4

Skeletal muscles function to move the limbs of an organism.

(a) The diagram represents a sarcomere from skeletal muscle.

X Y
W

(i) Which protein forms the structure labelled X?

(1)
A actin

B myosin

C tropomyosin

D troponin

(ii) Which part becomes shorter when the muscle contracts?

(1)
A W

B X

C Y

D Z

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(iii) How many of the following statements are correct when a sarcomere
contracts?
 calcium ions bind to troponin
 calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
 myosin changes shape
(1)
A none

B one

C two

D three

(iv) Which molecule contains an enzyme that hydrolyses ATP?

(1)
A actin
B myosin

C tropomyosin

D troponin

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*(b) Inherited mitochondrial diseases affect muscle function.
The diagram shows the electron transport chain in a mitochondrion.

reduced oxidised
TMPD TMPD

cytochrome
C

complex CoQ complex complex

I III IV
complex
II

reduced
NAD oxidised water
oxygen
oxidised FAD
reduced
NAD
FAD

In an investigation, samples of muscle tissue from healthy individuals and from

four individuals with mitochondrial disease were collected.
The function of mitochondria, when these samples were treated with different
substrates, was investigated.
Treating muscle tissue from healthy individuals with:
 pyruvate and malate increases the production of reduced NAD
 succinate increases the production of reduced FAD
 reduced TMPD increases the reduction of cytochrome c.
The oxygen consumption of the muscle tissue samples from healthy individuals
and from four individuals with mitochondrial disease were recorded.
The results are shown in the table.

Oxygen consumption in the presence of each treatment

/ pmol O2 min–1 mg–1 of muscle tissue
Sample taken from
pyruvate and
succinate reduced TMPD
malate
Individual 1       3.0       3.5 13.0
Individual 2 18.0 10.0 60.0
Individual 3       6.5 14.0 51.0
Individual 4       7.5       6.0 40.0
Healthy individuals 21.0 ± 5.0 13.5 ± 4.5  63.0 ± 20.0

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The results of this investigation can be used to identify the defects in the electron
transport chain of individuals with mitochondrial disease.
Comment on the defects in the electron transport chain in the individuals with
mitochondrial disease.
(6)

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(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

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Question Answer Mark
number
4(a)(i)
B myosin

A is not correct because the structure labelled X is made from myosin not actin

C is not correct because the structure labelled X is made from myosin not tropomyosin

D is not correct because the structure labelled X is made from myosin not troponin
(1)

Question Answer Mark

number
4(a)(ii)
D Z

A is not correct because the structure labelled W does not change in length during contraction

A is not correct because the structure labelled X does not change in length during contraction

A is not correct because the structure labelled Y does not change in length during contraction
(1)
Question Answer Mark
number
4(a)(iii)
D three

A is not correct as all three statements are correct.

B is not correct as all three statements are correct.

C is not correct as all three statements are correct.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

number
4(a)(iv)
B myosin

A is not correct because actin does not have an enzyme activity that breaks down ATP

C is not correct because tropomyosin does not have an enzyme activity that breaks down ATP

D is not correct because troponin does not have an enzyme activity that breaks down ATP
(1)
Question Answer Mark
number
4(b) Answers will be credited according to candidate's deployment of knowledge and understanding of the material in
relation to the qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material indicated
as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.

Indicative content

Descriptive points
- individual 1 no treatment stimulated normal oxygen consumption
- individual 2 pyruvate all three treatments stimulated normal oxygen consumption
- individual 3 succinate and reduced TMPD stimulated normal oxygen consumption
- individual 4 only reduced TMPD stimulated normal oxygen consumption

Linking treatments to activation of different points in etc

- pyruvate and malate (produce reduced NAD) acts on (complex) I
- succinate acts on (complex) II
- reduced TMPD acts on cytochrome c

Links to etc defect

- idea that defects in different parts of etc
- individual 1 defect is in or after cytochrome c
- individual 2 defect is in before (complex) I / etc is intact
- individual 3 defect is in (complex) I
- individual 4 defect is in (complex) I, coQ or III (Ignore complex II)
(6)
Level Marks Descriptor

0 No awardable content.

1 1-2 An explanation may be attempted but with limited interpretation or analysis of the scientific information and with a
focus on mainly just one piece of scientific information.

The explanation will contain basic information, with some attempt made to link knowledge and understanding to the
given context.

2 3-4 An explanation will be given, with occasional evidence of analysis, interpretation and/or evaluation of both pieces of
scientific information.

The explanation shows some linkages and lines of scientific reasoning with some structure.
3 5-6 An explanation is made that is supported throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence of analysis,
interpretation and/or evaluation of both pieces of scientific information.

The explanation shows a well-developed and sustained line of scientific reasoning, which is clear and logically
structured.