Anemia ….. Types
Aplastic Destruction of the bone marrow and affects all
Anemia blood cells (pancytopenia).

Pernicious deficiency of vitamin B12 (IF)

Anemia
Sideroblastic There is adequate iron available, but the iron is
Anemia not used properly to manufacture hemoglobin.

Hemorrhagic Results from blood loss

Anemia
 2. Thalassemia
• Hereditary disease (Mediterranean populations)
• Hemolysis of RBCs, resulting in anemia.
• It affects the production of hemoglobin (α; alpha or β; beta)

http://thegreencreator.com/my-life-with-thalassemia-minor/
 3. Sickle Cell anemia
• Mutation in Hemoglobin molecule
• Precipitate when giving up oxygen
• Crescent shape RBCs

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/sickle-cell-disease-pain-
management
 4. Coagulation Disorders
• Thrombocytopenia:
- Deficiency in number of circulating platelets
- Causes:
Aplastic anemia, cancer/destruction of bone marrow

• Hemophilia:
- Hereditary deficiency of specific clotting factors
- Bleeding into tissues (joints)
- Infusion of necessary clotting factors
 5. Neoplasms
Leukemia
- Neoplasm of white blood cells.
- Symptoms: anemia, fatigue, easy bleeding, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

1. Myelogenous leukemia
- Originates in the bone marrow
- Involves mainly granular leukocytes

2. Lymphocytic leukemia
- Affects B lymphocytes

http://leukemia-research.org/leukemia-what-we-know-so-far/
 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
(CML)
- Young to middle-age adults
- Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
- An inherited anomaly in which part of chromosome 22 shifts to
chromosome 9

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-
leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352417
 Neoplasms ….. to be continued

Hodgkin disease
- Disease of the lymphatic system that may spread to other tissues
- Enlarged lymph node in neck region (painless)
- Progress to other nodes
- Giant cells in the lymph nodes (Reed-Sternberg cells)

Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Enlargement in lymph nodes with no Reed-Sternberg cells
- More common, higher mortality rate
- Older adult population and patients with AIDs.

Enlarged Lymph nodes

Practice Exercise #3
Ref.: Medical Terminology, An illustrated guide, Barbara
Cohen, 4th Edition
 outline
Medical terminology for

• Immune Cells
- Macrophages
- NK
- Lymphocytes

• Clinical aspects of Immunity

- Hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
- AIDs
 2. Immunity
• Macrophages (Monocytes)
• Natural killer cells
• T-lymphocytes (Thymus gland, Cell-mediated immunity)
• B-lymphocytes (Lymphoid tissue, Igs, Humoral immunity = Ab-based immunity)

https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cells-immune-system
 Clinical Aspects of Immunity
1. Hypersensitivity Reaction
• Enhanced abnormal immune response
• Immediate or delayed response
• Allergic reactions.
• Offending substance “Allergen”

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Pollen-Allergy-Medicine.html
 Type-1 Hypersensitivity Reaction
• Immediate response
• Allergen binds to specific “IgE-mast cells”.
• Reservoirs for pro-inflammatory mediator “histamine”.
• Rupture of the mast cells and the release of inflammatory mediators
into the tissues.
• Examples: Atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic rhinitis.
• Anaphylaxis!!

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49739672_Upd
ate_in_the_Mechanisms_of_Allergen-
Specific_Immunotheraphy/figures?lo=1
 Anaphylaxis
• Prior “Sensitization”!!
• “Challenge, Re-exposure”: Rapid release of histamine and other
inflammatory mediators from IgE-coated mast cells.
 Anaphylaxis ……. to be continued
• Life-threatening condition
• Massive vasodilation - hypotension and circulatory collapse.
• Bronchoconstriction.
• Other manifestations: itching, flushing of the skin and GIT upset.

https://www.drugs.com/cg/anaphylaxis.html
 Clinical Aspects of Immunity

2. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)

- HIV viral infection of “T lymphocytes”
- Transmission: Sexual contact, use of contaminated needles, blood
transfusions, and passage from an infected mother to a fetus.

host susceptible to opportunistic infections:

1. Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii)
2. Thrush, a fungal infection of the mouth (Candida albicans)
3. Cramps and diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)
4. Kaposi sarcoma, a once-rare form of skin cancer

http://www.interactive-biology.com/3574/aids-and-mechanism-of-hiv-infection/