Introduction �����

Noun . .
play
drive
"ing-"
eating eat
teaching teach
tion-"
education educate
choice choose
question ask
development develop
performance perform

Indefinite Articles .
"an""a"
an honest , a university an hour

"hour" o
hour an "honest" o
"university" u "an umbrella"
We have a cat and a dog
.I am/I'm) a teacher)
She is/She's) an actress)
a little , a few
a quarter , a hundreds of , a numbers of
, a couple of , a bit , a half of
We invited a lot of guests to the party
.There is only a little milk left

- per
 .once a day. OR
once per day
.twice a week. OR twice per
week
.two hundred a month. OR two hundred per month
- "What".
!What a hole
Abstract Nouns "
"by".
.I went by a car
"no".
I have no a pen
.I have no an idea
.This is my a pen
.I had a lunch with John
I bought a Cosmopolitan at a Paddington Station.
.Water contains an oxygen
"… , any- , some- , someone , anybody"
.A Someone told me (that) you left

:the: the

"the" Definite Article.

(I am/I'm) going to the supermarket.
We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the
dog is puppy.
.The earth moves around the sun
.The President
.The Eiffel Tower
.The North Pole

.The British Museum

 .The Atlantic
.The) Brazilians are very good at football)
.The) elephant is the largest animal on land)
.The Rockies
.The West Indies
.The Red Sea
.The Amazon
.The Amazon River
.The First Winner
.I am/I'm) reading the second book)
.I had the lunch with John
I bought the Cosmopolitan at the Paddington
Station.
The U.S. , The Netherlands
- Netherlands Holland "، ‫ ﻭ‬Nether-lands
Omar A
glish.com
.This is my the pen
.The Water boils at 100ْ C
.The Milk is good for you
.I like the potato
"go home"
.I (go/went) to home
.I (go/went) home

Proper Nouns : :

Capital Letter
"a , an""the"
Friday , Germany , Cairo , George

Nouns Com mon

"a , an" "the".
city , book , teacher , man

Material Nouns : :
, an"
air , sand , water , snow , ‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ‬iron , oxygen

Collective Nouns : :
flock , fleet , army , crowd
fleets , armies , crowds

Abstract Nouns : :

… , ‫ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ‬pleasure , ‫ ﺿﺤﻚ‬laugh , ‫ ﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎﺝ‬joy

Countable : :

an"
"the" "many"
"few"
a few men , many men , a man
a few of men , many of men

Uncountable : :

, is , has
was "a , an""the"
Substances:
nylon , wool , silk , cloth , cotton : Materials
silver , gold
, salt , sugar , wheat , bread , rice , flour : Food
pepper
hair , skin , fur , jam , cheese , butter Other
ground , land , grass , soil , rain , snow , ice
, rock , coal , leather , plastic , wood
, plaster , chalk , cement , paper , sand
… , paint

٢ Liquids:
petrol , oil , tea , coffee , milk ,water
… , alcohol ,juice , )gasoline
٣ Gases : :
hydrogen ,oxygen , steam , smoke , air
٤::
noise , pay , , luggage , music
, accommodation , furniture , traffic
… , homework
٥) Abstract Nouns " ‫" ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬. ".

"much" "little".
a little water , much water , water
a little sugar , much sugar ,sugar
a little of water , much of water , water
a little of sugar , much of sugar , sugar

She has much of gold and a little of beauty

Uncountable Nouns .This water are sterilized

.This water is sterilized

"coffee.
.I want a coffee
.I like coffee
"… ,tea , potato"
 .The boy threw a stone
.This wall is made of stone
truths , opinions , ideas
.I met three Johns yesterday

The plural:

sheaf sheaves , loaf loaves , leaf leaves

, self selves , calf calves , thief thieves
, scarf scarves , half halves , wolf wolves
knife knives , wife wives , life lives
hoof hooves

woman women , man men

foot feet , child children
mouse mice , tooth teeth
louse lice , goose geese
oasis oases , ox oxen
index indices , erratum errata
swine , : sheep , : deer
police , clergy , cattle , people
vermin , public , poultry
.Police have just arrived
"people" "
.Peoples of Europe eat much of potato
score : three score , dozen : two dozen
, hundred : eight hundred , thousand : five
thousand
… , head : two head , million : nine million
hundreds of boys , ‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬dozens of eggs
gallows , ‫ ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬innings , ‫ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬،‫ ﺧﱪ‬news
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ‪ mathematics ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ physics ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ethics‬ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‬
‫‪ phonetics‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎﺕ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺎ ‪‬ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘـﺺ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﺷﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ‪...‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬
‫‪.The scissor is lost‬‬
‫ﺿﺎﺋﻊ(ﺻﺢ )ﺍﳌﻘﺺ‬
‫‪.The scissors are lost‬‬

‫‪������ :G ender: Gender‬ا������ وا‬

‫ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ him.‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪: )١ He‬ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪:‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪ ‪ man ,‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ father ,‬ﺃﺏ ‪ brother ,‬ﺃﺥ ‪ uncle ,‬ﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻝ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ son‬ﺍﺑﻦ ‪boy ,‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ‪ prince ,‬ﺃﻣﲑ ‪ king ,‬ﻣﻠﻚ ‪ husband ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ nephew‬ﺍﻷﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪ )٢ She‬ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪her.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ‪ girl ,‬ﺑﻨﺖ ‪ woman ,‬ﻣﺮﺁﺓ ‪ mother ,‬ﺃﻡ ‪ sister ,‬ﺃﺧﺖ ‪,‬‬
‫‪daughter‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺔ ‪ niece ,‬ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ princess ,‬ﺃﻣﲑﺓ ‪ queen ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ aunt‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ wife‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ‪: )٣ it.‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗـﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ door ,‬ﺑﺎﺏ ‪ book ,‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ city ,‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ cat ,‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪ dog ,‬ﻛﻠﺐ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ pen‬ﻗﻠﻢ ‪ table ,‬ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫‪: )٤.‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ‪ friend ,‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‪ doctor ,‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ‪,‬‬
‫‪child‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ‪ cousin ,‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ judge‬ﻗﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ artist‬ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﺎﻧﺔ ‪ teacher ,‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪١١١‬‬
‫‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺗﺪﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫‪ : actress‬ﳑﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : actor‬ﳑﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ : girl‬ﺑﻨﺖ‬ ‫‪ : boy‬ﻭﻟﺪ‬
‫‪ girlfriend‬ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ boyfriend‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‬
‫‪ : sister‬ﺃﺧﺖ‬ ‫‪ : brother‬ﺃﺥ‬
‫‪ : cow‬ﺑﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪ : bull‬ﺛﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ : hen‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ : cock‬ﺩﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ : bitch‬ﻛﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ : dog‬ﻛﻠﺐ‬
‫‪ : mother‬ﺃﻡ‬ ‫‪ : father‬ﺃﺏ‬
‫‪ : vixen‬ﻌﻠﺒﺔﻟﺜﺍ‬ ‫‪ : fox‬ﺛﻌﻠﺐ‬
‫‪ : mare‬ﻓﺮﺱ‬ ‫‪ : horse‬ﺣﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ : wife‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ : husband‬ﺯﻭﺝ‬
‫‪ : queen‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪ : king‬ﻣﻠﻚ‬
‫‪ : lady‬ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : lord‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ : woman‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‬ ‫‪ : man‬ﺭﺟﻞ‬
‫‪ : nun‬ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ : monk‬ﺭﺍﻫﺐ‬
‫‪ : nephew‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ : niece‬ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ‬
‫‪ : ewe‬ﻧﻌﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : ram‬ﻛﺒﺶ‬
‫‪ : madam‬ﻣﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪ : sir‬ﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ : daughter‬ﺍﺑﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ : son‬ﺍﺑﻦ‬
‫‪ : aunt‬ﻋﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ : uncle‬ﻋﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻝ‬

‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪country , city‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪��� Case of Nouns : :‬ت إ��اب ا���‬

‫‪ Nominative:‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬

‫‪. )١‬ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ‪.‬ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The boy‬‬
‫‪broke the window‬‬
‫‪ )٢ . .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳋﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﰊ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﰊ‬ ‫‪.This‬‬
‫‪man is my father‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ "‪.‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ‪".‬‬
‫‪ Object:‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪:‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The boy broke the window‬‬
‫‪. )٢‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻﹰ ﳊﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ‪.‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻﹰ ﳊ‬
‫‪.‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪.Put your cup on the‬‬
‫‪table‬‬
‫‪. )٣‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﺎ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪.He came yesterday‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Possessive: :‬ﹰ ‪/‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ(ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ‪:‬ﺗﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‬

‫‪ ) ١ "X's Y" : :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪.‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ s' .‬ﺃ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪-‬‬
‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The girl's dress‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺛﻮﺏ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ‬ ‫‪.Shakespeare's plays‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ' ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ es- . .‬ﺃﻭ ‪ s-‬ﻣﺼﺎﻏﺎﹰ ﺑـ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The girls' dresses‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺩﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The boys' books‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ‪ es-‬ﺃﻭ ‪ s-‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺎﻍ ﺑـ‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺧـﺮ '‪ s‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪.The men's room‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The‬‬
‫‪children's teacher‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ "‪ "of‬ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ‪ ) ٢ "Y of X":‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ‬

‫‪Names of‬‬ ‫‪the engineers‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫‪The leg‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the table‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
‫‪ "X's Y" : :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‬
‫"ﺫﻳﻞ ﻗﻄﺔ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.A cat's tail‬‬
‫"ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ " .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.The men's room‬‬
‫"ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ " .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.The women's‬‬
‫‪society‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ )٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪.The beauty's queen‬‬
‫‪ "Y of X":‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ )١‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ "ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ "X's Y" . .‬ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪.The table's leg‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ (ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ)‬ ‫‪.The leg of the table‬‬
‫‪ )٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ "X's Y" . .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫'‪Names of the engineers. OR The engineers‬‬
‫‪names.‬‬
- ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬.
‫ ﻣﻨﺰﱄ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ‬. .
My house is larger than Mark's. (= Mark's
house)
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﱵ‬.
These books are my sister 's. (= my sister
books)

Omar A ١١٥ glish.com

- Questions (1-10); select the ONE lettered answer
that is BEST in each question:

1) Plural of "spoonful" is:

A. spoonfuls.
B. spoonsful.
C. spoonful.
D. spoons.

2) Plural of "antenna" is:

A. antennas.
B. antenns.
C. antenna.
D. antennes.

3) Plural of "omen" is:

A. omens.
B. omena.
C. omenas.
D. omen.

4) Plural of "sheep" is:

A. sheeps.
 B. sheep.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

5) Plural of "standby" is:

A. standby.
B. standbies.
C. standbys
D. standbyes.

6) Plural of "fish" is:

A. fish.
B. fishes.
C. All of above.
D. None of all above.

7) Noun of "steal" is:

A. steal.
B. stealing.
C. stealance.
D. steel.
E. None of all above.

١١٦
8) Noun of "accept" is:
A. accept.
B. acceptance.
C. accepting.
D. None all of above.

9) Noun of "administrate" is:

A. administrate.
 B. administrating.
C. administrator.
D. None of all above.

10) Noun of "collect" is:

A. collect.
B. collecting.
C. collection.
D. None of all above.

- Questions (11-14); decide whether they are

common, proper, abstract, or collective:

11) That holiday was the best.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

12) He's obviously the leader of the gang.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

13) Every winter we used to go to Scotland for the

skiing.
A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

14) Pauline is so weary of the life she leads.

 A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective

- Questions (15-21); decide if these statements

about articles are (True) or (False):

15) An American man wants to make a business.

16) Water contains a hydrogen.

17) The earth is third planet from the sun.

18) I have just read news from the New York Times.

١١٧
19) We have a lots of wood.

20) I visited the Niagara.

21) He went to the college.

- Questions (22-40); choose the correct article (a,

an, the, nothing):

22) She is … very nice girl.

23) Next month I'm going to go to … Paris to see …

Eiffel Tower.

24) Wait, I have … idea.

25) That is … strangest thing I've ever seen.

26) Yesterday, I talked to … MTV Producer.

27) … Ukrainians are more intelligent than …

Italians.

28) Have you ever taken … trip to … North Pole?

29) I'd like to be … President of … United States

someday.

30) Who's … guy over there with a duck on his

head?

31) I'm … happiest girl in town!

32) I like … cats better than … dogs.

33) We saw … Mr. Smith at … bank.

34) We made some delicious soup using … head of

… cow!

35) It should take … hour.

36) Please put … gun on … table and listen to me!

37) This is … Europe car.

38) She had … one dollar note in her hand.

‫‪39) In … end we decided not to go to the cinema‬‬
‫‪but to watch television.‬‬

‫‪40) It is important sometimes to stop and look‬‬

‫… ‪around you at all the wonderful things in‬‬
‫‪nature.‬‬

‫‪١١٨‬‬
‫‪١١٩‬‬
‫����� ‪: : Introduction‬‬

‫‪.‬ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﲔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ Adjective.‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪Smarts boys‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﻛﻴﺎﺀ(ﺻﺢ )ﺃﻭﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪.Smart boys‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ(ﺻﺢ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻛﻴﺎﺀ "ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺔ")‬ ‫‪.They‬‬
‫‪need smarts‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‪- :‬‬
‫‪ )١‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪.‬ﳏﺪﺩ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ large‬ﻛﺒﲑ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻐﲑ ‪ old ~ young ,‬ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪,‬‬
‫‪~ small‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﱘ ‪ long ~ short ,‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﲑ ‪ hard ~ soft ,‬ﺧﺸﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ، old ~ new‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ rich ~ poor‬ﻏﲏ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﲑ ‪ hot ~ cold ,‬ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ black ~ white‬ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ‪ good ~ bad ,‬ﺟﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻲﺀ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ smart ~ stupid‬ﺫﻛﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻏﱯ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﺕ ﰲ ‪ )٢‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﳏﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﹺﺪ‬
‫‪:‬ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﹰ‬
-al: actual , final , general , mental , physical ,
special , …
-ent: ancient , convenient , excellent , frequent ,
urgent , …
-ous: anxious , conscious , dangerous , famous ,
serious , various, …
-ic: atomic , basic , electric , scientific ,
sympathetic , …
-y: angry , dirty , funny , guilty , healthy , hungry , icy
,…
-ive: active , attractive , expensive , native ,
sensitive , …
-ed: confused , excited , limited , related ,
surprised , …
-ble: enjoyable , fashionable , possible , probable ,
sensible , …
-ful: beautiful , careful , faithful , grateful , skillful , …
-an: American , Christian , German , human , Indian
, Russian , …
-ing: amusing , disappointing , surprising , willing ,
…
-less: blameless , careless , childless , harmless ,
senseless , …

١٢٠
-ar: familiar , particular , popular , regular ,
similar , …

- ‫" ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬less-" ‫ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﳌﻌﲎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬.
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬careless ‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬care
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ‪-‬‬
‫"‪ "less-‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝـﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ "‪"less-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ "ful-" :‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪ helpless‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪ helpful‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ hopeless‬ﻣﻴﺌﻮﺱ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ hopeful‬ﻣﻔﻌﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ useless‬ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ‪ useful‬ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬

‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ "‪ )٣ "-a‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪:‬ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ sleep‬ﻳﻨﺎﻡ ‪ asleep‬ﻧﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫‪ live‬ﳛﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ‪ alive‬ﺣﻲ‬
‫‪ wake‬ﻳﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ ‪ awake‬ﻣﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ‬
‫‪ )٤ "-dis- , un - , il- ,‬ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ "‪in- , im‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻔﻆ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ happy‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ‪ unhappy‬ﻏﲑ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ accurate‬ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ‪ inaccurate‬ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫‪ possible‬ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ impossible‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ legal‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ‪ illegal‬ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫‪ honest‬ﺃﻣﲔ ‪ dishonest‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ "‪ "a , an‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺫﻛﻲ‬ ‫‪.He is a smart man‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺫﻛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.He is smart‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﱂ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
 ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ "‪ "smart man‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺗـﻰ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ "‪ "smart‬ﲟﻔﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺑﻄﻞ" " ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ "‪ "hero‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺑﻄﻮﱄ" ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚـﺐ "‪"heroic‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻄﻞ‬ ‫‪.I am a hero‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‬

‫‪Red dress‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Beautiful table‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬

‫‪:‬أ��اع ا ���تا����ت‬

‫‪:‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ‬

‫‪ Capital‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ‬

‫‪Letter.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫‪English language‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‬
 ‫‪New York City‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪:‬ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪/‬‬

‫‪ : :‬ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫‪ my/your/his/her/its‬ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫‪ our/your/their‬ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫" " ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ"‬
‫‪.‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ "‪ "own‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻘﻠﻤﻲ ‪.‬ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪.I will/I'll‬‬
‫)‪write with my own pen‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ "‪ "own‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪He did his work.‬‬
‫‪He did his own work.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺔ‪/‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣـﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ "the" .‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪"a , an‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﻉ ‪ a beautiful girl ,‬ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ‪ an old house ,‬ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻗﺪﱘ‬
‫‪ a long street‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪.‬ﺎ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‪‬ﺇ‬ ‫‪.She is a beautiful girl‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ "‪ "beautiful girl‬ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ‪.‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٣‬‬
‫‪���� : :‬ا�� ا��‬

‫‪ "am , is ,‬ﻻ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫"‪are , was , were , be‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ Linking Verbs‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ Seeming‬ﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ ‪ Perception Verbs‬ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊـﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ ‪Verbs‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﺱ " ‪ Remaining Verbs.‬ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ‪Becoming Verbs‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‪".‬‬
‫‪ Perception Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺲ‬
‫‪ taste ,‬ﻳﺘﺬﻭﻕ ‪ sound ,‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺗﺎﹰ ‪ feel ,‬ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻤﺲ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ smell‬ﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻢ‬
‫‪ Seeming Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ appear‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ‪ seem ,‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ‪ look ,‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ Becoming Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ end up ,‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ get ,‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ grow ,‬ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ‪,‬‬
‫‪become‬‬
‫ﻳﻐﲑ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ‪ convert ,‬ﻝ‪‬ﳛﻮ ‪ turn ,‬ﻝ‪‬ﳛﻮ ‪ prove ,‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪change‬‬
‫‪ Remaining Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ stay‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪ remain ,‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﺚ ‪ keep ,‬ﳛﻔﻆ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪: -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫‪.) )١‬ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ(ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ )‪.‬ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ(ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪.I‬‬
‫‪have a new computer‬‬
‫ﻭﺍ ‪ "computer"،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻــﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳــﻢ ﻫــﻮ ‪ "new"،‬ﺍﻟﺼــﻔﺔ ﻫــﻲ‬
‫ﳌﻔﻌــﻮﻝ ﺑــﻪ ﻫــﻮ‬
‫"‪. . "a new computer‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ )٢ Linking Verbs .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫)‪.She has/She's‬‬
‫)‪become beautiful‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮ ‪ "become"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "beautiful"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ( )‪.‬ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ "‪ "become‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"She" .‬‬
‫(ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The soup smells‬‬
‫‪delicious‬‬

‫‪١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺍ ‪ "smell"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "delicious" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫"‪ The‬ﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺲ (ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ) "‪ "smell‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"soup.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺎﹰ‬ ‫‪.The witness kept silent‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮ ‪ "kept" ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "silent" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫"‪ The‬ﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ "‪ "keep‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ "‪ "kept‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"witness.‬‬
‫‪(. ).‬ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ )‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺎ‪‬ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍ ‪ )٣ be‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫‪.‬ﺎ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ‪‬ﺇ‬ ‫‪.She is smart‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ‪ "is"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "smart" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ "She" . .‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪ )٤ the‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪. .The young should look‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻦ‬
‫‪after the old‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌ ‪ "The young" ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "old" ،‬ﻭ "‪ "young‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ‪ "the old"،‬ﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪.‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬

‫‪".‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﻌﺘﲏ "‪ "take care‬ﺗﻌﲏ "‪- "look after‬‬

‫‪ . .‬ﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ )٥‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻜﺎ‬

‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﻗﻬﻮﰐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪.I like my coffee‬‬
‫‪black‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﺧﱵ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫‪.My sister‬‬
‫‪keeps her room very tidy‬‬
‫‪ "my‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "tidy" ،‬ﻭ "‪ "black‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫"‪ "her room‬ﻭ "‪coffee‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪.I have nothing good‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ‪ "nothing".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "good"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫‪: "I have nothing‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪is good" . .‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫‪.I have nothing not‬‬
‫‪good‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ‪ "nothing".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "good"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫‪: "I have nothing is‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪not good".‬‬
‫‪. .There is something‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫‪missing in this room‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫ﻭﺍ ‪ "something".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "missing" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪There is something is missing in this room.‬‬
‫ﺱ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‬
‫‪//‬ﺝ‬
‫"ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ "ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪.Red‬‬
‫‪Dress‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪" .‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪.The red‬‬
‫‪dress‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﲪﺮﺍﹰ‪ " .‬ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.The‬‬
‫‪dress is red‬‬

‫& ‪ Comparative‬ر�� ا ���تا����ت���‬

‫‪Superlative:‬‬

‫‪:‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ )١ Equality : :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪as‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb +‬‬
‫‪as + Object‬‬
‫‪are‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻻ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ‬
‫‪..George is as tall as John‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪. .George talks three‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺟﻮﻥ‬
‫‪times as much as John‬‬
‫‪. .I will get back as soon as I‬ﺳﺄﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫‪can‬‬

‫‪ )٢ Comparative:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ‬

‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+ is‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb-er‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪than‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Object‬‬
‫‪are‬‬
‫‪. .George is taller than his‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪brother‬‬
‫‪. .I want a bicycle larger‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫‪than this‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٦‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪:‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪ )٣ Superlative:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+ is‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb-est‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Object‬‬
‫‪are‬‬

‫‪ .George is the tallest of his‬ﻮﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻫ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﲔ ‪.‬ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗﻪ‬

‫‪brothers‬‬

‫ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ "‪ "er-‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ‪-‬‬

‫"‪ "est-‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ ‪Comparative ،‬‬
‫‪ Superlative.‬ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‬

‫‪ : :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ : better‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ‪ : best‬ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫‪ : good‬ﺟﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ : worst‬ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺃ‬ ‫‪ : worse‬ﺃﺳﻮﺃ‬ ‫‪ : bad‬ﺳﻲﺀ‬
‫‪ : most‬ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫‪ : much , many‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫‪more‬‬
‫‪ : least‬ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪ : little‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪ : less‬ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ : farther‬ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ‪ : farthest‬ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪ : far‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪.He is better than her‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﲔ ‪.‬ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫‪.He is the best of his‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﻮﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫‪.Tony is the best‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺻﻮﰐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬er- ‫ ﺃﻭ‬est-. ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺻﻮﰐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬more" ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫" ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ ﻭ‬most" ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻍ‬: .‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
Subject + am + more + Adj +
than + Object
is
Subject + are + the most + Adj
+ of + Object

Omar A ١٢٧ ish.com

‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻥ‬. .George is more interested
than John
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ‬. ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ‬ .George is the most
interested of his friends

١٢٨
Select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in
each question:

1) Adjective of "automatic" is:

A. automatic.
B. automatically.
C. automatical.
D. None of all above.

2) Adjective of "late" is:

A. lately.
B. lated.
 C. late
D. None of all above.

3) Which word is NOT an adjective:

A. friendly.
B. fully.
C. silly.
D. All above.

4) In the bicycle race, Harold was … than

Michael.
A. fastest
B. more fast
C. more faster
D. faster

5) The World Trade Center was the … building in

New York City.
A. taller
B. tallest
C. more taller
D. most tall

6) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Clark is gooder than Mark.
B. Clark is more smart than Mark.
C. Clark's cake is most delicious of Mark's.
D. Clark is tallest of his friends.
E. None of all above.

7) Choose the correct sentence:

A. She feels the best.
B. She feels gooder.
 C. She feels bader.
D. She feels good.

١٢٩
8) Choose the correct sentence:
A. Pollution causes damages more than working
in miners.
B. Pollution is damager than working in miners.
C. Pollution causes damages most of working in
miners.
D. None of all above.

9) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Nice man has helped me.
B. A nice man has helped me.
C. A nice men have helped me.
D. None of all above.

10) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Michael Jackson is popular.
B. Michael Jackson is the most popular.
C. Michael Jackson is a popular man.
D. All above.
E. None of all above.

11) I'm good at football as … as basketball.

A. soon
B. much
C. possible
D. good
E. All above.
‫‪١٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٣١‬‬
‫����� ‪: : Introduction‬‬

‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﺄ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺳﻨﻌﺎﰿ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ‬

‫‪���� Conjunctions : :‬أدوات ا ���‬

‫‪ .‬ﻒﻄﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ‪: .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ and‬ﻭ ‪ or ,‬ﺃﻭ ‪ but ,‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ both ,‬ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪ either ,‬ﺇﻣﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ while‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ when ,‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ what ,‬ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫… ‪ neither‬ﻻ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺫﺍﻙ ‪ then ,‬ﰒ ‪ as well as ,‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪,‬‬
‫‪nor‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ whether ,‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‪… , ...‬‬
‫‪notwithstanding‬‬

‫‪���� : :‬أدوات ا �����‬

‫‪ "or":‬ﻭ "‪ "and‬ﺳﻨﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪-‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻻ‬ ‫‪.John has traveled.‬‬
‫‪Carla has traveled‬‬
‫ﳓﺬﻑ "‪ "or‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "and‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸـﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪: .‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻭ ‪.‬ﻛﺎﺭﻻ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪.John and‬‬
‫‪Carla have traveled‬‬
‫" ‪ John and Carla‬ﻷﻥ "‪ "has‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ "‪ "have‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ"‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﲨﻌﺎﹰ "ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﲨﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫‪.‬ﺟﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ‬ ‫‪.John or Carla has‬‬
‫‪traveled‬‬

‫‪١٣٢‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ "‪ "and‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻫﻮﺍﰐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬
‫‪My hobbies are swimming , reading, programming‬‬
‫‪and sport.‬‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪My hobbies are swimming and reading and‬‬
‫‪programming and‬‬
‫‪sport.‬‬

‫‪ . .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ "‪ "and‬ﻧﻀﻊ‬

‫ﺃﻣــﺜــﻠــﺔ‬
‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫‪1) She is studying both English and French.‬‬
‫‪ )٢.‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺃﺧﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺔ‬
‫‪2) Neither she nor her sister was in the party.‬‬
‫‪ )٣ . .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﰒ ﺍﲣﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻙ‬
‫‪3) Meet her first then make your decision.‬‬
‫‪ )٤‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪.‬ﺃﻧﺖ ‪.‬ﺃﻧﺖ‬
‫‪4) He as well as you is tired.‬‬
‫‪ )٥ . .‬ﺍﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪﻙ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﺮ‬
‫‪5) Do your best (or else/otherwise) he will be‬‬
‫‪the victorious.‬‬
‫‪ )٦ . .‬ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻄﺮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻻ‬
 6) We should try to meet them whether it is
raining or not.
‫) ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺅﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ‬٧ . .
7) This program shows whether your friends are
online.

−
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬I ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬.
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ .I and he are going
(‫)ﺻﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﺁﺗﻴﺎﻥ‬ .He and I are going

‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ .I or he is going
(‫)ﺻﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺄﰐ‬ .He or I is
going

Omar A ١٣٣ glish.com

��‫ ����ول أدوات ا‬Table of Conjunctions : :

- ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺮﺡ "ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ" ﻳﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻳﻔﻀـﻞ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬. .

meaning or function simple conjunctions 2- or 3-

word double conjunctions
conjunctions
adding, listing: and
both …and ,
not only
… but
alternatives: or
either … or
 contrast: but not
… but
negative addition: nor
neither … nor

comparison: as , than , like as if , as

thought as … so ,
as …
as
condition: if , unless seeing , given ,
if … then
provided
contrast: (al)though even though
although … yet
while
whereas
degree or extent: as far as
so … that
exception: but (that) ,
except ( that)
place: where , wherever
preference: rather than , sooner
than
proportion: as
… so ,
the …
the
purpose: so that ,
in order that
reason and cause: because , as , since
respect: in that
result: so that ,
such that
 indirect question: whether , if
whether … or
same time: when(ever) , while , as now
(that)
time: time:
earlier time: before , until , till
later time: after , since
just after: once , when , immediately
(that)
whereupon

١٣٤
- Questions (1-8); select the ONE lettered answer
that is BEST in each question:

1) Which one is a conjunction?

A. never.
B. and.
C. indeed.
D. All above.

2) Which one is a conjunction?

A. too.
B. driver.
C. but
D. All above.

3) Choose the correct sentence:

A. He always eats chicken, egg and chips.
B. He always eats chicken, egg, and chips.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.
4) Choose the correct sentence:
A. The first man has to work bellows and the
second must fuel the furnace.
B. The first man has to work bellows, and the
second must fuel the furnace.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

5) We will visit Japan … New Zealand during our

next vacation.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. None of all above.

6) My brother wanted to buy a novel … I went to the

book store after I finished work.
A. so
B. or
C. but
D. None of all above.

7) My teeth were hurting … I made an appointment

to go the dentist.
A. or
B. so
C. but
D. None of all above.

8) Have you seen … heard the latest musical by

Andrew Lloyd Webber?
A. but.
 B. so.
C. or.

١٣٥
D. None of all above.
- Questions (9-13); choose the best conjunction to
join the two sentences:

9) The vacuum cleaner was too small for our needs.

We bought a larger one.
A. so
B. since
C. but
D. because

10) The man stopped his bicycle beside the car.

The bicycle had a broken chain.
A. and
B. as
C. yet
D. or

11) The tennis match was almost finished. The

score was 40 all.
A. yet
B. and
C. nor
D. because

12) The X Files is my favorite TV show. Dawson's

Creek is his favorite show.
A. so
B. or
 C. and
D. but

13) She was happy when her brother arrived. She

had been watching for him for over an hour.
A. and
B. because
C. as
D. but

١٣٦