Pathways Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking 2e: Level 1 Unit 3 Test

Name: ________________________________ Class: ____________ Date: _________

VOCABULARY 1:
Which TWO answers are similar in meaning to the underlined word or phrase?

____ 1. Man: Should we buy this chair? I think it would look good in our living room.
Woman: I disagree. The style is attractive, but the colors don't match our other furniture.
a. appealing
b. basic
c. efficient
d. lovely
____ 2. Woman: Are you going shopping tomorrow? There are some great sales on at the mall.
Man: I doubt it. I try to avoid the mall when the stores get really crowded.
a. be aware of
b. not go to
c. stay away from
d. go back on
____ 3. Man: Did you know the convenience store down the street only accepts cash?
Woman: Yeah, I told you that the other day.
Man: You did? I must have forgotten.
a. money
b. cards
c. credit
d. coins and notes
____ 4. Man: We need some food for the weekend. Should we go to Green's Supermarket?
Woman: No. The prices are too expensive there. Let's go to Price Saver instead of Green's.
a. rather than
b. in spite of
c. in addition to
d. as an alternative to
____ 5. Woman: Do you want to go shopping tomorrow, Bob?
Man: Sure, that sounds ... oh, it's a holiday. All the stores will be closed.
a. goods
b. items
c. markets
d. shops
____ 6. Woman 1: You always manage to get such good deals when you go shopping, Diane. How do you do it?
Woman 2: Before I go, I check smartbuyer.net. It's a website that has great strategies for saving money.
a. books
b. methods
c. moods
d. ways

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____ 7. Man 1: What's the most expensive product you've ever bought?
Man 2: Hmm. I'd say it was my car.
a. concept
b. item
c. profit
d. thing

VOCABULARY 2:
Write ONE word to answer each question.

attitude customer influence limit message natural notice probably

8. What verb means to make people think in a certain way about something?
____________________

9. What adjective describes something that is not man-made?

____________________

10. What verb means to see something or become aware of it?

____________________

11. What noun means a person who buys something from a store?
____________________

12. What noun describes the way a person thinks or feels about something?
____________________

13. What noun describes a fixed level of something, or the amount of it allowed?
____________________

14. What adverb is used to say something is likely, but not definitely true?
____________________

15. What noun means something a person says or writes?

____________________

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READING REVIEW:
The questions refer to Reading 1 and Reading 2 from Unit 3.

Review the two reading passages. Then decide which paragraph in the passages contains the
following information. Write the letter of the paragraph.

READING 1: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SUPERMARKETS

A When we go shopping at a supermarket, we often buy more than we need. But it may not be
our fault - supermarkets are controlling the way we shop. In fact, the whole experience of shopping for
food is planned and arranged for us. Every detail of a supermarket has a purpose. The way the aisles
are organized, the music, the lighting, the product advertising - all these things make us stay longer and
spend more.
B From the moment we enter, a supermarket's floor plan controls the way we experience the
store. There is usually only one way in and one way out, so we have to start and stop at particular
places. Fruit and vegetables and the bakery are usually near the entrance. Fresh produce and the smell
of bread baking can make a store seem fresh and attractive. This puts us in a good mood and makes us
hungry, so we take our time and buy more food.
C In addition, we often have to walk through the whole supermarket to find what we need. For
example, common items that most people shop for - like milk and eggs - are usually at the back of the
store. Popular items are often placed in the middle of aisles, so we have to walk through the aisles to
get what we want. Supermarkets also put expensive food at eye-level where they are easy to reach.
Cheaper items are placed on lower shelves, so we have to bend down to get them. Cash registers are
usually at the exit, so we have to walk through the entire store before getting to the payment area. All
of these strategies make us see more food and spend more money.
D Supermarkets use other techniques to control our shopping experience, too. For example, they
play music to affect how we shop. In a study of shopping habits in a New York City supermarket,
researchers found that slow music in a store makes us shop more slowly. In fact, when supermarkets
play slow music instead of fast music, shoppers spend about 38 percent more. Additionally, most
grocery stores don't have any clocks or windows. We can't look outside or see what time it is while we
shop. That way, we don't know how long we've been shopping.
E So what can you do to avoid buying more than you need? First, make a list and don't buy
anything that isn't on it. If you don't trust yourself to do this, bring only enough cash to buy what you
need. Second, don't shop too often. Plan several days of meals and shop for food only once or twice a
week. Lastly, don't shop when you're hungry. That's when everything in the store looks delicious!

READING 2: THE POWER OF PERSUASION

F You're shopping, and you see two similar products. How do you decide which one to buy?
You might think you make this decision by yourself - but this isn't always the case. Don't believe it?
Try this. What word is missing?
APPLE TREE GRASS GR________
G What was the first word you thought of? Did you think of "green"? That's probably because
we influenced your answer. The words "tree" and "grass" made you think of the color green, right?
The color of the words also influenced your decision. This is an example of priming.

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

 H Psychologist Joshua Ackerman explains that priming is a way to "use cues to influence your
attitudes [and] responses, often without you even noticing." Priming speeds up our decision-making.
That's why advertisers use it to persuade us to buy things.
Influencing Your Thinking
I Use of color is one type of priming. Did you ever notice that a lot of signs and packaging use
the color red? Studies show that red gives people warm and positive feelings. We feel good about
products connected with the color red, so we want to buy them. Green, on the other hand, makes
products seem natural. Food companies often use green packages to make their food seem healthy.
J Descriptions in ads and signs also influence buying decisions. For example, studies show that
if an ad says there's a limit to the number of items you can buy, you'll want more of them. Why?
According to psychologists, something becomes more attractive if it's rare.
K The sounds in ads also influence decision-making. For example, advertisers sometimes use
rhymes in their ads. In a study at the University of Texas, researchers showed people pairs of messages
with the same meaning - one that rhymed and one that didn't. The study found that people are more
likely to believe the rhyming message. Rhymes are also easier for people to remember, so when they
go shopping, they're more likely to buy the product.
L Advertisers use a lot of techniques to persuade customers to buy their products. You might
think you're in control when you shop, but maybe you're not. Priming strategies could be influencing
your decisions.

16. _______ how a particular smell can affect shoppers' mood and behavior (READING 1)

17. _______ some ways in which stores try to control our perception of time (READING 1)

18. _______ strategies for not spending more money than you need to spend (READING 1)

19. _______ how stores place particular items to make us notice more products (READING 1)

20. _______ a reason why marketers use a trick to influence our shopping behavior (READING 2)

21. _______ how advertisers can make their messages more effective and memorable (READING 2)

22. _______ some examples of how different colors can affect our attitude towards things (READING 2)

23. _______ why limiting the number of an item customers can buy makes that item attractive
(READING 2)

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

 READING PRACTICE:
Read the passage.

What Companies Don't Want You to Know About Online Shopping

A The growth of online shopping has been incredible. When it first started in
the U.K. in 1979, it was not well known. As a result, sales totals were small. By the
mid-1990s, when the Internet really started to become popular, online shopping was
becoming better known and more attractive. By the early 2000s, shoppers in the U.S.
spent over $50 billion online. And these days, online sales continue to grow. For
example, data from 2016 shows that just one online retailer - Amazon - achieved more
than $80 billion in sales. As a majority of Americans prefer shopping online to visiting
stores, this figure does not seem surprising. What may be surprising, or perhaps
shocking, is that different customers may be offered different prices online.
B The price that a shopper sees online seems to depend on several things. One
is the geographical location of the customer: Where he or she lives, in other words.
People shopping from a large city, for example, might see lower prices than customers
who live in the countryside. Or shoppers who live near a large bookstore might be able
to buy books online more cheaply than customers who live far away from any stores
selling books. This is probably due to competition. In places with a lot of competition,
stores - both physical and online - usually have lower prices in order to attract more
customers.
C Shopping history is another factor that can affect the price an online
customer sees. A simple example can show how this works. Customer A, for example,
often shops online and spends around $300 per month. When he buys something, he
looks for quality and rarely buys the cheapest item. In contrast, Customer B is not a
regular online shopper. When she does buy something, she usually waits until the item is
on sale. Online stores track and save this information - among other details - about
customers, and they use it to set prices that are likely to be attractive. Not surprisingly,
the prices offered to a shopper like Customer A are generally going to be higher than the
prices Customer B would see.
D Among online shopping sites, some offer better prices to people who
connect using a mobile device like a smartphone or tablet, rather than a desktop or
laptop computer. Others give cheaper prices to customers who are logged in to the site.
Some may offer different prices to users who visit by following a link from a social
media site. As these examples suggest, how a shopper connects to the Internet may
affect the prices that he or she is offered.

Look at each statement and write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with information in the passage
FALSE if the statement contradicts information in the passage
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

24. The Internet became popular because many people wanted to enjoy online shopping.
____________

25. Online sales on one site in 2016 were more than total online sales 16 years before in the U.S.
____________

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

26. Where a customer lives can change the price he or she sees when shopping online.
____________

27. Online shoppers who live near large bookstores generally pay more to buy books online.
____________

28. People who have shopped online since the 1990s pay less than inexperienced online shoppers.
____________

29. Companies that sell goods online record details about their customers' shopping habits.
____________

30. Some customers might be able to get a better deal by connecting to a site on a mobile device.
____________

31. Shoppers who visit an online store via a social media link can expect to see higher prices.
____________

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

 READING SKILL REVIEW - IDENTIFYING SUPPORTING IDEAS:
Supporting ideas help a reader to understand the main idea of a paragraph. They provide more
information about that idea, such as details, examples, or reasons.

Look at the four underlined sentences in this passage. Then answer the questions.

What Companies Don't Want You to Know about Online Shopping

A The growth of online shopping has been incredible. When it first started in the
U.K. in 1979, it was not well known. As a result, sales totals were small. By the
mid-1990s, when the Internet really started to become popular, online shopping was
becoming better known and more attractive. By the early 2000s, shoppers in the U.S.
spent over $50 billion online. And these days, online sales continue to grow. For
example, data from 2016 shows that just one online retailer - Amazon - achieved more
than $80 billion in sales. As a majority of Americans prefer shopping online to visiting
stores, this figure does not seem surprising. What may be surprising, or perhaps shocking,
is that different customers may be offered different prices online.
B The price that a shopper sees online seems to depend on several things. One is
the geographical location of the customer: Where he or she lives, in other words. People
shopping from a large city, for example, might see lower prices than customers who live
in the countryside. Or shoppers who live near a large bookstore might be able to buy
books online more cheaply than customers who live far away from any stores selling
books. This is probably due to competition. In places with a lot of competition, stores -
both physical and online - usually have lower prices in order to attract more customers.
C Shopping history is another factor that can affect the price an online customer
sees. A simple example can show how this works. Customer A, for example, often shops
online and spends around $300 per month. When he buys something, he looks for quality
and rarely buys the cheapest item. In contrast, Customer B is not a regular online
shopper. When she does buy something, she usually waits until the item is on sale. Online
stores track and save this information - among other details - about customers, and they
use it to set prices that are likely to be attractive. Not surprisingly, the prices offered to a
shopper like Customer A are generally going to be higher than the prices Customer B
would see.
D Among online shopping sites, some offer better prices to people who connect
using a mobile device like a smartphone or tablet, rather than a desktop or laptop
computer. Others give cheaper prices to customers who are logged in to the site. Some
may offer different prices to users who visit by following a link from a social media site.
As these examples suggest, how a shopper connects to the Internet may affect the prices
that he or she is offered.

____ 32. What is the function of the underlined sentence in paragraph A?

a. it gives a main idea
b. it gives a supporting idea
____ 33. What is the function of the underlined sentence in paragraph B?
a. it gives a main idea
b. it gives a supporting idea

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____ 34. What is the function of the underlined sentence in paragraph C?
a. it gives a main idea
b. it gives a supporting idea
____ 35. What is the function of the underlined sentence in paragraph D?
a. it gives a main idea
b. it gives a supporting idea

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING REVIEW - CONNECTING IDEAS:

Here are some words and phrases you can use to connect a series of ideas:
• Another reason people like shopping is that ...
• In addition, many people like shopping because ...
• Furthermore, shopping is popular because ...
• Also, shopping makes people feel ...
• Shopping may also give people a feeling of ...

Look at the statements. Write T if a statement is True or F if it is False. For false statements,
rewrite the underlined word so that the statement is true.

____ 36. When used to connect ideas, another is an adjective that comes after a noun or noun phrase.
____________

____ 37. In addition and furthermore are generally used at the beginning of a sentence.
____________

____ 38. Also can be used either at the beginning of a sentence or before the main verb.
____________

____ 39. When an adverb like furthermore begins a sentence, it shouldn't be followed by a comma.
____________

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 WRITING SKILL REVIEW - WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND TOPIC SENTENCES:
A paragraph is a group of sentences about a single topic. The paragraph's topic sentence states the
main idea of the paragraph. Other sentences providing supporting information, such as examples,
details, or reasons.

Read this short paragraph and think about the function of the five numbered sentences. Then
answer the questions.

(1)Have you been to a store in the past few days? (2) Around the world, shopping is one of the
most popular activities for both men and women. (3) Studies show that both men and women
enjoy a variety of other activities. (4) One reason for shopping's popularity is that buying
things can make us feel happy, at least for a short time. (5) Furthermore, shopping is a good
opportunity to spend time with friends or family members.

____ 40. What kind of sentence is the first sentence in the paragraph?
a. a topic sentence that states the main idea
b. a sentence that supports the main idea
c. a sentence that is unrelated to the main idea
d. an introductory question related to the topic
____ 41. What kind of sentence is the second sentence in the paragraph?
a. a topic sentence that states the main idea
b. a sentence that supports the main idea
c. a sentence that is unrelated to the main idea
d. an introductory question related to the topic
____ 42. What kind of sentence is the third sentence in the paragraph?
a. a topic sentence that states the main idea
b. a sentence that supports the main idea
c. a sentence that is unrelated to the main idea
d. an introductory question related to the topic
____ 43. What kind of sentence is the fourth sentence in the paragraph?
a. a topic sentence that states the main idea
b. a sentence that supports the main idea
c. a sentence that is unrelated to the main idea
d. an introductory question related to the topic
____ 44. What kind of sentence is the fifth sentence in the paragraph?
a. a topic sentence that states the main idea
b. a sentence that supports the main idea
c. a sentence that is unrelated to the main idea
d. an introductory question related to the topic

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

 WRITING PRACTICE 1:
Write full sentences in answer to these questions.

45. In general, do you prefer shopping in stores or online? Why?

__________________________________________________________________

46. If you could go to a mall or for a walk in a forest, which would you rather do? Why?

__________________________________________________________________

47. What is the best thing you have ever bought for yourself? Why?

__________________________________________________________________

48. Do you prefer to buy things you can own, or experiences you can have? Why?

__________________________________________________________________

49. If you won $500, what is the very first thing you would buy? Why?

__________________________________________________________________

WRITING PRACTICE 2:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

"To be happier, people should spend less time buying things and more time making things."

50. Write at least 100 words and provide reasons and details to support your opinion.

© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

UNIT 3: WHY WE BUY
Answer Section
1. ANS: A, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
2. ANS: B, C PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
3. ANS: A, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
4. ANS: A, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
5. ANS: C, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
6. ANS: B, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
7. ANS: B, D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Vocabulary 1
8. ANS: influence

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

9. ANS: natural

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

10. ANS: notice

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

11. ANS: customer

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

12. ANS: attitude

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

13. ANS: limit

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

14. ANS: probably

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

15. ANS: message

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Vocabulary 2

16. ANS: B

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
17. ANS: D

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS

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18. ANS: E

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
19. ANS: C

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
20. ANS: H

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
21. ANS: K

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
22. ANS: I

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
23. ANS: J

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
24. ANS: NOT GIVEN

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
25. ANS: TRUE

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
26. ANS: TRUE

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
27. ANS: FALSE

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
28. ANS: NOT GIVEN

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
29. ANS: TRUE

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS

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30. ANS: TRUE

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
31. ANS: NOT GIVEN

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Reading Practice

MSC: IELTS
32. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Identifying Supporting Ideas
33. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Identifying Supporting Ideas
34. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Identifying Supporting Ideas
35. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Identifying Supporting Ideas
36. ANS: F, before

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Connecting Ideas
37. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Language for Writing Review - Connecting Ideas
38. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Language for Writing Review - Connecting Ideas
39. ANS: F, should

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Connecting Ideas
40. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
41. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
42. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
44. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3
TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
45. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 1

46. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 1

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47. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 1

48. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 1

49. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 1

50. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 5 REF: PWRW1, Unit 3 TOP: Writing Practice 2

MSC: TOEFL

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