School of Aygoda

KG, PRIMARY, SECONDARY & COLLEGE PREPARATORY

Academic Year 2012E.C
Tel, 011-440-43-78/79
rd
Teacher’s name: Mr. Beyene W. Subject: Chemistry 3 Quarter Lesson note
Grade: 9
Monday, April20, 2020

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Rule 6: In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the constituent atoms equals the charge on
the ion.

-
Example: MnO 4here the oxidation number of: -Mn =+7 and O=(-2×4=8)
-
Now add the two numbers 7+ (-8)=-1,this result is equal to the charge on the Permanganate ion (MnO 4)

Rule 7: Elements of group IA have +1and group IIA have +2oxidation states in all of their compounds.

Example: What is the oxidation number of calcium in CaCO3? The answer is + 2 because it is group IIA
element.

Rule 8: In a compound, the more electronegative element is assigned a negative oxidation number, and the
less electronegative element is assigned a positive oxidation number.

Example:NCl3the oxidation number of nitrogen is assigned as +3 and chlorine as -1 because chlorine is

more electronegative than nitrogen.

Rule 9: Halogens are usually -1, except when a central atom or when combined with a more electronegative
element.(e.g; Iodine is assigned as -1 in NI3,but +1 inICl)

Rule 10: Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in all of its compounds, because it is the most
electronegative element.

Additional example

1. What is the oxidation number of chromium in Na2Cr2O7?

Solution

The oxidation number of O is –2 (Rule 3)

The oxidation number of Na is +1 (Rule 7)

Let the oxidation number of Cr be x.Since the sum of the oxidation numbers of Na, Cr, and O is zero
(Rule5)(1 × 2) + (x× 2) + (–2 × 7) = 0

2+2x + (-14) =0

1
 2x=12 divide both side by two

X=+6

Therefore, the oxidation number of Cr in Na2Cr2O7is +6

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

4.7.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Oxidizing agent (oxidant):-is a substance that causes another substance to get oxidized, but itself gets
reduced.

Reducing agent (reductant):- is substance that causes another substance to get reduced, but itself-oxidized.

 Oxidizing agents are substances that:

 Are reduced (gain electrons)

 Contain elements whose oxidation number decreases

 Reducing agents are substances that:

 Are oxidized (lose electrons)

 Contain elements whose oxidation number increases

The oxidizing or reducing ability of substances depend on many factors. Some of these are:

A. Electronegativity: Elements with high electronegativity such as F2,O2,N2andCl2 are good oxidizing
agents. Elements with low electronegativity for example, metallic elements like Na,K,Mg and Al are
good reducing agents.

B. Oxidation states:In a compound or ion, if one of its elements is in a higher oxidation state, then it is
an oxidizing agent. Similarly, if an element of a compound or ion is in a lower oxidation state, then it is
a reducing agent.

Example KMnO4 the oxidation state of Mn is +7(a higher oxidation state ) this implies that KMnO4 is
good oxidizing agent. On the other hand the oxidation state of iron in FeS is +2(lower oxidation state))
this implies that FeS is good reducing agent.

A visible colour change tell us about the reducing/ oxidiozing agent in a chemical reaction

Example: A. purple to colourless in acidic solution KMnO4

B.from orange to green in acidic solution Cr2O7

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

4.7.4 Analysing Redox Reactions

 Oxidation and reduction reactions are called Redox reactions.

 Oxidation and reduction reaction take place simultaneously in a given reaction.

 A reducing agent undergoes oxidation.

 An oxidizing agent undergoes reduction.

2
Example: Identify the oxidizing agent, reducing agent, the substance oxidized and reduced in the following
reaction.H2S + Br2→ 2HBr + S

Solution the oxidation number of sulphur changes from -2 to 0, hydrogen from +1 to+1and bromine from 0 to
-1

Therefore S is oxidized (increases its oxidation number from –2 to0).H2S is a reducing agent

Br2is reduced and is an oxidizing agent.

Homework
In each of the following equations, identify the substance oxidized, the substance reduced, the oxidizing
agent and reducing agent.

A. Fe2O3+ 3CO2 → 2Fe + 3CO2

B. CuO + H2→ Cu + H2O

C. 3NO2+ H2O → 2HNO3+ NO

2+ 3+ -
D. Fe → Fe +e

E. 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 +2NO +4H2O

Thursday, April23, 2020

Non-redox Reactions
 Reactions in which oxidation and reduction do not occur are known as non-redox reaction.

 No electrons are exchanged between the reacting substances.

 The oxidation numbers of the atoms do not change in the reaction.

 Such types of reactions involve the exchange of positive and negative ions.

 Most of the double displacement reactions and acid-base reactions are not oxidation-reduction
reactions

Example: H+1Cl-1 +K+1O-2H+1 →K+1Cl-1 + H+12O-2 (The oxidation numbers of the atoms do not change)

Home work

1. Is the reaction AgNO3+ NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3 redox or non-redox explain your answer?

2. In each of the following, is the change indicated oxidation, reduction or nochange at all?

-
a. Cl2→Cl

b. MnO-4→ MnO2

c. Cr2O7-2→CrO-24

Monday, April 27, 2020

3
4.8 RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

4.8.1 Reaction Rate

Does sugar dissolve faster in hot or in cold water? Why?

Every chemical reaction proceeds at different rates or speed. Some reactions proceed very slowly; while
others are very rapid.

Rate of reaction:

 Is the change in concentration of a reactant or a product over a given period of time.

 Measures the decrease in concentration of a reactant or the increase in concentration of a product

per unit time.

 Determines how fast the concentration of a reactant or product changes with time.

 Can be determined both quantitatively and qualitatively.

 can be obtained by measuring one of the following changes in properties of substances

a. color (change in color)

b. Pressure (increase or decrease in pressure, particularly in gases)

c. Volume (increase or decrease in size, particularly in gases)

d. Mass(gain or lose in weight)

e. Amount of precipitate formed

The rate of a reaction is calculated by dividing the change in the concentrations of reactants or products by
the time taken for the change to occur.

During the course of a reaction, the concentrations of the reactants decrease while those of the products
increase.

A reaction becomes slower as reactants are consumed.

Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time take for a reaction to occur.

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Pre-conditions for a Chemical Reaction

Chemical reactions are usually explained by the collision theory.

According to collision theory, the more collisions there are, and the faster the rate of reaction would be.

The assumption of the collision theory is that chemical reactions take place due to the collision between
molecules.

Generally, the following are the pre-conditions for a chemical reaction to take place

1. Collisions between reactants

 It is the first precondition for a reaction to occur

4
  Is the direct contact of the reacting substance with each other.

 However, all collisions between molecules are not necessarily effective in bringing a reaction

 Because collisions between reactants can be either effective or ineffective.

 Effective collisions are collisions that result in a reaction to form the desired products.

 Ineffective collisions are collisions that do not result in a reaction to form the desired products.

2. Activation energy

 Minimum amount of energy needed for the reaction is known as activation energy.

 If the collisions between the reactant molecules do not have sufficient energy, then no reaction will
occur.

 Therefore, for the reaction to take place collision must always occur with sufficient energy.

 This is to break the bonds in the reactants and form new bonds in the product.

3.Proper Orientation

 Collision of molecules with sufficient activation energy will not bring a reaction.

 If the reacting molecules are poorly oriented.

 Thus, the collision between molecules should have the proper orientation.

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reaction

There are five factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions. These are

1. Nature of the reactants

2. Temperature

3. Concentration of reactants

4. Surface area

5. Catalysts

1. Nature of the reactants

The rate of a reaction is influenced by the type and nature of the reacting substances.

For example, the following reactions have different rates due to the nature of the reactants, Mg, Fe and Cu.
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2+ H2 ... (very fast reaction)

Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2+ H2... (slow reaction)

Cu + HCl→ No reaction

In general, the more the reactive the reactants, the faster the reaction.
5
2.Temperature

 An increase in temperature increases the rate of a reaction.

 This is because as the temperature increases, the average KE of particles increases

 This in turn increases the number of effective collisions.

 In general, for many chemical reactions, the rate of a reaction doubles for every 10°Crise in
temperature

Thursday, April 30, 2020

3. Concentration of reactants

 The number of collisions is proportional to the concentration of reactants.

 The higher the concentration of the reactants, the more collisions between the reacting particles and
thus the higher the rate of the reaction

 Example, if you heat a piece of steel wool in air (21% oxygen by volume) it burns lowly. But in pure
oxygen (100% oxygen by volume) it bursts in to a dazzling white flame. This indicates that the rate of
burning increases as the concentration of oxygen is higher.

4.Surface area

The higher the surface area of reactants, the faster is the rate of the reaction.

This is because more contact results in more collisions between each small particle of reactants.

Example :powdered Calciumcarbonate reacts faster than lump calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

5.Catalysts

 A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed
in the reaction.

 For example, the decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO3 into KCl and O2 is made faster in the
presence of MnO2 catalyst.

 A catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative reaction path with lower
activation energy.

 Lower activation energy for a reaction corresponds to the higher reaction rate

Questions

Answer the following questions accordingly

1. What does collision theory state?

2. What is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction called?

3. Explain why all reactions have activation energy using your knowledge of collision theory?

4. List the pre-conditions for a reaction to occur?

a. ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6
 –––––––––

b. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

c. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

5. Elaborate the factors that affect rate of reaction?

6. Define the following

a. Rate of reaction

b. Oxidation state

c. Oxidation

d. Reduction

e. Oxidizing agent

f. Non-redox reaction

7. Suppose two reacting molecules collide with each other. Under what conditions do the colliding
molecules not react?

8. Explain why the rates of most chemical reactions decrease over time?

9. When 56.6g of calcium and 30.5g of nitrogen gas undergo a reaction that has a 90% yield, what mass
of calcium nitride is formed?

10. Is it possible to have a reaction in which oxidation occurs and reduction does not?

11. Explain the roles of oxidizing agents and reducing agents in a redox reaction. How is each changed in
the reaction?

12. Explain how changes in oxidation number are related to the electrons transferred in a redox reaction.
How are the changes related to the processes of oxidation and reduction?

13. Arrange the following species in order of increasing oxidation number of the sulphur atom: (S8,S-
2
,H2SO4,SO2)

14. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each of the following reactions.

a. 3Cu +8H+ +2NO-3→3Cu+2 + 4H2O +2NO

b. H2O2+H2SO4 +FeSO4→ Fe2(SO4)3 +H2O

15. Determine the oxidation number of sulphur atom in Ca(HSO4)2.show each steps?