Unit 1 Summer Research

Project Directions
Miss R. Chen
AP Biology Class 2021-2022
 Part 1: Chemistry of Life Slide
1. □ Find out what different types of cells your topic has
2. You will need to research molecules the different cells
works with and include an example of the structure of one
or more:
a. □ Carbohydrate
b. □ Protein (polypeptide)
c. □ Lipid
d. □ RNA Sequence
e. □ DNA Sequence
3. □ You must talk about a process in the cell that involves
hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis
4. □ Must talk about at least one type of biomolecule related
to each cell type.
 Carbohydrate Picture Requirements
1. □ All drawings must be the molecular structures hand drawn
with labels and scanned/ a picture taken to insert into the slide
2. □ Must show and label the polysaccharide(s) in green.
3. □ Must show and label the monosaccharide(s) in pink.
4. □ Point out at least one glycosidic bond
5. □ Make sure to label them Figure # above the photo.
6. □ If needed, add a Key

*Hydrolysis (Red) Bond Type: Glycosidic Bonds

Glycogen (n Glucose Glycogen

residues) (n-1 residues)
 Carbohydrate Picture Requirements
1.
 Protein Picture Requirements (1/5)
1. □ All drawings must be the molecular structures hand drawn
with labels and scanned/ a picture taken to insert into the slide
2. □ Must show and label ALL the amino acid chemistries:
a. □ Nonpolar- yellow
b. □ Polar- blue KEY: ■ Nonpolar ■Polar ■Cysteine

c. □ Positive Charge - green ■Positive Charge ■Negative Charge BOND TYPE:

PEPTIDE BOND
d. □ Negative Charge- pink
e. □ Cysteine- orange
(yes it’s nonpolar but it’s special for
tertiary structure)

3. □ Show a Key

***The next slide has a chart of all GHRELIN

the amino acids and abbreviations

Protein Picture Requirements (2/5)
 Protein Picture Requirements (3/5)
4. In all pictures you must label:

a. □ N-terminus (ᵒ1) - label red

b. □ C-terminus (ᵒ1) - label purple

c. □ Bond type: peptide bond

 Protein Picture Requirements (4/5)
5. In all the proteins combined, there must be at least one or more of
the following types of structures labeled:
a. □ Primary structure (ᵒ1): like N- and C- terminus
b. Secondary structure (ᵒ2):
-□ at least one of the alpha helices (α-helix) (outline the helix)
-□ at least one of the beta sheets (β- sheet) (outline the bent
arrow)
-□ show and label all hydrogen bonding with dots
c. □ Tertiary Structure (ᵒ3): show and label all disulfide bridges
with their two Sulfurs between cysteines in orange
d. □ Key if necessary
 Protein Picture Requirements (5/5)

Alpha helix (ᵒ2)

Disulfide bridge
Beta sheet (ᵒ2) (ᵒ3)

H bonding
 Protein Picture Requirements (5/5)
KEY: ■ Nonpolar ■Polar ■Cysteine

Disulfide bridg
■Positive Charge ■Negative Charge

Alpha helix (ᵒ2) (ᵒ3)

Beta sheet (ᵒ2)

Hydrogen Bonding
BOND TYPE:
PEPTIDE BOND
HUMAN AMYLIN
DISULFIDE BRIDGES (ᵒ3)

H bonding KEY:
■ Nonpolar
■Polar
■Cysteine BOND TYPE: PEPTIDE BOND
■Positive Charge
■Negative Charge INSULIN
 Lipid Picture Requirements
1. □ Show the picture of a triglyceride associated with your cell

2. □ Label the ester bond

3. □ Highlight in pink the saturated fatty acid components

4. □ Highlight in blue the unsaturated fatty acid components

KEY
■Ester linkage
■Saturated fatty acid
■Unsaturated fatty acid

TRIACYLGLYCEROL GLYCEROL + FATTY ACIDS

 Nucleic Acid Picture Requirements (DNA)
1. □ Find the first 15 DNA nucleotide sequence associated with one of your cell’s proteins

a. □ Draw a double helix molecular structure

b. □ Label the antiparallel strands

c. □ Show the structure of one of each:

□ cytosine □ guanine

□ adenine □ thymine

d. □ Show Hydrogen bonding

e. □ Label the deoxyribose

f. □ Label the phosphates

g. □ Label the 5’ carbon

h. □ Label the 3’ hydroxyl group

 N
R BO
5’ CA
CYTOSINE
SUGAR P
HOSPHA
TE
Nucleic Acid Picture Requirements (DNA) BACKBO
NE

1. □ Find the first 15 DNA nucleotide sequence associated with one of your cell’s proteins

← ANTIPARALLEL
a. □ Draw a double helix molecular structure

b. □ Label the antiparallel strands

c. □ Show the structure of one of each:

← ANTIPARALLEL
□ cytosine □ guanine

□ adenine □ thymine

d. □ Show Hydrogen bonding

e. □ Label the deoxyribose

f. □ Label the phosphates

KEY
g. □ Label the 5’ carbon ■ RIBOSE
roxyl
3’ Hyd ■ PHOSPHATE
Group
h. □ Label the 3’ hydroxyl group ■ DEOXYRIBOSE
●●●●●● H BONDING

FIRST 15 DNA CODONS FOR

GLUCAGON (DOUBLE HELIX)
 KEY
■ RIBOSE
■ PHOSPHATE
■ DEOXYRIBOSE
Nucleic Acid Picture Requirements (RNA)
1. □ Find the first 15 RNA nucleotide sequences associated with one of your
cell’s proteins (MUST start with AUG, which is the state codon)
a. □ Draw a RNA molecular structure URACIL
c. □ Show the structure of one of each:
□ cytosine □ guanine
GUANINE
□ adenine □ uracil
d. □ Show Hydrogen bonding
e. □ Label the ribose CYTOSINE
f. □ Label the phosphates
g. □ Label the 5’ carbon
h. □ Label the 3’ hydroxyl group
FIRST 15 RNA CODONS FOR
SOMATOSTATIN
 Hydrolysis
□ Label the water (H2O) in red

□ Label the broken molecules before and after the water is added

□ Make it clear where the water was added between the two new
molecules

Hint: Remember, hydrolysis can occur with ALL molecules including

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
 Dehydration Synthesis
□ Label the water (H2O) in red

□ Label the made molecules before and after the water is taken away

□ Make it clear where the water was taken away between the two old
molecules

Hint: Remember, dehydration synthesis can occur with ALL

molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

KEY
■Ester linkage
■Saturated fatty acid
■Unsaturated fatty acid
*Dehydration
Synthesis
 Part 1: Citations
1. You must cite your sources in APA (site).
2. In your citations, you must cite from either journal articles
or textbooks (online textbooks are okay).
*It’s easiest to get journal citations from using JStor to search or Google
Scholar

3. Your slide must have in-text citations that are formatted

with a superscript number referencing the Works Cited
List. Here’s a superscript generator.
Ex: Figure 1. The conversion of glycogen to glucose¹.
4. Please paste your works cited side on the next slide.
 Part 1: Template
1. Please make a copy of this Google Slides and use the
template on the next slide.
2. Feel free to change the colors to what you’d like but please
STICK with one color for all your projects
3. This template size is set to what you will need at the end of
the year for your final culminating project.
4. If you do not use this template, your assignment will not be
accepted and you will have to do this again.
5. A sample slide is attached on the assignment page.
Template Title

Sc.AB.1.1-2 * Chemistry of Life: Water, bonding, macromolecules - I can describe the structure and properties of water and the
macromolecules required by living organisms
9 8
Exemplary
Demonstrates an advanced
level of knowledge of and
understanding of describing
the structure and properties
of water and the
macromolecules required
by living organisms and
clearly integrates higher
level thinking skills.
Sc.AB.1.3-6 * Chemistry of Life: Macromolecule Structure and Function - I can explain how the structure of macromolecules affects biological
function.
9 8
Exemplary
Demonstrates an advanced
level of knowledge of and
understanding of explaining
how the structure of
macromolecules affects
biological function and
clearly integrates higher
level thinking skills.
Part 1 Rubric
7 6 5 4
Proficient Basic
Demonstrates progress
Meets grade level toward grade-level
describing of the structure describing of the structure
and properties of water and and properties of water and
the macromolecules the macromolecules
required by living required by living
organisms. Demonstrates organisms, but not yet at
solid knowledge and standard. Demonstrates
understanding. some knowledge and
understanding.
7 6 5 4
Proficient Basic
Demonstrates progress
Meets grade level toward grade-level
explaining of how the explaining of how the
structure of structure of
macromolecules affects macromolecules affects
biological function. biological function, but not
Demonstrates solid yet at standard.
knowledge and Demonstrates some
understanding. knowledge and
understanding.
3 2 1 0
Below Basic Failure
Not meeting grade level
describing of the structure
Little or no evidence of
and properties of water and
learning how to describe
the macromolecules
of the structure and
required by living
properties of water and
organisms. Showing
the macromolecules
minimal progress.
required by living
Additional support needed
organisms.
to develop knowledge and
understanding.
3 2 1 0
Below Basic Failure
Not meeting grade level
explaining of how the
structure of Little or no evidence of
macromolecules affects learning how to explain
biological function. Showing how the structure of
minimal progress. macromolecules affects
Additional support needed biological function.
to develop knowledge and
understanding.
 1. Pancreatic Cell Chemistry of Life
Type of Pancreatic Cells⁹:
1) Alpha cells- produce glucagon (15-20%)
2) Beta cells- produce insulin and amylin
(65-80%)
3) Delta cells- produce somatostatin (3-10%)
4) Gamma cells- pancreatic polypeptide (3-5%)
5) Epsilon cells- ghrelin (<1%)
About the Molecules It Works With
CARBOHYDRATES:
The pancreatic alpha cells produce a hormone
called glucagon which converts glycogen into
glucose. This happens through the process of
hydrolysis where a water is added to break a
polysaccharide into smaller units.
Figure 2. The amino acid structure of pancreatic
polypeptide and ghrelin⁷.
Beta cells produce insulin which is a hormone
that lowers glucose in the blood by telling cells
to remove glucose from the bloodstream.
Figure 3. The structure of insulin⁴.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: Alpha cells produce glucagon
which is a hormone that converts glycogen into
glucose. Delta cells produce somatostatin which
is a hormone that prevents other pancreatic
hormones from being released.
Figure 5. The DNA structure of glucagon⁵ (left
and RNA structure of somatostatin² (right)

Figure 1. The conversion of glycogen to glucose¹.

LIPIDS: Pancreatic cells secrete lipase which

Beta cells also produce amylin, a protein which
digests triglycerides into simple fatty acids⁶
slows the emptying of the stomach, thus helping
prevent glucose levels from getting high. Figure 6. The action of lipase³.
PROTEINS:
Gamma cells make pancreatic polypeptide Figure 4. The structure of amylin⁸
(Figure 2 left) which regulates both the endocrine
and exocrine secretions in a pancreas.

Another protein made is by the epsilon cells.

These make ghrelin (Figure 2 right) which is a
protein that stimulates hunger.
Unit 1 Works Cited
[1] Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2007). Biochemistry, 6th Edition (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

[2] Shen, L. P., Pictet, R. L., & Rutter, W. J. (1982). Human somatostatin I: sequence of the cDNA. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79(15), 4575–4579. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.15.4575

[3] Gillam, P. (2019, July 14). Digestion of Lipids: Grade 9 Understanding for IGCSE Biology 2.29 2.30 2.31. PMG Biology.
https://pmgbiology.com/2016/02/14/digestion-of-lipids-a-understanding-for-igcse-biology-2-29/

[4] Hayden MR, Tyagi SC, Kerklo MM, Nicolls MR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a conformational disease. JOP. 2005 Jul
8;6(4):287-302. PMID: 16006679.

[5] Heinrich, G., Gros, P., & Habener, J. (1984). Glucagon Gene Sequence. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,
259(22), 14082–14087.

[6] Lough AK, Garton GA. The lipids of human pancreas with special reference to the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. Lipids.
1968 Jul;3(4):321-3. doi: 10.1007/BF02530932. PMID: 17805878.

[7] St-Pierre, D. H., Wang, L., & Taché, Y. (2003). Ghrelin: A Novel Player in the Gut-Brain Regulation of Growth Hormone and
Energy Balance. Physiology, 18(6), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.1152/nips.01460.2003

[8] Takei, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2016). Chapter 10 - Appetite-Regulating Peptides. Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical
Research, 78–79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128010280000106

[9] Types of Cells in the Pancreas. (2020, August 14). Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/7777
 1. Pancreatic Cell Chemistry of Life
Type of Pancreatic Cells⁹: Figure 2. The amino acid structure of pancreatic Alpha cells produce glucagon (Figure 3) which is
1) Alpha cells- produce glucagon (15-20%) polypeptide and ghrelin⁷. a hormone that converts glycogen into glucose.
2) Beta cells- produce insulin and amylin
(65-80%) Figure 5. The structure of glucagon⁶
3) Delta cells- produce somatostatin (3-10%)
4) Gamma cells- pancreatic polypeptide (3-5%)
5) Epsilon cells- ghrelin (<1%)

About the Molecules It Works With

CARBOHYDRATES:
The pancreatic alpha cells produce a hormone
called glucagon which converts glycogen into
glucose. This happens through the process of
hydrolysis where a water is added to break a
polysaccharide into smaller units.
Figure 1. The conversion of glycogen to glucose¹.
Beta cells produce insulin which is a hormone
that lowers glucose in the blood by telling cells
to remove glucose from the bloodstream.
Figure 3. The structure of insulin⁴.
Delta cells produce somatostatin which is a
hormone that prevents other pancreatic hormones
from being released.
Figure 6. The structure of somatostatin²

Beta cells also produce amylin, a protein which

slows the emptying of the stomach, thus helping LIPIDS: Pancreatic cells also secrete lipase
prevent glucose levels from getting high. which digests triglycerides into simple fatty
PROTEINS: acids⁶
Gamma cells make pancreatic polypeptide Figure 4. The structure of amylin⁸
(Figure 2 left) which regulates both the endocrine Figure 7. The action of lipase³.
and exocrine secretions in a pancreas.

Another protein made is by the epsilon cells.

These make ghrelin (Figure 2 right) which is a
protein that stimulates hunger.
Unit 1 Works Cited
[1] Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2007). Biochemistry, 6th Edition (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

[2] Fleseriu, M., & Cuevas-Ramos, D. (2016). Pasireotide: a novel treatment for patients with acromegaly. Drug Design,
Development and Therapy, 227. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s77999

[3] Gillam, P. (2019, July 14). Digestion of Lipids: Grade 9 Understanding for IGCSE Biology 2.29 2.30 2.31. PMG Biology.
https://pmgbiology.com/2016/02/14/digestion-of-lipids-a-understanding-for-igcse-biology-2-29/

[4] Hayden MR, Tyagi SC, Kerklo MM, Nicolls MR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a conformational disease. JOP. 2005 Jul
8;6(4):287-302. PMID: 16006679.

[5] Heinrich, G., Gros, P., & Habener, J. (1984). Glucagon Gene Sequence. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,
259(22), 14082–14087.

[6] Lough AK, Garton GA. The lipids of human pancreas with special reference to the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. Lipids.
1968 Jul;3(4):321-3. doi: 10.1007/BF02530932. PMID: 17805878.

[7] St-Pierre, D. H., Wang, L., & Taché, Y. (2003). Ghrelin: A Novel Player in the Gut-Brain Regulation of Growth Hormone and
Energy Balance. Physiology, 18(6), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.1152/nips.01460.2003

[8] Takei, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2016). Chapter 10 - Appetite-Regulating Peptides. Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical
Research, 78–79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128010280000106

[9] Types of Cells in the Pancreas. (2020, August 14). Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/7777
2. Pancreatic Cell Structure and Function